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PubMed1988

Effects of lateral and medial septal lesions on various activity and reactivity measures in rats.

Roles of the lateral and medial septum in the regulation of activity, reactivity and open field behavior in rats were examined in the present study. Effects of lateral, medial and combined lateral and medial septal lesions were studied, respectively. Our results indicate that lateral septal lesions significantly decreased locomotor activity and tended to decrease rearing response. While it also markedly increased movement time in the activity monitor, stereotyped behavior and tactile startle amplitude. The most significant findings with medial septal lesions were decreased activity, especially in the center area of an open field and decreased exploratory behavior in rats. For most behavioral measures, effects of combined lateral and medial septal lesions were similar to that of medial septal lesions alone except that it augmented startle response with a different response pattern compared to that of lateral septal lesions alone. The locomotion patterns of these animals also revealed some qualitative difference in their behavior. These results are further discussed in the scope of anatomical, neurochemical and pharmacological differentiations of the septum complex.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Maternal ingestion of tyrosine during rat pregnancy modifies the offspring behavioral lateralization.

It was previously reported that oral administration of tyrosine (500 mg/kg) to pregnant rats increases tyrosine and monoamines level in the fetal brain and modifies locomotion during postnatal life. In the present study, it was found that this treatment alters behavioral lateralization in the offspring. Neonatal rats whose mothers received tyrosine during the second half of gestation showed a low level of absolute and population laterality in both tail and head movements. The alteration of behavioral lateralization was also found during postnatal development and during adulthood. The T-maze behavioral ontogeny was different for tyrosine-mother and sham-treated or untreated mother rats. During adulthood, the T-max lateralization after stress sessions (a procedure that decreases alternation behavior and facilitates the quantification of behavioral lateralization) was also different in control and tyrosine-mother groups. Neonatal and adult rats showed an increase in right-side movements probability. These data provide evidence that maternal ingestion of a catecholamine precursor during gestation may induce a long-lasting modification of the behavioral lateralization of the offspring.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1987

The isolated lateral ventricle. Experience at the Hospital for Sick Children.

Isolation of the lateral ventricle has long been known to occur following ventriculitis. However, in recent years, functional isolation of the lateral ventricle has been seen with increasing frequency. Since 1979, eight patients without evidence of infection have required treatment for an isolated lateral ventricle following insertion of a contralateral ventriculoperitoneal shunt at the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Two of these patients developed their hydrocephalus after intraventricular hemorrhage, and in six patients the hydrocephalus was associated with myelodysplasia. We specifically excluded patients in whom isolation of the lateral ventricle was secondary to ventriculitis. We feel that the isolated lateral ventricle following ventriculoperitoneal shunting may be due to a dynamic situation where overdrainage of the shunted ventricle leads to a functional obliteration of the foramen of Monro and subsequent enlargement of the contralateral lateral ventricle.

Cerebral Hemorrhage↗
PubMed1986

Excitation of lateral horn neurons of the neonatal rat spinal cord by 5-hydroxytryptamine.

The effects of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) on lateral horn cells contained in thin in vitro slices of neonatal rat spinal cord were investigated by means of intracellular recording techniques. Superfusion of 5-HT (1-100 microM) to lateral horn cells caused a concentration-dependent membrane depolarization leading to, in some instances, repetitive cell discharges. A number of lateral horn cells could be activated antidromically by stimulating the ventral rootlets. The conduction velocity of the antidromic spikes was estimated to be 0.3-2 m/s which corresponds to that of the axons of rat sympathetic preganglionic neurons reported by others. The 5-HT depolarization evoked in neurons that could be activated antidromically was similar to that elicited from unidentified lateral horn cells. The depolarization induced by 5-HT could be partially eliminated by low Ca/high Mg solution or tetrodotoxin in a portion of lateral horn cells and was accompanied by an increase in membrane resistance. The response was nullified near the membrane potential at which the spike after hyperpolarization was abolished; a clear reversal of polarity was not observed at a more negative potential level. The 5-HT depolarization was reversibly blocked by methysergide and cyproheptadine and enhanced by fluoxetine, a 5-HT-uptake inhibitor. The results indicate that the indoleamine primarily exerted an excitatory action on lateral horn cells, including those tentatively identified as sympathetic preganglionic neurons, by a direct depolarization which appears to be mediated by decrease of a voltage-sensitive K conductance and partly by an indirect effect via the release of an excitatory substance(s).

