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PubMedDate not supplied

The psychopathology inventory for mentally retarded adults: factor structure and comparisons between subjects with or without dual diagnosis.

Whether the Psychopathology Inventory for Mentally Retarded Adults (PIMRA) could detect specific psychopathological disorders was investigated in 652 subjects with different levels of mental retardation living in the community or in residential facilities. An exploratory factor analysis was carried out to check the scale organization of PIMRA. The Anxiety, Adjustment Disorder, Somatoform Disorder, and Soundness Scales were confirmed by 4 corresponding factors; the Psychosexual Disorder Scale was replaced by a factor specific to gender identity problems, and the Schizophrenia Scale by two factors concerning isolation and bizarre behaviors, respectively. The items of the Depression Scale were distributed over the three factors concerning anxiety, adjustment, and psychosomatic disorders, while the items of the Personality Disorder Scale were scattered over almost all the factors. Moreover, 55 subjects with anxiety disorders and 49 with depression were compared to 50 control subjects of the same age, intelligence level, and gender ratio but without dual diagnosis and obtained significantly higher factorial scores both on the overall scale and on the factors specifically related to their disorders. PIMRA has been found to show good construct validity. These results could be considered particularly valid as they were obtained from a large sample comprising different levels of mental retardation and thus showing all possible psychopathological behaviors.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Negative priming and mental retardation: the processing of distractor information.

Negative priming was assessed to investigate what information persons with and without mental retardation access from distractors. Subjects viewed displays of one blue and one red letter and were instructed to identify the blue letter. A prime display followed a probe display at intervals varying from 100 to 500 msec. At the short time interval, all subjects exhibited facilitation to identifying targets in the probe that were the same as the target or distractor of the prime, indicating the automatic activation of both letters. At the long interval, only the subjects without mental retardation exhibited inhibition of the distractors. The subjects with mental retardation did not suppress responding to the distractor to facilitate their performance.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Children with mental retardation: stigma and stereotype images are hard to change.

Societal attitudes and perceptions of children with mental retardation have stigmatized and stereotyped generations of youngsters. Deinstitutionalization and mainstreaming most of these children in our schools and general communities require that we recognize and reevaluate many long-held beliefs and how they serve as obstacles to implementing and ensuring needed health and social services. The background and current status of these attitudes are reviewed in an effort to 1) increase practitioner understanding of the population of youngsters with mental retardation that increasingly will be seeking the services of community dentists and 2) encourage legislative efforts and grass-root initiatives (such as the Special Olympics) to change/improve attitudes relative to children with mental retardation.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed1996

Threshold for radiation-related severe mental retardation in prenatally exposed A-bomb survivors: a re-analysis.

Significant effects on the developing human brain of exposure to ionizing radiation are seen among individuals exposed in the 8th-25th week after ovulation. These effects, particularly in the highly vulnerable period of 8-15 weeks after ovulation, manifest themselves most dramatically as an increased frequency of severe mental retardation. However, the distribution of cases of severe mental retardation suggests a threshold in the low-dose region. The 95% lower bound of the threshold in those survivors exposed 8-15 weeks after ovulation was zero for the individual data based on the simple linear model, and 0.15 Gy based on the exponential linear model used in our previous report (1987), but the 95% lower bound of the threshold based on all of the data including 21 additional cases with known doses appears to be 0.05 Gy using the maximum likelihood estimates derived from an exponential-linear model. The latter model was selected because it provides the best fit from the standpoint of the stableness and reasonableness of the estimates among the five models applied to the data. When two probably non-radiation-related cases of Down's syndrome are excluded from the 19 mentally retarded cases exposed 8-15 weeks post ovulation, the 95% lower bound of the threshold is in the range of 0.15-0.25 Gy based on the exponential-linear model used in 1987, but is in the range of 0.06-0.31 Gy when the more reasonable and better model applied here is used. For exposure in the 16-25-week period based on the same model, the 95% lower bound of the threshold changed from 0.25 to 0.28 Gy, both with and without inclusion of the two probable non-radiation-related mentally retarded cases; one of these cases was probably familial in origin since there was a retarded sibling, and the other due to infection, since the individual had Japanese B encephalitis at age 4 years.

