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PubMedDate not supplied

[Analogs of juvenile hormones in the control of insects of medical or sanitary importance].

The growth and moulting or immature insects is related to three main groups of hormones : cerebral, ecdysonal and juvenile. Juvenile hormone analogues mark a new stage in the control of detrimental insects, and have significant advantages over the conventional insecticides. In order to establish the effectiveness of juvenile hormone analogues a series of biotests were performed : the wax pupal test, injections, systemic and topical applications, the treatment of food, pulverizations and exposure to vapors. In the laboratory, the efficiency of the analogues was tested against the following genera : Anopheles, Aedes, Culex, Culiseta, Musca, Stomoxys and Blattella, obtaining several effects, such as : lengthening of the larval stages, blocking of metamorphosis and ecdysis, blocking of the emergence of adults, morphogenetic ovicide, sterilizing and lethal effects, etc. Exploratory trials were performed in the field with compounds whose effectiveness had been demonstrated, against some Aedes, Musca, Stomoxys, Pediculus and Bovicola species. Laboratory experiments showed, however, that the insects might become resistant to juvenile hormone analogues.

Aedes↗
PubMed1971

Population control potential of heterozygous translocations as determined by computer simulations.

A possible method for genetic control of insect vector species involves the use of translocation heterozygotes. The potential of single and double heterozygotes already available in Aedes aegypti has been investigated with computer simulations of release strategies. Such simulations indicate a possible role for translocation heterozygotes of these types in an insect population characterized by a 5-fold population growth per generation, or less.

Aedes↗
PubMed2001

The influence of host haematocrit on the blood feeding success of Anopheles stephensi: implications for enhanced malaria transmission.

Two studies were carried out to determine the effect of the rodent malaria Plasmodium yoelii nigeriensis on the blood feeding success of Anopheles stephensi. Initially, pairs of mice with similar packed cell volume (PCV) (measured by haematocrit) were selected. Following infection of one of the pair its PCV gradually fell. At various times post-infection, a comparison was made of the bloodmeal size (haemoglobin content) of mosquitoes feeding on these mice. The bloodmeal sizes increased with parasite-induced fall in PCV down to a haematocrit of 43-44%, which occurred approximately 48 h post-infection. Bloodmeals were significantly reduced, however, when mosquitoes fed on mice with higher parasitaemias and a haematocrit of 15-35%. Thus, at early stages of infection, mosquitoes ingested a bloodmeal significantly greater than did the mosquitoes feeding on the control mice. However, mosquitoes were not able to compensate for severe infection-associated anaemia. To compensate for variation due to innate differences in the mice, a second experiment was performed. Mosquitoes were fed on the same mice before (control) and after infection. Again, the bloodmeal size increased with decreasing PCV down to haematocrits of 42-45%, but declined thereafter. In this host-parasite-vector system, haematocrits that maximized erythrocyte intake were produced when gametocytes, capable of exflagellation, were present.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Knowledge, opinions, and practices regarding Aedes aegypti].

The active participation of the community is indispensable for reducing Aedes aegypti mosquito populations so causes leading to their growth, actions taken, effects on the health and the people in charge of controlling such mosquitoes are all dealt with in this paper. 210 persons were interviewed from June 25 to 27, 1997. The causes of the growth of the mosquito population were: excessive garbage (59%), dirty waters (58%), open water reservoirs (50%) and lack of fumigation (21%). 40% of interviewed people did not know that these vectors can breed even in clean waters. They mentioned some effects on the health due to the mosquito bites. 51% said that mosquitoes should be jointly controlled by the State and the community but 35% believed that the State should be the sole responsible for this task. These opinions may determine that steps are not properly taken to avoid proliferation of vector and that the activities of the anti-vector program are not really understood since they do not meet the expectations.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Electroantennogram and behavioral responses of Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae) females to chemicals found in human skin emanations.

The southern house mosquito, Culex quinquefasciatus Say (Diptera: Culicidae), is closely associated with humans and is a vector of filariasis. Use of semiochemicals for control of mosquitoes is a novel and potentially ecofriendly control approach. Human skin emanations are known to attract mosquitoes. In the current study, olfactory and behavioral responses of host-seeking female Cx. quinquefasciatus to various chemical components of human skin emanations (carboxylic acids, alcohols, and aldehydes) were evaluated separately at three doses (0.01, 0.1, and 1 microg) for electroantennogram (EAG) and three doses (0.1, 1, and 10 microg) for behavioral assay. Results of EAG studies indicated that all carboxylic acids elicited significant olfactory responses except tetradecanoic acid (C14) and octadecanoic acid (C18). In particular, hexanoic acid (C6) elicited a maximum, eight-fold olfactory response compared with the solvent control. Ethylene glycol and benzyl alcohol exhibited significant EAG and behavioral responses, whereas among aldehydes, nonanal elicited high EAG and behavioral responses, but only at all three doses tested compared with control. Some carboxylic acids elicited significant behavioral responses, attracting approximately 75% of females tested toward chemical stimuli in a Y-tube olfactometer.

Alcohols↗
PubMed2002

Do insecticide-treated bednets have an effect on malaria vectors?

The use of insecticide-treated bednets (ITNs) has been widely adopted as an important method for malaria control. Few data exist on effects of ITNs on mosquito biology and ecology, other than the development of insecticide resistance against the insecticides used. There is no hard evidence that the insecticide resistance recorded is the result of insecticidal use on bednets or from agricultural use. Resistance against pyrethroids, the preferred class of insecticides for ITN use, has been recorded from countries in Asia, Africa and South America. Resistance is expressed as reduced excito-repellency and mortality of mosquitoes exposed to insecticide-treated materials. In the absence of resistance, however, most studies on ITN effects report a reduced survival of adult mosquitoes as well as mass killing. Other effects are highly variable, and shifts in time of biting, feeding site and blood hosts have occasionally been reported, but not in proportion to the scale of ITN use. In general, a reduced sporozoite rate is recorded in ITN programmes. Because many of the anticipated behavioural effects caused by insecticidal use will be avoided by the use of untreated nets, studies on the efficacy of untreated nets are required. Examples are presented in which untreated nets provided a reasonable degree of protection against malaria.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Malarial infection in Aedes aegypti : effects on feeding, fecundity and metabolic rate.

We have examined metabolic rate, lipid and carbohydrate of female Aedes aegypti during 10 days following a malaria-infected bloodmeal. In parallel, we determined bloodmeal size, portions retained and diuresed, and subsequent fecundity. We found that mosquitoes obtained identical masses of blood when feeding on an infected or control host. However, infected mosquitoes lost more mass during diuresis and retained a smaller mass. Infection led to a significant reduction in fecundity, the extent of which could not be explained by the difference in post-diuresis bloodmeal mass alone. We found no differences in lipid or carbohydrate content between infected and control mosquitoes during the 10 days post-infection, although infected mosquitoes had a lower body mass than controls. Metabolic rates were not different between groups, except during blood digestion, where the metabolic rate was lower in infected mosquitoes. These results suggest that infection by malaria does not lead to an increase in metabolic rate during the phases of midgut invasion and sporogony. However, infection does have a measurable effect on fecundity and subsequent body mass of the infected females.

Aedes↗