Animals↗
PubMed1982

A comparison of lateral peristriate and striate neocortical ablations in the rat.

The effects of striate, lateral peristriate and sham ablations upon the post-operative reacquisition of visual discriminations were studied in two experiments. The results of Experiment 1 indicated that lesions restricted to the lateral peristriate neocortex rendered the rat incapable of resolving an oblique stripe discrimination. Seven of the 9 rats with striate ablations were unable to form the discrimination. The histological findings indicated that the deficit following lateral peristriate injury was not due to interruption of the geniculostriate system. However, the behavioral impairment in destriate rats corresponded to the degree of unintentional injury in lateral peristriate neocortex, but not medial peristriate tissue. In Experiment 2, the effects of these lesions were studied upon the post-operative reacquisition of either a non-reversal or reversal of a preoperatively acquired brightness discrimination. Animals with striate damage demonstrated considerable savings on the non-reversed brightness discrimination, and they acquired the reversal at a rate equal to that seen in animals with sham ablations. Rats with peristriate ablations showed no savings on the non-reversed brightness habit, and they required more extensive training than both the striate and sham groups on the reversal. These findings suggest that the frequently reported loss of a preoperative brightness habit following large posterior neocortex ablations is due to damage in the lateral peristriate neocortex rather than damage of the geniculostriate system. These results, taken with other literature, suggest an important role of the lateral peristriate neocortex in visuospatial sensory function.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Organization of afferent connections to the lateral and interpositus cerebellar nuclei from the brainstem relay nuclei: a horseradish peroxidase study in the cat.

Afferent projections to the lateral (dentate) and interpositus cerebellar nuclei from the brainstem relay nuclei were studied in cats using the horseradish peroxidase (HRP) method. In the first series of experiments, HRP was injected into the brachium pontis. Mossy fiber terminals were anterogradely labeled, predominantly in the lateral (hemispherical) part, moderately in the intermediate part, and slightly in the vermal part of the cerebellum. Besides these terminals in the cerebellar cortex, axon terminals labeled anterogradely were also found in the cerebellar nuclei. The labeled terminals appeared almost exclusively in the lateral nucleus and rarely in the interpositus nucleus. Cells labeled retrogradely were found both in the pontine nuclei and the tegmental reticular nucleus, but not in other brainstem nuclei. In the second series of experiments, HRP was injected into the lateral and interpositus nuclei, and retrograde labeling was examined in the brainstem relay nuclei. After HRP injection into the lateral nucleus, the number of labeled cells was significantly large in the pontine nuclei, but fairly small in the reticular or vestibular nuclei. The number of labeled cells was generally large in the inferior olive, mainly in the principal olive. After HRP injection into the interpositus nucleus, the number of labeled cells was moderate in the reticular or vestibular nuclei, but small in the pontine nuclei. The number of labeled cells in the inferior olive was also large, being distributed mainly in the accessory olives. These results indicate that the pontine nuclei and the principal olive provide major afferent inputs to the lateral nucleus, whereas the reticular nuclei, the vestibular nuclei and the accessory olives are the major afferent sources to the interpositus nucleus.

Afferent Pathways↗
PubMed1986

Projections to the midbrain from the medial versus lateral prefrontal cortices of the rat.

Microinjections of horseradish peroxidase were made into the medial or lateral prefrontal cortex (PFC) of rats. The trajectory of descending, orthogradely labeled axons in route to the midbrain was then charted. The descending pathways originating from the medial versus lateral PFC were noticeably different. In general the medial PFC projected to dorsal aspects of the midbrain (e.g. dorsolateral periaqueductal gray and deep layers of superior colliculus), whereas the lateral PFC projected to the lateral and ventral aspects of the midbrain (e.g. ventral periaqueductal gray and laterally adjacent reticular formation). These differences suggest that the medial and lateral PFC may have different functions in regard to their potential influences upon the midbrain. Potential influences upon midbrain analgesic mechanisms are discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Topographic projections from the periamygdaloid cortex to select subregions of the lateral nucleus of the amygdala in the rat.