Brain↗
PubMed1993

Pupils with mild mental retardation in regular Swedish schools: prevalence, objective characteristics, and subjective evaluations.

Pupils in regular Swedish schools who met the psychometric criterion of mental retardation were identified and described. Using a national longitudinal data set, we compared a group of 13-year-old pupils (N = 116) not officially classified as having mental retardation to their peers without mental retardation across measures of school achievement, social background, self-evaluations of school experiences, and upper secondary school education. The results showed that the former group was low-achieving and had poor self-evaluations; however, some pupils in the general population shared these characteristics.

Achievement↗
PubMed1983

Mnemonic strategy instruction in coding, processing, and recall of movement-related cues by mentally retarded children.

The purpose of study was to examine the differential coding and processing characteristics of two movement cue types in the investigation of the short-term memory of mentally retarded and nonretarded children. The central focus of the study was to determine the effects of formal instruction in the use of a mnemonic versus no instruction with both types of cues in a memory for movement paradigm. The investigation was conducted across two experiments. The main conclusion drawn from Exp. 1 was that movement 'location' cues were coded, processed, and retained by both the mentally retarded and the nonretarded children, but only the former required instruction in the use of a mnemonic to achieve accurate recall. Exp. 2 was fundamentally a replication of Exp. 1 with the exception that movement 'extent' cues were maintained reliable. The results were similar but not exactly the same as those of Exp. 1. Only the mentally retarded children given mnemonic instruction appeared to code, process, and retain movement 'extent' cues over time. The net result of the two experiments was that formal instruction in the use of a mnemonic was of benefit to the mentally retarded subjects and was not necessary for nonretarded subjects to achieve the same level of movement accuracy.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1982

Increasing probability of sign language learning by severely mentally retarded individuals: a discussion of learner, sign production, and linguistic variables.

A pervasive problem for educators of the severely mentally retarded is language training. In spite of extensive oral language training, many severely mentally retarded individuals never acquire functional oral language. Many of these clients, however, are able to acquire sign language communication skills. The present article discusses sign language learning in terms of learner attributes, production variables in sign, and the referential concepts which the signs represent. More specifically, it is hypothesized that by taking into account variables such as sign translucency, referential concreteness, learning readiness, and by externally organizing the signs to be learned along visual continuums, the probability of sign learning by severely mentally retarded individuals can be increased.

Communication Devices for People with Disabilities↗
PubMed2000

Patterns of behavioral adjustment and maladjustment in mental retardation: comparison of children with and without ADHD.

A variety of behavioral and emotional problems have been associated with attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity (ADHD) in children of average intellect. In contrast, little is known about concomitant behavioral and emotional problems in children with ADHD and mental retardation. In this study, we used the Personality Inventory for Children-Revised to assess the behavioral adjustment of 48 children with mental retardation and ADHD compared to that of 47 children with mental retardation without ADHD. The ADHD group had significantly more symptoms of depression, family conflict, noncompliance, anxiety, hyperactivity, inadequate social skills, and academic problems. Results are strongly suggestive of significant behavioral and emotional problems in children with ADHD and mental retardation, thus mirroring the pattern associated with ADHD in the general school-age population.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

Nocturnal sleep in mentally retarded infants with cerebral palsy.

