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At least 1,279 records · Page 71Linked to original sources
PubMed1959

The role of psychotropic drugs in group therapy.

The purpose of this paper is to examine those aspects of the drug treatment of mental disorder which relate to the human environment or group in which the patient finds himself. Although great claims are made for modern drug therapy, a distinction must be drawn between the specific effects of drugs and the effects of the environment itself. Psychotropic drugs are not specific in a particular disease, although they may modify specific symptoms. Two special cases are selected for an examination of the effects of the environment on drug action-deep insulin treatment and lysergic acid diethylamide. The psychological phenomena induced by deep insulin differ according to whether treatment is given individually or to a group of patients; and the psychological significance of insulin treatment lies in the ability of the treatment situation to help the patient to become a full member of the group. Similarly the group influences relating to LSD treatment are examined.It is concluded that the attitude of social groups to psychotropic drugs is determined by the real or apparent effects these drugs have on super-ego function. This appears to have some relationship to the so-called placebo phenomenon.The fact that clinical trials tend to lead to results unduly favourable to the drugs tested is noted and some suggestions are made as to how these trials can be improved.

Humans↗
PubMed1959

The role of psychotropic drugs in individual therapy.

Certain effects produced by psychotropic drugs in man are examined in order to illustrate the means by which methods of treatment based on psychotherapy can be modified or improved.IT IS SUGGESTED THAT TRANQUILLIZING DRUGS MAY BE USED IN ASSOCIATION WITH PSYCHOTHERAPY IN FOUR WAYS: for controlling symptoms; for releasing unconscious material; for controlling disturbances associated with such release; and for removing inhibitions. These ways are critically examined, and in particular the use of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) in psychological medicine is dealt with in some detail. The psychological mechanism of action of LSD is examined.Some space is devoted to the use of the major tranquillizers in the treatment of psychosis, and the possibility of managing major psychoses outside the mental hospital is examined.

Humans↗
PubMed2003

Transcriptome fingerprints distinguish hallucinogenic and nonhallucinogenic 5-hydroxytryptamine 2A receptor agonist effects in mouse somatosensory cortex.

Most neuropharmacological agents and many drugs of abuse modulate the activity of heptahelical G-protein-coupled receptors. Although the effects of these ligands result from changes in cellular signaling, their neurobehavioral activity may not correlate with results of in vitro signal transduction assays. 5-Hydroxytryptamine 2A receptor (5-HT2AR) partial agonists that have similar pharmacological profiles differ in the behavioral responses they elicit. In vitro studies suggest that different agonists acting at the same receptor may establish distinct patterns of signal transduction. Testing this hypothesis in the brain requires a global signal transduction assay that is applicable in vivo. To distinguish the cellular effects of the different 5-HT2AR agonists, we developed an assay for global signal transduction on the basis of high throughput quantification of rapidly modulated transcripts. Study of the responses to agonists in human embryonic kidney 293 cells stably expressing 5-HT2ARs demonstrated that each agonist elicits a distinct transcriptome fingerprint. We therefore studied behavioral and cortical signal transduction responses in wild-type and 5-HT2AR null-mutant mice. The hallucinogenic chemicals (+/-)-2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodoamphetamine (DOI) and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) stimulated a head-twitch behavioral response that was not observed with the nonhallucinogenic lisuride hydrogen maleate (LHM) and was absent in receptor null-mutant mice. We also found that DOI, LSD, and LHM each induced distinct transcriptome fingerprints in somatosensory cortex that were absent in 5-HT2AR null-mutants. Moreover, DOI and LSD showed similarities in the transcriptome fingerprints obtained that were not observed with the behaviorally inactive drug LHM. Our results demonstrate that chemicals acting at the 5-HT2AR induce specific cellular response patterns in vivo that are reflected in unique changes in the somatosensory cortex transcriptome.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Substance abuse.

The potential for human developmental toxicity caused by chemical exposure was not generally recognized until the thalidomide tragedy of the early 1960s, at which time it was acknowledged that the placenta is not a barrier protecting the fetus. The focus of this chapter is to present the role of substance abuse screening in prenatal care, the gamut of drugs, and the clinical implications of the substances abused by pregnant women, as well as the legal and ethical considerations. Physiologic and care issues will be discussed. Legal substances discussed include the commonly used artificial sweeteners, caffeine, cigarette smoking, alcohol, and over-the-counter and prescription drugs. Illegal substances discussed include marijuana, phencyclidine, lysergic acid diethylamide, opiates, and cocaine.

Ethics, Nursing↗