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PubMed1990

Neuro-informatics and the neurology of perception.

In the preceding pages a description was given of spatial behaviour and spatial perception. Orientation in space develops under the guidance of a directional frame of reference. The formative power of this spatial organisation is gravity and anti-gravity by which throughout evolution the architecture of the body and its axial layout are shaped. There are no local signs at the surface of the body enabling us to read from them directions and orientations. Locomotion requires equilibrium. It is carried out by articulated limbs. The nervous system modulates the motor patterns dictated by physical forces. Peripheral control loops keep the limbs manageable. Higher levels of control organize control loops among each other. Their activity has the status of operations. As soon as animals are capable of locomotion orientation is based on relationships with objects, with a stable background in particular. As motor organisation develops spatial relationships become more complex. In the case of active touch the shape of an object is determined by manipulation, which is a form of scanning. Tactile scanning combines the features of sampling, tracking and measuring: f.e. solidity, weight, curvature, size. Manipulation is guided by the spatial frame of reference. The innumerable tactile impulses, many of them not perceived separately, are not the primary material of information. Only by ordering the impressions, by discriminating between noise and relevant events is the tactile experience guided by expectations transformed into information. The organism stops manipulating as soon as the scanning procedure has enabled it to match the shape under investigation with the spatial patterns it has at its disposal.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Electronic Data Processing↗
PubMed2004

Functional-anatomic correlates of remembering and knowing.

Neural correlates of remembering were examined using event-related functional MRI (fMRI) in 20 young adults. A recognition paradigm based on the remember/know (RK) procedure was used to separately classify studied items that were correctly identified and accompanied by a conscious recollection of details about the study episode from studied items that were correctly identified in the absence of conscious recollection. To facilitate exploration of the basis of remember decisions, studied items were paired with pictures and sounds to encourage retrieval of specific content during scanned testing. Analyses using a priori regions of interest indicated that remembering recruited both regions that associate with the perception and/or decision that information is old and regions that associate preferentially with visual content, while knowing recruited regions associated with oldness, but did not recruit visual content regions. Exploratory analyses further indicated a functional dissociation across regions of parietal cortex that may aid to reconcile several divergent results in the literature. Lateral parietal regions responded preferentially to remember decisions, while a slightly medial region responded robustly to both remember and know decisions. Taken collectively, these results suggest that remembering and knowing associate with common processes supporting a perception and/or the decision that information is old. Remembering additionally recruits regions specific to retrieved content, which may participate to convey the vividness typical of recollective experience.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

An information-processing model of three cortical regions: evidence in episodic memory retrieval.

ACT-R (Anderson, J.R., et al., 2003. An information-processing model of the BOLD response in symbol manipulation tasks. Psychon. Bull. Rev. 10, 241-261) relates the inferior dorso-lateral prefrontal cortex to a retrieval buffer that holds information retrieved from memory and the posterior parietal cortex to an imaginal buffer that holds problem representations. Because the number of changes in a problem representation is not necessarily correlated with retrieval difficulties, it is possible to dissociate prefrontal-parietal activations. In two fMRI experiments, we examined this dissociation using the fan effect paradigm. Experiment 1 compared a recognition task, in which representation requirement remains the same regardless of retrieval difficulty, with a recall task, in which both representation and retrieval loads increase with retrieval difficulty. In the recognition task, the prefrontal activation revealed a fan effect but not the parietal activation. In the recall task, both regions revealed fan effects. In Experiment 2, we compared visually presented stimuli and aurally presented stimuli using the recognition task. While only the prefrontal region revealed the fan effect, the activation patterns in the prefrontal and the parietal region did not differ by stimulus presentation modality. In general, these results provide support for the prefrontal-parietal dissociation in terms of retrieval and representation and the modality-independent nature of the information processed by these regions. Using ACT-R, we also provide computational models that explain patterns of fMRI responses in these two areas during recognition and recall.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

What do connectionism and social psychology offer each other?

Social psychologists can benefit from exploring connectionist or parallel distributed processing models of mental representation and process also can contribute much to connectionist theory in return. Connectionist models involve many simple processing units that send activation signals over connections. At an abstract level, the models can be described as representing concepts (as distributed patterns of activation), operating like schemas to fill in typical values for input information, reconstructing memories based on accessible knowledge rather than retrieving static representations, using flexible and context-sensitive concepts, and computing by satisfying numerous constraints in parallel. This article reviews open questions regarding connectionist models and concludes that social psychological contributions to such topics as cognition-motivation interactions may be important for the development of integrative connectionist model.

Cognition↗
PubMed1997

Self and group protection concerns influence attributions but they are not determinants of counterfactual mutation focus.

The relative impact of differential motivation and knowledge for both counterfactual mutation focus and attributional processes were examined. Functional views of counterfactual thinking predict that what feature of an event is focused on during mutation is influenced by the perceiver's motivation, and that what is mutated is then perceived as causal of the outcome. Other research, however, has indicated that mutation and attribution are based on distinct processes and that the two are not necessarily correlated. In three experiments we investigated the relationship between target mutation and blame assignment following a negative outcome. As expected, both when group that one is highly identified with and when the self is involved in a negative event, attributions were biased in favour of the self or the in-group. Mutation did not, however, show either a self- or group-serving bias. These findings support the view that mutation focus stems from a relatively automatic orientation towards features that may be differentially available to perceivers with varying degrees of knowledge about a domain, whereas the attribution of blame results from conscious processes that permit motivational influences to operate.

Ego↗
PubMed2005

Seeing eye-to-eye: do intergroup biases operate similarly for younger and older adults?.

Because of their relatively temporary group memberships, age groups represent an intriguing test of theories of intergroup relations. In spite of this unique feature, virtually no research has examined age group relations from an intergroup perspective. The present study investigated the role of two influential intergroup factors, degree of group identification and threats to group status, in younger and older adults' evaluations of their ingroup (own age group) and the outgroup (other age group). Participants were placed in situations in which their ingroup was either superior or inferior to the outgroup. Several measures of bias were then assessed, including ingroup favoritism, perceived similarity, social distance, outgroup homogeneity, and self-stereotyping. The results support the notion that age groups are unique from other groups, as age influenced all forms of bias. In particular, young adults exhibited more biases than older adults by perceiving less similarity and distancing themselves more from the outgroup. These findings suggest that older adults' greater familiarity with the outgroup might attenuate their age-based biases compared with younger participants.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Information metabolism as a model of human experiences.

This paper presents Kepiński's concept of "information metabolism", which attempts to describe processing of the information as an analogy of energy metabolism. It is a biological model based upon the structural organization of the cell. The following terms: control center, boundaries, functional structures, centers of elimination and centers of energy are considered here. The model is complementary to computational models, which are helpful in research and theoretical studies, but not useful in interpersonal contacts. The model of information metabolism aims at explanation of relations between psychological and somatic processes and helps in understanding of psychotherapeutic processes.

Humans↗