Sleep EEG patterns in 23 mentally retarded children with cerebral palsy (CP) (from 4 months to 5 years of age) and 39 reference mentally retarded children of no abnormality with the exception of psychomotor retardation (from 4 months to 12 years of age) were studied throughout nocturnal sleep, and the following results were obtained. Eleven CP cases and 30 reference cases evidenced normal sleep patterns that could be classified into 6 stages. Twelve other cases in CP and 9 reference cases showed some abnormal sleep EEG patterns as follows: (i) in CP cases absence of EEG patterns characteristic of wakefulness, NREM sleep and REM sleep without spindles (n = 3); porencephaly with microcephaly (n = 1) and cytomegalovirus infection (n = 2), no characteristic EEG patterns of stages 1-4 without spindles (n = 2); cardiac arrest (n = 1) and agenesis of corpus callosum with lissencephaly (n = 1), absence of REM sleep (n = 1); kernicterus, spindles with an extremely low incidence (n = 5); perinatal anoxia (n = 2), kernicterus (n = 1), Lesch-Nyhan syndrome (n = 1) and cerebral palsy due to unknown etiologies (n = 1), and extreme spindles (n = 1); cerebral palsy due to unknown etiologies, (ii) in reference cases no spindles (n = 2), spindles with an extremely low incidence (n = 6), and extreme spindles (n = 1). Short sleep and long waking times during the night were noted in 4 out of 23 CP subjects; kernicterus (n = 2), agenesis of corpus callosum with lissencephaly (n = 1), and porencephaly with microcephaly (n = 1).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Brain↗
PubMed1980

Mental retardation and unilateral anophthalmia in hemifacial microsomia.

A 3-year-old boy with left anophthalmia and hemifacial microsomia was found to be not severely retarded. Previous reports have emphasized concomitant severe mental retardation in patients with this malformation complex. Review of the literature and the present case indicate that mental retardation is a variable feature of this condition.

Anophthalmos↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Management of the patient with mental retardation: a case report.

During the course of their careers dental professionals frequently interact with individuals presenting with mental retardation. In order to provide the best possible quality of care they should be aware of the etiology of mental retardation, the medical and dental conditions associated with this disability, and the services which can be incorporated into a treatment plan focused on improving the oral health for these individuals. This article identifies basic information dental professionals need to know when treating people with mental retardation, as well as describing a case report of the dental hygiene services that were provided to a patient presenting with this disability.

Dental Calculus↗
PubMed1998

Professional and family responses to mental retardation in East Bengal and Bangladesh, 1770s-1990s.

Since the 1770s, formal knowledge about conditions later known as mental retardation (learning difficulities/disabilities) slowly accumulated with civil administrators, physicians, psychologists and teachers in East Bengal/Bangladesh. Factors in this growth of knowledge are reviewed. Most people with mental retardation and their families managed without professional advice. Some children with mental retardation were casually integrated in ordinary schools. Rooted in local cultures and concepts, the accumulated knowledge and experience of both families and professionals should be recognized, formulated and used in modern disability service planning. It risks being obscured by imported knowledge having greater prestige but less relevance.

Bangladesh↗
PubMed1981

A marker X chromosome associated with nonspecific male mental retardation. The first South African cases.

This report describes the first cases of X-linked mental retardation with a marker X chromosome seen in South Africa, and forms part of an ongoing study. The marker was found in 11 affected males and 1 carrier female in 4 families investigated. The demonstration of the marker X chromosome characterized by a fragile site at the long arm (fra(X) (q27) in association with nonspecific X-linked mental retardation heralds a new era in cytogenetics. The attention of human geneticists everywhere is focused on various aspects of this fascinating phenomenon. It has now become possible to diagnose an apparently common familial cytogenetic condition with a high risk of recurrence and to identify female carriers; perhaps in time we will be able to provide prenatal diagnosis. Because of the familial involvement through X-linked inheritance the syndrome is believed to be more common than trisomy 21. The nature of the association of mental retardation with the marker X chromosome is unknown, but it could be related to close linkage with abnormal gene(s) or due to faulty transcription of the genes beyond the fragile site.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Prevalence and treatment of substance abuse in the mentally retarded population: an empirical review.