Information from most of the sensory modalities enters the amygdala via the lateral nucleus. The olfactory information, however, arrives at the amygdala through the superficial nuclei, including the periamygdaloid cortex. To find out whether the olfactory information can modulate the processing of sensory information in the lateral nucleus we injected Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin, an anterograde axonal tracer, into the different divisions of the periamygdaloid cortex. We found that the PAC division of the periamygdaloid cortex projects to the ventrolateral and medial divisions, but not the dorsolateral division, of the lateral amygdaloid nucleus. Therefore, the projection from the PAC to the lateral nucleus provides a route, by which the olfactory information may become associated with other sensory modalities. Also, together with our previous finding that the lateral nucleus projects to the periamygdaloid cortex, the present data demonstrate that the lateral nucleus and the PAC are reciprocally connected.

Amygdala↗
PubMed1984

Brain stem neurones with differential projection to functional subregions of the dorsal lateral geniculate complex in the cat.

Neurones (n = 194) in the ponto-mesencephalic reticular formation were identified as projecting to the region of the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus, by their antidromic activation from this region. The projection of individual neurones was investigated by mapping of thresholds at closely spaced sites in the lateral geniculate nucleus and the dorsally located perigeniculate nucleus. Low thresholds, long latencies and stepwise antidromic latency shifts, occurring together, were taken to indicate termination. Low thresholds with short antidromic latencies without stepwise latency shifts were encountered more ventrally and ascribed to stimulation of larger fibres en route to terminal fields. The conduction velocity from the stimulation site of the large fibres to the cell bodies in the reticular formation was 0.9-3.1 m/s and to regions within the terminal fields 0.06-0.2 m/s. The considerable slowing of the conduction velocity, together with the extensive regions with low thresholds and the abundance of latency shifts, 0.3-19.5 ms, suggest arborization of very thin fibres within the terminal fields. Three groups of reticular neurones with different termination were distinguished: type A neurones (n = 32) terminate exclusively in the laminae of the lateral geniculate nucleus. Type B neurones (n = 22) terminate in the perigeniculate nucleus, the overlaying part of the reticular nucleus of thalamus and in the interlaminar plexuses in the lateral geniculate nucleus. Type C neurones (n = 27) terminate both in the lateral geniculate nucleus and the perigeniculate nucleus. The projection of individual neurones of all three types extended throughout their entire target nucleus/nuclei and is thus global with respect to the visual hemifield. On the basis of previous findings that stimulation in the reticular formation inhibits interneurones in both feed-forward and recurrent inhibitory pathways to relay cells in the lateral geniculate nucleus, it is suggested that the reticular neurones are inhibitory and that the type A neurones control the feed-forward inhibition, type B neurones the recurrent inhibition and type C neurones both inhibitory mechanisms together. Findings suggesting that different reticular neurones may be related to the interneuronal circuits of the X-, Y- and W-systems are discussed. Type A, B and C neurones were found intermingled, around the brachium conjunctivum and among its fibres from the level of the decussation to the posterior end of the locus coeruleus complex.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Opposite effects of ibotenic acid and 6-hydroxydopamine lesions of the lateral hypothalamus on intracranial self-stimulation and stimulation-induced locomotion.

The purpose of the present study was to test the respective roles of the intrinsic neurons and of the catecholaminergic fibers in two behaviors elicited by electrical stimulation of the lateral hypothalamus, intracranial self-stimulation and the increase in locomotor activity produced by noncontingent stimulation. One group of rats was unilaterally injected in the middle lateral hypothalamus with a dose of ibotenic acid known to significantly decrease self-stimulation (4 micrograms/0.5 microliter). Two other groups received, in the same area, an injection of a small dose of 6-hydroxydopamine (2 micrograms/0.5 microliter). The rats of one of these groups were pre-treated with desmethylimipramine. Two other groups of rats were respectively injected with the vehicle of each neurotoxin. Eight days later all rats were bilaterally implanted with stimulation electrodes, one in the lesioned area, the other in the contralateral region. Each electrode of each animal was tested first for self-stimulation, then for locomotor activation measured in the open field produced by non-contingent stimulation. Whatever the lesion or the behavior tested, the response of the lateral hypothalamus contralateral to the lesioned area was normal. Self-stimulation was disturbed only with stimulation of the lateral hypothalamus lesioned by ibotenic acid. Self-stimulation in the lateral hypothalamus lesioned by 6-hydroxydopamine was normal. However, a significant loss of noradrenaline in the hippocampus and of dopamine in the striatum was observed. Furthermore, the brains of two rats unilaterally injected with the usual dose of 6-hydroxydopamine were processed for tyrosine hydroxylase immunocytochemistry.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Regressive changes among corticocortical neurons projecting from the lateral suprasylvian cortex to area 18 of the kitten's visual cortex.

