Understanding selective trafficking of lymphocyte subsets.
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Antibody Formation↗
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Expansion of large granular lymphocyte subsets in Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome.
We describe a 9-year-old boy with Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome and IgM-rheumatoid factor-positive arthritis who presented expansion of two distinct subsets (one CD8dim and the other CD8-) of large granular lymphocytes. Natural killer activity against the K-562 cell line was absent. An increased percentage of CD5+ B cells was also observed. Since patients with Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome are at risk of developing autoimmune disorders - conditions in which increased CD5+ B cells have been observed - the high percentage of CD5+ B cells together with the presence of IgM-rheumatoid factor and anti-platelet antibodies may represent an early manifestation of an autoimmune process. The possible relationship between CD5+ B cells and large granular lymphocyte expansion is discussed.
Arthritis, Rheumatoid↗
[Relationship between clinical activity and lymphocyte subsets in patients with Guillain-Barré syndrome].
T lymphocytes are probably of pathogenic importance in Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS). Blood samples from 31 patients with GBS and from 25 healthy controls were studied with flow cytometry. Subsets of the CD4 population were determined: CD4+CD29+ (helper-inducer) cells and CD4+CD45RA+ (naive or suppressor-inducer) cells. Recently, deviations of circulating CD8 populations have been noticed. Therefore, subsets of the CD8 population were also determined: CD8+CD11b dull (suppressor-effector) cells and CD8+ CD11b bright (cytotoxic-effector/NK) cells. During the active stage of GBS, significantly increased proportions of CD4+HLA-DR+ (activated CD4+) cells and CD4+CD29+ cells were found compared to those in control samples (p < 0.0005, p < 0.05, respectively). The proportion of CD8+CD11b dull cells was significantly lower than that in the control samples (p < 0.005). Sequential analysis showed a decrease in the proportion of CD4+HLA-DR+ cells and CD4+CD29+ cells from the active to the convalescent stage (p < 0.05, p < 0.005, respectively). The proportion of CD8+CD11b dull cells was low in GBS patients with high disease severity.
Adult↗
Clinical value of the flow cytometric method for measuring lymphocyte subset activation: spontaneous activation of T-cell subpopulations is associated with acute GvHD.
Thymidine ((3)H-TdR) incorporation remains the most commonly used method to quantifying T-cell proliferation. This method, however, does not provide information about specific lymphocyte subpopulations responding to different stimuli. In our study, we modified previously described nonradioactive flow-cytometric T-cell activation assay measuring the expression of a CD69+ antigen on T-cell subsets and applied it to analysis of lymphocyte subsets activation/proliferation in children after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT). We compared the percentage of spontaneously activated lymphocyte subpopulations (background) and the percentage of PHA-P, PWM, and SEB-stimulated cell subsets from two groups of patients: group 1, children with Graft versus Host Disease (GvHD) and group 2, children without any signs of GvHD at the time of analysis. High rate of spontaneous T-cell subset activation was found in group 1 with CD3+CD8+Ts cells being the most affected cell population. High background activation of Th and B cells correlated with the occurrence of autoimmune phenomena posttransplant. Rapid quantification of CD69+ expression on unstimulated and stimulated T-cell subsets proved to be a valuable method for monitoring children after allogeneic HCT. High proportion of activated, unstimulated Ts cells observed in the GvHD group may underline the critical role of CD3+CD8+ cells in the pathogenesis of GvHD. Thus in future immunosuppressive therapy may be adjusted according to the proportion of activated Ts cells.
Bone Marrow Transplantation↗
Lymphocyte subset proportions in Guillain-Barré syndrome patients treated with plasmapheresis.
We examined the changes in the proportions of certain T cell subsets in 18 Guillain-Barré syndrome patients treated with plasmapheresis (PP). PP was performed within 8 days after the onset using a continuous-flow blood cell separator or immunoadsorption. The proportions of CD3+, CD4+ and CD4+CD45RA+ cells at the onset were decreased and that of CD19+ was increased compared with those of 25 normal controls. However, the proportions of CD4+CD45R-, CD4+HLADR+, CD4+CD25+ cells and the CD8+ subpopulations were similar in patients and controls. After PP, the altered subsets tended to normalize, particularly in the group that improved after PP.
Adolescent↗
Differential membrane labelling of human lymphocyte subsets by PKH-2 examined by multiparameter flow cytometry. A possible correlation between lipid composition of cellular membranes and functional properties?