This article presents the first comprehensive review of studies of alcohol and illicit substance use in mentally retarded individuals, including prevalence, and recommendations for assessment and treatment. Mentally retarded persons appear to use/abuse alcohol at about the same rate as their noncognitively-impaired counterparts, and illicit drugs at moderately lower rates. However, little is known regarding which assessments and interventions are most effective in this population, given the absence of published treatment outcome studies and case examples. This is particularly disconcerting as detrimental consequences resulting from substance use have been identified in mentally retarded samples. Anecdotal data suggests that treatment for these individuals require modifications of existing empirically-derived substance abuse interventions to accommodate their unique needs.

Humans↗
PubMed1995

Risk indicators of mental retardation: changes between 1967 and 1981.

The object of this case-control study was to investigate and analyse perinatal risk indicators of mental retardation. Data concerning 33 perinatal factors possibly related to mental retardation were collected retrospectively for the population of an area in Finland. The subjects were 339 cases born between 1967 and 1981 with mental retardation of suspected perinatal or unknown aetiology and 364 controls born in the same period. Independent risk indicators were low maternal social class, multiparity, multiple pregnancy, male sex, being born small for gestational age, asphyxia, hypoglycaemia and hyperbilirubinaemia in the newborn infant. Perinatal problems increased the risk for multiple disabilities. Preterm birth under 33 gestational weeks and very low birthweight (< 1500 g) were associated with considerable risk, but neither was an independent risk indicator. The introduction of neonatal intensive care seems to have altered the risk of death to the risk of surviving with disability.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Lay people's judgements of storytellers as mentally retarded or not retarded.

Data from a study designed to elicit the criteria lay people use in judging whether speakers are mentally retarded or not retarded on the basis of speech samples were analysed to determine the factors explicitly stated to be the principal criteria. Two distinct patterns were discovered. In judging speakers as 'mentally retarded', a single feature of voice, speech or discourse evaluated as 'poor' was cited in the majority of cases. In judging speakers as 'not retarded', judges invoked multiple reasons in the majority of cases. Some feature of voice or speech was the most important single factor in correct identifications of mentally retarded speakers.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

The efficacy of ECT in adults with mental retardation experiencing psychiatric disorders.

There is a paucity of empirical data establishing the efficacy of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) in patients with mental retardation and psychiatric disorders. This study examines the efficacy of ECT on specific symptoms and between psychiatric diagnoses in patients with mental retardation who are psychiatrically ill. A chart review was performed on 20 inpatients who had received ECT on a dedicated Mental Retardation-Dual Diagnosis Unit and were divided into 3 categories: mood disorders (n = 12), psychotic disorders (n = 6), and intermittent explosive disorder (n = 2). Ratings were performed 1 week before ECT treatment and 1-week after its termination using the Aberrant Behavior Checklist and the Clinical Global Impressions Severity Scale. A repeated-measures analysis of variance comparing Aberrant Behavior Checklist scale scores revealed a significant time-by-treatment interaction (F = 75.43, df = 1,9, P = 0.000, 2 t). The mood disorder and psychotic disorder groups had significantly lower irritability and hyperactivity scores after treatment compared with the intermittent explosive disorder group. The Clinical Global Impressions Severity Scale rating scores showed significant improvement in the mood disorders group (67%), in contrast to the intermittent explosive disorder group (0%). Our data suggests the utility of ECT for patients with mental retardation who also have treatment-resistant mood disorders and psychotic disorders, particularly with symptoms of hyperactivity and irritability. The data are sufficiently encouraging to justify prospective research of this question.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Appearance and mental retardation: some first steps in the development and application of a measure.

A measure of atypical appearance derived from components developed during the course of a study of 22-year-old mentally retarded adults was described. Hypotheses about relationships between mental retardation, biological damage, and appearance were tested and confirmed. Atypical appearance increased with severity of retardation. Mildly retarded young adults who received no mental retardation services after age 16 were more atypical in appearance than were nonretarded peers. Issues relating to the appearance measure and the results were discussed.

Adolescent↗