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Results for “Moral Development”

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PubMed2001

Retrospective clinical investigation of the impact of early treatment of children with Down's syndrome according to Castillo-Morales.

BACKGROUND: Infants and toddlers with Down's syndrome are treated at the Department of Orthodontics, University of Frankfurt/Main only when the tongue protrudes over the lower lip, hindering mouth closure. No plate therapy is applied in patients with less tongue protrusion. This study aimed to assess objectively the treatment effects of stimulation plate therapy after Castillo-Morales at this early stage of development. PATIENTS AND METHOD: The follow-up covered 33 children, 20 of whom showed no mouth closure with the tongue resting protrusively on the lower lip at first examination at the age of 8 months. These 20 children received orthodontic treatment based on a stimulation plate. The parents were advised to insert the plate four times a day for about half an hour respectively. The overall treatment time was ca. 2 years. The second group (13 children) received no early treatment, as the functional parameters were only slightly altered at the age of 7 months. At follow-up, the children of the treatment group were between 8.8 +/- 2.3, and those of the control group 8.9 +/- 3.0 years old. The children underwent clinical examination; the parents answered a questionnaire. Additionally, study casts and intraoral photographs were taken along with frontal and profile photographs. The factors assessed were various functions, dentition, facial development, and subjective rating of the parents. RESULTS: In contrast to the initial findings, no difference between the two groups was found at follow-up. CONCLUSION: Early treatment using a stimulation plate thus appears to mitigate or even normalize the initially more severe dysfunctions recorded in the study group as compared to the controls.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1976

Properties of soluble and particulate cysteine sulfinate decarboxylase of the adult and the developing rat brain.

Some properties of cysteine sulfinate decarboxylase (CSD) activity were studied in the pellet and supernatant of a 18,000 X g centrifugation of isotonic sucrose rat brain homogenates. About 50% of the enzyme activity was found associated to the particulate fraction and 16% of the activity remained particle bound after hypo-osmotic shock of the 18,000 X g pellet. The activity of the 18,000 X g supernatant showed a lower dependence on exogenous pyridoxal phosphate (PLP) than the activity in the particulate fraction. The CSD activity of these fractions also differed in optimal pH and in apparent kinetic constants. The enzyme associated to particles showed the highest Vmax and the lowest Km. The activity and kinetic characteristics of CSD were studied during brain postnatal development. In the newborn brain only a small amount of the enzyme activity was found associated to the 18,000 X g pellet. CSD in brain homogenates of immature rats was less dependent on free PLP and showed a higher Km and a lower Vmax as compared with the enzyme in the adult brain. Between birth and adulthood the enzyme activity increased more than 10-fold in the particulate fraction and 2-fold in the soluble fraction. It is concluded that the differences observed in CSD activity between newborn and adult brain are due to an increase of the particulate form of the enzyme during postnatal development.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Ethical aspects of cryobiology: responsible applications in biomedicine and in clinical practice.

This paper focuses on ethical issues in applications of cryobiology to humans, more particularly in the field of human reproduction and cryosurgery. The paper also provides essential ingredients for the interface of bioethics and cryobiology. For instance, since the 1970s bioethicists have developed four principles to guide the moral evaluation of the 'new medicine.' These are: respect for persons, non-maleficence, beneficence, and justice. In the field of human reproduction major progress was made by the cryopreservation of reproductive material. Still, ethical issues arise whenever partnerships cease to exist (death) or deteriorate (divorce), and decisions have to be made about the disposition of frozen gametes and embryos. Policy-making becomes, then, a prime concern. Examples of regulation in the United States of America, in the United Kingdom, and across Europe are being offered. Cryosurgery remains a field where cryobiologists struggle in their quest for an optimal technique, thus illustrating the need for assessment of safety, efficacy, and benefit to patients. Increasingly, cryobiologists have been joining in the ethical reflection on the use of cryo-technologies. They may further do so by perfecting their ability to identify ethical aspects, by analysing the norms and values at stake, by learning the skill of making the appropriate choices, and by showing their willingness to justify the choices made be it in the inner circle of pairs or publicly.

Bioethical Issues↗
PubMed2003

Tissue archives to track blood borne pathogens in people receiving blood products.

Tissue banks for surveillance of pathogens, research and transplantation have been established in a variety of settings, and following a variety of guidelines. There are significant and changing ethical, moral, and legal issues in the development and use of such archives. The Association of Hemophilia Clinic Directors of Canada has established an archive of blood samples to test for known and emerging blood borne pathogens, and known and emerging blood clotting genes. Key to the development of the tissue bank was the consent process for sample collection and handling, the establishment of standard operating procedures for the handling of samples and data, and the establishment of an oversight board.

Blood Banks↗
PubMed1998

Interpersonal relations in nursing: a philosophical-ethical analysis of the work of Hildegard E. Peplau.

Nursing typically has been viewed as a moral practice, for instance by new developments in the ethics of care. Nevertheless, many philosophical-ethical presuppositions of nursing theories remain to be clarified. This paper presents a philosophical-ethical analysis of the work of Hildegard E. Peplau. Analysis of the philosophical-ethical background of Peplau's works illuminates a view on nursing practice that is relevant today. Three main components are analysed more deeply, i.e. the professionalization of nursing, the philosophical underpinnings of Peplau's view on nursing science, and the nurse-patient relationship as the central event in nursing.

Ethics, Nursing↗
PubMed2003

Fundamental shortcomings of evidence-based medicine.