The postnatal development of corticocortical neurons projecting from the medial bank of the lateral suprasylvian cortex to area 18 of the kitten's visual cortex was examined using retrograde fluorescent tracers. Area 18 was injected in young kittens aged nine days or less and in older kittens aged 30 days or more. Many of the injected kittens were perfused with fixative four to five days later, but some of the youngest were killed after longer survival periods of 35-50 days (long-survival animals). Labelled neurons in the medial bank of the lateral suprasylvian cortex were densely distributed in both superficial layers (II and III) and deep layers (V and VI) in the kittens injected less than nine days postnatal, irrespective of whether survival was short or long, but they were found almost exclusively in layers V and VI in the old, short-survival animals. Only in the group of old kittens did we find a clear topographical arrangement of projections in the rostrocaudal direction and a correlation between the rostrocaudal lengths of the injection sites and labelled areas. In the other two groups, for a similarly sized injection site, the labelled areas were much longer rostrocaudally than in the old, short-survival kittens, and occupied roughly the posterior two-thirds of the medial bank of the lateral suprasylvian cortex, irrespective of the positions of the injections. In the frontal plane, topography was unclear in all groups. These findings demonstrate that there is considerable postnatal refinement of the projection from the medial bank of the lateral suprasylvian cortex to area 18. This involves a loss of connections originating from superficial layers and a decrease of convergence with the appearance of topography. Our results from long-survival kittens suggest that most of the early exuberant population of corticocortical neurons projecting from the medial bank of the lateral suprasylvian cortex to area 18 survive beyond the first postnatal month but undergo axonal elimination during this period.

Aging↗
PubMed1994

Extent of bilateral collateralization among pontomesencephalic tegmental afferents to dorsal lateral geniculate nuclei of pigmented and albino rats.

In adult pigmented and albino rats, small amounts of different fluorescent dyes (Fast Blue and Fluoro-Gold) were pressure-injected into the dorsal lateral geniculate nuclei, each nucleus (right or left) being injected with one dye only. After postinjection survival of three days, the distribution of neurons retrogradely labelled by each dye was analysed. Consistent with previous studies, in each strain each dye labelled a large number of neurons in the several ipsilateral visuotopically or retinotopically organized structures--visual cortices, retino-recipient layers of the superior colliculi and the pretectal nuclei. A substantial number of retrogradely labelled neurons was also found in the contralateral parabigeminal nucleus. A few retrogradely labelled neurons were found in the ipsilateral and (to a lesser extent) contralateral dorsolateral divisions of the periaqueductal gray matter, as well as in the ipsilateral parabigeminal nucleus and the caudal part of the lateral hypothalamus. However, in all the above structures there was a paucity of cells retrogradely labelled with both dyes (double-labelled cells). By contrast, in each strain, several "modulatory" nuclei (containing cholinergic and aminergic cells) of the pontomesencephalic tegmentum--dorsal raphe, pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus, parabrachial nucleus, laterodorsal tegmental nucleus and locus coeruleus--contained significant numbers of cells projecting to both ipsilateral and contralateral dorsal lateral geniculate nuclei. In each nucleus, ipsilaterally and contralaterally projecting cells constituted, respectively, about 65-70% and about 30-35% of retrogradely labelled cells. About 25% of the contralaterally projecting cells (i.e. about 5-10% of all retrogradely labelled tegmental neurons) were double-labelled with both dyes. Double-labelled cells were intermingled with single-labelled cells projecting ipsilaterally or contralaterally. The proportions of the ipsilaterally, contralaterally and bilaterally projecting neurons in the modulatory components of the pontomesencephalic tegmentum were virtually identical in pigmented and albino strains. It appears that in both strains the visuotopically organized structures convey to the dorsal lateral geniculate nuclei information related mainly to the contralateral visual field. The projections from these structures might play an important role in regulating transmission of visual information in the retinotopically distinct parts of each dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus. By contrast, the projections from the modulatory nuclei of the pontomesencephalic tegmentum are likely to contribute to the functional synchronization of both dorsal lateral geniculate nuclei during the sleep-wakefulness cycle and saccadic eye movements.