Human peripheral blood lymphocytes were stained simultaneously with the lipophilic membrane label PKH-2 and surface markers and analysed by multiparameter flow cytometry. A biphasic staining distribution was observed for T (CD3+) as well as B (CD19+) cells. Within the T subset, CD4+ cells stained almost exclusively with bright PKH-2 intensity, while CD8+ cells exhibited a more pronounced bimodal staining pattern. No difference in staining intensity was noted for CD4+CD45R0+ vs. CD4+CD45R0- cells. This multiparameter staining method demonstrates differences in membrane lipid composition between different human lymphocyte subsets, and suggest that caution must be exercised when evaluating PKH-2 labelling of human lymphocytes.
Antigens, CD↗
HLA-DR antigen expression and lymphocyte subsets in transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder. An immunohistological study on frozen sections.
Lymphocyte subpopulations (B cells, CD4, CD8), interleukin-20 receptors (IL-2), monocytes/macrophages (Leu M5), and HLA-DR antigen expression were studied immunohistochemically on frozen sections from 38 bladder cancer specimens. T cells predominated over B cells in all tumours. CD4-positive lymphocytes predominated over CD8 in the stroma (CD4/CD8: 1.35/l), while in epithelial tumour cells CD8 was the prominent subpopulation (CD8/CD4: 1.75/l). Aberrant HLA-DR expression was found in 21.05 per cent of bladder tumours. A strong correlation between CD4 and CD8 population densities and macrophages with the other subpopulations was noticed. In HLA-DR-positive tumours, there was no correlation of the percentage of positive cells with CD4- and CD8-positive lymphocyte populations. Various parameters including IL-2 receptors, B cells, CD8- and CD4-positive cells, and macrophages did not differ significantly between the groups of tumours expressing and not expressing HLA-DR antigen. There were no statistically significant differences in the population densities of B cells, CD8- or CD4-positive cells, IL-2 receptor, monocytes/macrophages, and HLA-DR antigen expression among various clinicopathological parameters, including growth pattern, histological grade and clinical stage or patient's age and sex. These findings suggest that in transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder, HLA-DR antigen expression is independent of lymphocyte subpopulations. It is therefore possible that HLA-DR expression by tumour cells reflect the existence of separate HLA-DR-positive or HLA-DR-negative tumour clones.
Adult↗
Menstrual cycle dependent fluctuations in NK and T-lymphocyte subsets from non-pregnant human endometrium.
PROBLEM: To establish the relative proportions of endometrial lymphocyte subpopulations during the menstrual cycle. METHOD OF STUDY: Lymphocytes were investigated by flow cytometry, during the early proliferative (EP), late proliferative (LP), early secretory (ES) and late secretory (LS) phases of the menstrual cycle. RESULTS: Between the LP and LS phases, there was an increase in NK cells from 26.4% to 83.2% (P = 0.0017) of the CD45+ population. T cells decreased from 55.06% to 6.7% (P = 0.0017). Within the T-cell population, CD8+ cells decreased significantly from 63.0% in the LP phase to 54.2% in the LS phase (P = 0.04). In contrast, potential regulatory populations such as double negative (DN) T cells CD3+CD4-CD8- and natural T cells (NT) CD3+CD56+, increased significantly in the LS phase (P = 0.05; P = 0.03). gammadelta T cells, predominantly of the DN and NT phenotypes remained consistently low at all stages of the cycle (2.34%). CONCLUSION: Endometrial lymphocyte fluctuations during the menstrual cycle may reflect hormonal regulation of maternal immunity, thereby promoting tolerance at the time of implantation.
Adult↗
Distribution of lymphocyte subsets in the small intestine lymphoid tissue of 1-month-old lambs.
Distribution of lymphocyte subpopulations along the small intestine lymphoid tissue has been examined in 1-month-old lambs using flow cytometric and immunohistochemical techniques. Monoclonal antibodies against CD4, CD8, gamma delta, CD45R and B receptors have been employed in samples from continuous ileal Peyer's patch (IPP), discrete jejunal Peyer's patches (JPP), ileocaecal valve lymphoid tissue (ICVPP), mesenteric lymph node (MLN) and intra-epithelial (IEL) and lamina propria (LPL) lymphocytes. Histological studies were also done. Differences in the lymphocyte distribution have been observed between some of the regions examined, especially between IPP and JPP for most of the markers. A remarkable feature was the existence of morphological and lymphocyte distribution differences between ICVPP and IPP, locations that had been traditionally considered as similar. The antibody against CD45R receptor used in this study, that was supposed to mark B cells and some T cells, detected cell populations located in the dome of the follicles in all the samples, whereas the centre was negative. Lymphocytes positive to the B marker employed were located mainly in the centre, suggesting that both antibodies would mark B cells in different maturation status.
Animals↗
Alterations in lymphocyte subsets in blood may predict resectability in carcinoma of cardia or oesophagus.