The development of any scientific theory has a certain logic. Bruno Latour formulated a theory, describing the development of science and technology. Outcomes of science are not guided by nature or "the truth", but by a complex negotiation. It starts with ideas, which follow paths of publications and assessment. Then they are either rejected or accepted. Analysing the development of evidence-based medicine with Latour's theory, we find two fundamental problems. First, EBM tends to standardise moral considerations. Second, EBM standardises the patient, since test populations are usually composed homogeneously. Presumptions concerning methods and morals are slid into the EBM-methodology during its development. With Latour we should say, that the conceptions of the standard patient and standard morals have been delegated to this methodology. They are carried out strictly, and this causes the discomfort with practitioners and scientists within EBM. A solution should be sought for in redesigning trials, in a less morally charged fashion, and concerning less standardised patients.

Evidence-Based Medicine↗
PubMed1986

Some comments on Dr Iglesias's paper, 'In vitro fertilisation: the major issues'.

In an article in an earlier edition of the Journal of Medical Ethics (1) Dr Iglesias bases her analysis upon the mediaeval interpretation of Platonic metaphysics and Aristotelian logic as given by Aquinas. Propositional forms are applied to the analysis of experience. This results in a very abstract analysis. The essential connection of events and their changing temporal relationships are ignored. The dichotomy between body and soul is a central concept. The unchanging elements in experience are assumed to be more real than the actual world of experienced process. Such a view makes the analysis of the temporal factors in experience impossible. Its abstractness is quite unsuitable for the analysis of the ontological structure and development of the neonate from fertilisation to birth. A N Whitehead made the notion of organism central to his philosophy. He refused to place human experience outside nature, or admit dualism. His philosophy of organism is an attempt to uncover the essential elements connecting human experience with the physical and biological sciences. Time, change and process are, in his view, more real than the static abstractions obtainable by the use of the fallacy of misplaced concreteness. Use of the latter negates the essential connectedness of events and the importance of temporarily and change (2). In this paper I argue that the embryo, being an organism, is not analysable in terms of thinghood. It is a process. To apply Aristotelian logical concepts to it is to distort the real nature of the datum.

Beginning of Human Life↗
PubMed1977

Inhalant abuse in an Indian boarding school.

The authors describe inhalant abuse among children in an American Indian elementary boarding school. They discuss the initial interventions made to control this problem, such as providing a lower adult-child ratio and improving staff morale and child management skills and developing a volunteer program to improve the quality of the children's experience after school hours. They suggest that such preventive efforts be made early to interrupt the destructive cycle of dependence on external agents.

Child↗
PubMed2005

Affects, agency, and self-regulation: complexity theory in the treatment of children with anxiety and disruptive behavior disorders.

In an increasingly unsettled and violent world, with swelling numbers of children who are abused, abandoned, or neglected, emotionally if not physically, and an increasing population of aggressive preschool children with anxiety and disruptive behavior disorders who cannot be contained in ordinary settings, psychoanalysts can make a contribution. Early intervention is essential. In very early childhood, new procedural memories for interacting with others and for regulating affects can be formed more easily than they can ever be again. Intervention should aim toward helping the child develop a sense of agency, establish moral standards, assume self-responsibility, and attain the capacity for emotional regulation. The principles of complex dynamic systems can inform psychoanalytic treatment strategies, as demonstrated with five children whose cases are presented.

Affect↗
PubMed1996

Nursing ethics and codes of professional conduct.

Nurses, like many other professional and semiprofessional groups, have a code of conduct. This raises important philosophical questions about the point of including nursing ethics in nursing education and about the content and methods of such teaching. This paper identifies seven functions that might be fulfilled by professional codes; it discusses the philosophical issues these raise and the implications for teaching professional ethics. It is argued that, far from codes rendering the teaching of ethics unnecessary, they provide additional reasons for its inclusion. An enhanced ability to make moral decisions helps to overcome the shortcomings of the codes, enables a profession to be autonomous in the development of its code, enables individuals to be authentic moral agents, and is essential in matters concerning the disciplinary function of the codes. The role of emotions, feelings and attitudes in ethics also presents philosophical problems that moral education can help to resolve.

Codes of Ethics↗
PubMed2005

Factors that influence successful training and faculty career development in hematology/oncology patient-oriented clinical research.

BACKGROUND: We wanted to identify what factors promote career development in patient-oriented clinical research (POCR). METHODS: We used a survey questionnaire covering areas relevant to the training of subspecialty fellows and the career development of POCR faculty. RESULTS: Pursuit of an academic career after fellowship correlated with completion of a clinical project, availability of a clinical research training program, opportunity to earn academic credit, faculty mentorship, and obtaining independent career development funding. Successful faculty career development in POCR was closely correlated with excellent morale and adequate protected time for academic pursuits. CONCLUSIONS: Specific academic environmental factors positively influence success in POCR hematology/oncology fellowship training and faculty career development.

Biomedical Research↗
PubMed1999

The Hastings Center and the early years of bioethics.

The Hastings Center was founded in 1969 to study ethical problems in medicine and biology. The Center arose from a confluence of three social currents: the increased public scrutiny of medicine and its practices, the concern about the moral problems being generated by technological developments, and the desire of one its founders (Callahan) to make use of his philosophical training in a more applied way. The early years of the Center were devoted to raising money, developing an early agenda of issues, and identifying a cadre of people around the country interested in the issues. Various stresses and strains in the Center and the field are identified, and some final reflections are offered on the nature and value of the contributions made by bioethics as an academic field.

Academies and Institutes↗