Afferent Pathways↗
PubMed1995

Projection neurons in fetal striatal transplants are predominantly derived from the lateral ganglionic eminence.

In the present study, we have characterized aspects of integration, growth and phenotypic differentiation of embryonic grafts derived from the selective dissection of either the lateral or medial portion of the ganglionic eminences of the rodent forebrain. Donor tissues were derived from embryonic day 15 rat, or embryonic day 14 mouse embryos, and injected, as single cell suspensions into the striatum or substantia nigra of adult rats previously subjected to an intrastriatal ibotenic acid lesion. Two to six weeks following grafting, immunocytochemical detection of DARPP-32, the 32,000 mol. wt dopamine- and cyclic AMP-regulated phosphoprotein, was used to identify areas with a striatum-like phenotype within both the intrastriatal and the intranigral grafts. It was thus revealed that all the lateral ganglionic eminence grafts, irrespective of their placement, were dominated by striatum-like tissue (up to 90% of the total graft volume), while the medial ganglionic eminence transplants were only sparsely positive (< 10% of the total graft volume). These striatum-like regions of the grafts were selectively innervated by tyrosine hydroxylase immunopositive fibres from the host substantia nigra. Furthermore, axons derived from the lateral ganglionic eminence mouse grafts placed in the striatum, as detected by the mouse-specific neuronal marker M6, showed a more extensive and directed outgrowth towards the globus pallidus when compared to fibres emanating from the medial ganglionic eminence grafts. Mouse lateral and medial ganglionic eminence grafts placed into the substantia nigra exhibited similar fibre outgrowth patterns; both types of grafts thus innervated the substantia nigra-pars reticulata and extended axons into the cerebral peduncle. These results show that DARPP-32-positive striatal projection neurons are derived, for the most part, from the lateral ganglionic eminence and that the restricted lateral ganglionic eminence dissection provides a more optimal source of striatal tissue for grafting in the rat Huntington model.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Sagittal knife cuts in the far-lateral hypothalamus reduce sexual receptivity in female hamsters.

We have previously shown that hypothalamic knife cuts confined to the sagittal plane lateral to the medial anterior hypothalamus-ventromedial nucleus can disrupt sexual receptivity in female golden hamsters. In the present study we have compared the effects of varying the lateral position of sagittal cuts located at this same rostral-caudal level. Near-lateral (NL) cuts were placed at or just lateral to the fornix, while far-lateral (FL) cuts were placed at the lateral edge of the medial forebrain bundle. Ovariectomized, estradiol benzoate plus progesterone-treated females were given weekly tests for lordosis before and after hypothalamic cuts. Changes in body weight and agonistic behavior were also recorded. Both NL and FL cuts reduced lordosis in response to both manual stimulation and a sexually active male. Postoperatively, it was more difficult to elicit lordosis from these females, and if elicited, the duration of the response was reduced. NL, but not FL, cuts also increased agonistic behavior, and produced obesity. Since both NL and FL cuts severed axons traveling in the region of the supraoptic commissures (SOC), these data support our hypothesis that these SOC connections are critical for sexual receptivity. The SOC carrys both efferents and afferents of the ventromedial hypothalamus. Sagittal-plane cuts which interrupt the SOC may disrupt lordosis by cutting either or both types of connection.

Agonistic Behavior↗
PubMed1988

Resorption of maxillary lateral incisors caused by ectopic eruption of the canines. A clinical and radiographic analysis of predisposing factors.

Factors predisposing to resorption of adjacent permanent lateral incisors caused by ectopic eruption of maxillary canines were evaluated. The subjects consisted of two groups: one with 40 lateral incisors with resorption caused by ectopic eruption and a control group of 118 ectopic eruption cases with no lateral incisor resorption. The mean age of the children in the two groups differed by only 0.7 of a year and ranged from 10.0 to 15.0 years, covering the normal eruption period of the maxillary canine. Resorption of lateral incisors was three times as common in girls as in boys. The resorption cases showed a more advanced dental development, a more medial canine position in the dental arch, and a slightly more mesial horizontal path of eruption (an average of 10 degrees) than that of the control cases. Factors such as the width of the dental follicle and proclination or distal tilting of the lateral incisor showed no correlation to the resorption. Potential resorption cases are always those in which the canine cusp in periapical and panoramic films is positioned medially to the midline of the lateral incisor. Such situations should be carefully investigated with polytomography if necessary. The risk of resorption also will increase with a more mesial horizontal path of eruption. From 10 years of age or younger, annual clinical examination by palpation of the canine eruption path is recommended. This clinical examination should be supplemented with a stepwise extended radiographic procedure in cases in which ectopic eruption of the maxillary canines is suspected.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Adrenergic projections from the lower brainstem to the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus, the lateral hypothalamic area and the central nucleus of the amygdala in rats.