Impaired immune responses in patients with carcinoma of cardia or oesophagus have previously been reported. However, we do not know whether resectability correlates with specific immunological variables. Immunological assessment was performed in 35 such cancer patients including measurement of total T cells (CD3+) and T cell subsets (CD4+ and CD8+), NK cells (CD16+) and B cells (CD19+) in blood. In vitro lymphocyte responses to phytohemagglutinin (PHA) separated from peripheral blood were quantitated. The numbers in peripheral blood of both total T cells (CD3+) and B lymphocytes (CD19+) were significantly lower in the inoperable patients compared to resected patients (P < 0.01). The number of NK cells (CD16+) was, however, not significantly lower in the inoperable patients compared to the patients operated for cure. Lymphocyte responses to PHA in vitro were similar in resectable and non-resectable patients, but significantly lower in inoperable patients compared to the controls (P < 0.01). In conclusion, resectability in carcinoma of cardia or oesophagus is associated with changes in both T (CD3+) and B (CD19+) cell subsets.
Adenocarcinoma↗
Th1/Th2 lymphocyte subsets in pure red cell aplasia.
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Humans↗
Cytokine control of parasite-specific anergy in human lymphatic filariasis. Preferential induction of a regulatory T helper type 2 lymphocyte subset.
The immunological mechanisms involved in maintenance of an asymptomatic microfilaremic state (MF) in patients with lymphatic filariasis remain undefined. MF patients have impaired filarial antigen (Ag)-specific lymphocyte proliferation and decreased frequencies (Fo) of Ag-specific T cells, and yet elevated serum IgE and antifilarial IgG4. To investigate the mechanism of Ag-specific anergy in MF patients in contrast to amicrofilaremic individuals with chronic lymphatic obstruction (CP), the Fo of Ag-specific lymphocytes from peripheral blood mononuclear cells secreting either IL-4 or IFN-gamma were assessed by filter spot enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and IL-10 and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) mRNA transcript levels were assessed by a semiquantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction technique. The Fo of filaria-specific IL-4-secreting lymphocytes were equivalent in both MF (geometric mean [GM] = 1:11,700) and CP (GM = 1:29,300 P = 0.08), whereas the Fo of IFN-gamma-secreting lymphocytes were lower in MF (GM = 1:39,300) than in CP (GM = 1:4,200, P < 0.01). When the ratio of IL-4/IFN-gamma (T helper type 2 [Th2]/Th1)-secreting cells was examined, MF subjects showed a predominant Th2 response (8:1) compared with a Th1 response in CP individuals (1:4). mRNA transcript levels of IL-10 were also significantly elevated in MF compared with CP individuals (P < 0.01). Further, IL-10 and TGF-beta were shown to have a role in modulating the Ag-specific anergy among MF subjects, in that neutralizing anti-IL-10 or anti-TGF-beta significantly enhanced lymphocyte proliferation response (by 220-1,300%) to filarial Ags in MF individuals. These findings demonstrate that MF subjects respond to parasite antigen by producing a set of suppressive cytokines that may facilitate persistence of the parasite within humans while producing little clinical disease.
Adult↗
5-bromodeoxyuridine-light inactivation of human lymphocytes stimulated mitogens and allogeneic cells: evidence for distinct T-lymphocyte subsets.
The study of human peripheral blood currently permits enumeration of circulating B and T lymphocytes as well as the analysis of functional responses in vitro following stimulation with mitogens, antigens or allogeneic cells. In the present experiments, subsets of these major lymphocyte populations were analyzed by dissecting in vitro responses using an ablative technique. After an initial culture period of lymphocytes with a mitogen, the proliferating cells were inactivated with 5-bromodeoxyuridine and light, then the capacity of the remaining lymphocytes to respond to the same or a different mitogenic influence was tested. Responsiveness to a different stimulant in the presence of no further response to the first stimulant was taken as evidence for a different responding cell population. A large subset of peripheral blood lymphocytes was responsive to both phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and concanavalin A (Con A); ablation of the cells responsive to one left little or no cells responsive to the other. Pokeweed mitogen (PWM) stimulated a portion of the PHA-Con A-responsive subset and an approximately equal subset unresponsive to PHA or Con A. Other evidence indicates that with each of these mitogens (especially with PHA and Con A in a soluble form), most of the proliferative response of peripheral blood B lymphocytes is indirectly triggered and is dependent on T cell stimulation. The population of PHA-Con A-responsive cells is, therefore, interpreted to represent a major T cell subset plus recruited cells; the PWM-responsive population would include a T cell subset having also PHA and Con A responsiveness, and another subset of T (or perhaps B) cells. The mitogen-sensitive population showed no overlap with cells responsive to allogeneic stimulation in mixed leukocyte culture. Ablation of the mitogen-responsive cells potentiated the mixed leukocyte reaction, suggesting that a suppressive influence was removed with the inactivation of the mitogen-responsive cells. It appears, therefore, that distinct subsets of T lymphocytes differentially responsive to PHA-Con A, to PWM and to allogeneic stimulation are present in the human peripheral blood.
B-Lymphocytes↗
During recovery from cytomegalovirus infection T-lymphocyte subsets become selectively responsive to activation and have depressed interleukin 2 (IL2) secretion and IL2 receptor expression.
The ability to induce lymphocyte activation with Concanavalin A (Con A) was suppressed in spleen cell cultures derived from BALB/c mice acutely infected with murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) when compared to cultures derived from control, uninfected mice. This immunosuppression was observed as a reduced incorporation of 3H-thymidine in the lymphocyte proliferative response to Con A, was highly correlated with reduced secretion of interleukin 2 (IL2), and could not be augmented by addition of exogenous IL2. The degree of suppression of both the proliferative response and IL2 secretion was directly dependent on the infecting virus dose and on the time post-infection. At weekly intervals during infection, fluorescein-labeled monoclonal antibodies to various T-lymphocyte surface markers were used to stain spleen cells from control or MCMV-infected mice before or after Con A activation. Analysis of stained spleen cells by flow cytometry revealed several unusual responses to activation signals in lymphocytes derived from mice with acute MCMV-induced immunosuppression. At 4 days post-infection T-lymphocytes of each subset [Thy 1.2 (pan T), L3T4 (T-helper/inducer), Lyt 2 (T-cytotoxic/suppressor) and Lyt 1 (subset of Thy 1.2)] were each present in the spleen but each was in reduced percentage of the total spleen T cell population compared to control (52% to 75% of controls). At this time post-infection these cells were non-responsive to Con A activation as shown by inability to induce 3H-thymidine uptake, IL2 secretion or IL2 responsiveness and an inability to demonstrate an IL2 receptor-positive (IL2R+) population. By 11 days post-infection all tested subsets of T-lymphocytes (Thy 1.2+, L3T4+, Lyt 2+ and Lyt 1+) were in normal control range in fresh spleen. However, only Thy 1.2+L3T4+ (T-helper/inducer) cells were responsive to Con A activation. 3H-thymidine uptake and IL2 secretion were at levels of about 60% of the control but, surprisingly, cells were unresponsive to addition of exogenous IL2 and few, if any, of these cells were found to express IL2 receptors. By 18 days post-infection, when 3H-thymidine uptake could be induced at control level, Thy 1.2+, L3T4+, and Lyt 2+ (T-cytotoxic/suppressor) cells were each responsive to Con A activation at levels comparable to control but Lyt 1+ and IL2 R+ cells were still substantially suppressed (ca. 35% to 40% of control value). Detection of Lyt 1+ subset and IL2 R+ cells after Con A activation did not near control levels until very late in the recovery process (day 25).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Animals↗
Identification of T-like and B-like lymphocyte subsets in sea star Asterias rubens by monoclonal antibodies to human leukocytes.
The axial organ of sea star Asterias rubens is a primitive immune organ. The total cell population was fractionated into two populations: adherent (B-like) and non-adherent cells (T-like) to nylon wool. These two cell subsets were previously defined as functionally acting as mammals T and B cells. In the present report, we pointed out that these T and B-like cells can be identified using mouse to human monoclonal antibodies. Reproducible results were obtained with anti-CD7 monoclonal antibody which detects the T-like cell subset and with anti-CD14 antibody that characterizes the B-like population.
Animals↗
Nonspecific esterase staining of lymphocyte subsets in leprosy.
A comparative study of lymphocyte subpopulations from leprosy patients were carried out using nonspecific esterase (ANAE) staining and monoclonal antibodies. Regardless of the methodology used, an intense reduction in the total number of the T helper/inducer subset and an inversion of the helper/suppressor ration could be observed. These alterations were more evident with the progress of the disease from the tuberculoid (TL) to the lepromatous (LL) pole. Thus ANAE may be considered an economical and reliable method to be used in the study of the immune status of leprosy patients.
B-Lymphocytes↗
Lymphocyte subsets in the blood: a diagnostic window on the lymphoid system?
The assessment of peripheral blood lymphocyte numbers and ratios has been performed in almost every conceivable disease state, but do these values give any useful information about immune status? Jürgen Westermann and Reinhard Pabst try to answer this question and to put peripheral blood population assessments into the whole-body context.
Blood Cells↗
Comparative analysis of equine lymphocyte subsets in whole blood and gradient-purified samples.
In the present study, two methods of lymphocyte preparation, whole blood lysis and Ficoll-Paque separation, prior to FACS analysis were compared. The comparison was done with single and dual-colour staining techniques. Monoclonal antibodies (mAb) against eCD4, eCD5, eCD8 and eMHC class II were used. There was no significant difference in the results obtained by these two methods.
Animals↗