Fine networks of phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PNMT)-immunoreactive fibers are found in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus--mainly in the anterior, dorsal and dorso-medial parvicellular subdivisions, the lateral hypothalamus (dorsal, lateral and ventral to the fornix) and in the central amygdaloid nucleus. Coronal hemisections of the brainstem through the rostral level of the medulla oblongata show that most hypothalamic and amygdaloid PNMT fibers arise from the medullary adrenergic cell groups. Fourteen, but not 10 days after total hemisections, PNMT fibers disappeared almost completely from the hypothalamus and amygdala, ipsilateral to the knife cuts. A small decrease was also observed in the ventral, lateral hypothalamus on the contralateral side. Partial depletion of PNMT-immunoreactivity in the hypothalamus and the amygdala after medial or lateral brainstem hemisections indicates that ascending PNMT-immunoreactive fibers pass through mainly the lateral portion of the medulla, but some fibers also in its medial portion. Midsagittal transection of the diencephalon slightly reduced PNMT immunostaining in the paraventricular nucleus and the lateral hypothalamus bilaterally. The results show that the ascending PNMT system essentially is ipsilateral, but probably with a small crossing-over component, both at the diencephalic and lower brainstem level.

Adrenergic Fibers↗
PubMed2007

Computer-aided diagnosis for improved detection of lung nodules by use of posterior-anterior and lateral chest radiographs.

RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES: We developed a computerized scheme for detection of lung nodules in the lateral views of chest radiographs, in order to improve the overall performance in combination with the computer-aided diagnostic (CAD) scheme for posterior-anterior (PA) views. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We used 106 pairs of PA and lateral views of chest radiographs (122 lung nodules) for development of the CAD scheme. In the CAD scheme for lateral views, initial candidates of lung nodules were identified by use of a nodule enhancement filter based on the edge gradients. Thirty-four image features extracted from the original and the nodule-enhanced images were used for the rule-based scheme and for artificial neural networks (ANNs) for removal of some false-positive candidates. The computer performance was evaluated with a leave-one-case-out test method for ANNs. For PA views, we used the existing CAD scheme, which was trained with one-half of 924 chest images and then tested with the remaining images. RESULTS: When the CAD scheme was applied only to PA views, the sensitivity in the detection of lung nodules was 70.5%, with 4.9 false positives per image. Although the performance of the computerized scheme for lateral views was relatively low (60.7% sensitivity with 1.7 false positives per image), the overall sensitivity (86.9%) was improved (6.6 false positives per two views), because 20 (16.4%) of the 122 nodules were detected only on lateral views. CONCLUSIONS: The CAD scheme by use of lateral-view images has the potential to improve the overall performance for detection of lung nodules on chest radiographs when combined with a conventional CAD scheme for standard PA views.

Diagnosis, Computer-Assisted↗
PubMed2004

[The lateral fold mammaplasty].

The mammaplasty is characterized by the non-reliability of the shape achieved at the end of the operation: sometimes a conic shape is expected and a relatively flat breast is obtained. The mammaplasty is also characterized by the lateral slipping of the shape with time, cause of the sad aspect of the breast. The purpose of the lateral fold mammaplasty is to facilitate the creation of the desired shape and to stabilize the evolution of this shape with time. The standard mammaplasty technique can determine the sub-mammary fold; the medial contour with its specific shape is already determined. Those inferior and medial folds are stables. But the lateral contour is usually not defined and very rarely stable with time. This procedure creates a well-defined and stable lateral fold, which is the convex junction between the anterior axillary line and the sub-mammary fold. This new fold is designed by attachment with five sutures of the axillary sub-dermal tissues to the lateral border of the pectoralis major muscle and just beneath, to the 5th costal arch. A medial tension is applied to the axillary flap before suturing to improve the axillary region. Consequently, the breast shape is more predictable and more stable because the lateral, inferior and medial folds are definitely determined. The realization is simple with no specific complication. It could be an additional procedure to any mammaplasty technique.

Adult↗