Relationship of scores on the full-range picture vocabulary test and the Wechsler adult intelligence scale in a vocational rehabilitation setting.
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Adolescent↗
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Comparative study of validity of the WAIS and Quick test as predictors of functioning intelligence in a psychiatric facility.
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Adult↗
Socioeconomic status and the Rorschach.
People from lower socioeconomic status are making increasing use of mental health facilities. Surveys have indicated that the Rorschach is still one of the more frequently used instruments by psychologists in such facilities, but research has also shown that clinicians tend to misinterpret Rorschachs of people from the lower socioeconomic group as reflecting greater psychopathology than the same Rorschachs identified as being given by people from the middle class. Research has also shown that growing up in conditions of poverty significantly affects how people perform on tests of abstract thinking, tests of intelligence, and tests of academic achievement; the question was raised as to whether this extends to the Rorschach. The lack of sufficient research on the effect of socioeconomic status on responsiveness to the Rorschach precluded that question being answered. The kind of research still needed was discussed.
Humans↗
Examiners' errors on the Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised.
This study examined the nature of WMS-R scoring errors made by trainee psychologists and the extent to which errors influenced index scores on this scale. Trainee psychologists undertook competency based training exercises for the WMS-R, similar to those devised for the WAIS-R by Fantuzzo, Blakely, and Gorsuch in 1989. A WMS-R training protocol was devised and scored by three experienced psychologists to generate a gold standard protocol. The training protocol was then given to trainee psychologists to score. Scoring errors made by trainees included mathematical and transcription errors, and errors of judgment given failure to apply scoring criteria correctly. Present results are consistent with previous investigations of scoring errors among trainees on Wechsler's intelligence tests, and findings provide a preliminary indication that scoring errors on the WMS-R may alter classification by ability.
Amnesia↗
Subtest scatter as an indicator of the inaccuracy of short-from estimates of IQ.
Short-forms of Wechsler intelligence tests have abounded in the literature and have been recommended for use as screening instruments in clinical and research settings. Clinicians who administer short-forms as screening devices are concerned with the accuracy of the resulting IQ estimate. LoBello recently recommended that subtest scatter might serve as an indicator that the resulting short-form IQ does not accurately estimate the IQ based on the entire scale. In this study, the data from 69 children who had taken the WPPSI-R were used to estimate the correlation for the differences between Full Scale WPPSI-R IQs on the complete test and on the short-form (four subtests) and the differences between the subtests with the highest and lowest scaled scores. The Pearson r of .02 indicates that subtest scatter is not related to the accuracy of the short-form IQ and will not reliably alert clinicians to the need to administer the entire battery.
Child↗
Anoxic encephalopathy: a case study of an eight-year-old male with no residual cognitive deficits.
Anoxia is generally associated with impaired learning, memory, attention, and planning. We present a case of near-drowning (5-15 minute anoxia) with subsequent 15 hour coma that is extremely unique because of (1) the absence of neuropsychological and neurological deficits 3 1/2 months post-injury, and (2) the availability of pre-injury intelligence testing for comparison. Findings are important as previous research has suggested residual deficits will be evident after much briefer coma. The present findings suggest anoxic encephalopathy does not automatically result in neurological or cognitive impairment.
Child↗
A comparison between the electrically reproduced loudness and the original loudness of speech at high levels.
Four words lists of a German Speech Intelligibility Test (DIN 45621) were recorded at 60 and 75 dB SPL. Both recordings were presented to 20 normally hearing subjects at 75 dB SPL via free-field equalized earphones. Discrimination in noise was significantly better in the original recording at 60 dB SPL. The better understanding may be explained by a more favourable consonant-vowel intensity ratio. Moreover, a significant increase in fundamental frequency could be demonstrated at the higher recording level. The implications for speech audiometry and hearing aids are discussed. Furthermore, it was found from loudness comparisons that both recordings were equally loud at a level of 75 dB SPL. However, significantly increased loudness was indicated in the 75 dB SPL recording by the loudness calculation procedure ISO 532 B.
Acoustics↗
Personality characteristics of juvenile delinquent heroin users.
From a population of incarcerated delinquents coming from an urban minority community, 60 subjects with a history of heroin usage did not differ significantly from 60 controls on the Tennessee Self-Concept Scale, the Culture Fair Intelligence Test, or in reading grade level on the Wide Range Achievement Test. The two groups were also similar in intactness of family and type of offense. Controls were more deviant than users on the Alienation subscale of the Jesness Inventory (p less than .05). Unique traits of adolescent heroin users from a high risk area may not be found if social variables are controlled.
Adolescent↗
Unilateral sensorineural hearing impairment in childhood: analysis of 31 consecutive cases.
This report presents the selected variables of a consecutive series of 1-10-year-old children with unilateral sensorineural hearing impairment (USNHI; defined as four-frequency pure-tone audiometry (PTA) 0.5, 1, 2, 4 kHz > or = 30 dB HL): severity, presumptive aetiologies, age at ascertainment, hearing aid acceptance, non-verbal intelligence, time of occurrence of first words and two-word utterances, size of vocabulary, and linguistic achievements. During a 4-year-period in a defined geographical area of Germany (Lower Saxony), 31 children were carefully audiologically and psychologically examined at the Department of Phoniatrics/Pedaudiology, University of Göttingen. All children were fitted unilaterally with a hearing aid. The HI was mild in 3%, moderate in 23%, severe in 29% and profound in 45% of the cases. The hearing defect was congenital in 23%, postnatally acquired in 16%, and of unknown onset in 61% of the cases. The affected side was the right in 17 cases, and the left in 14. The mean age at ascertainment was 65.5 months (SD 25.5; median 70). According to parental judgement, nearly 81% of the children had accepted their hearing aid (based on the daily/weekly time for which the child was using the hearing aid). On average, the children scored in the normal range in standardized non-verbal intelligence tests. They were delayed in using two-word phrases (on average for 5 months), but not in using their first words. However, children with USNHI experienced no more difficulty on standardized linguistic tasks than normally hearing subjects of the same age and gender.
Audiometry, Pure-Tone↗
Methods of nurse selection: a review.
The trauma and horror of the Beverley Allitt case, and others, have forced the issue of selection of prospective nurses back to the top of the agenda. In this article, the author criticises current selection procedures, then outlines some of the various psychological and intelligence tests which could, he claims, make selection a more objective and reliable process.
Humans↗
[Psycho- and somatoneuroses in comparison : anxiety neurosis/phobia--bronchial asthma. Psychosomatic inquiry study].
In order to answer the question of whether an interrater's stable facts make it possible to differentiate between neurosis, 50 psychosomatics (asthamatics) were compared with 50 psychosomatics (asthmatics) were compared with 50 psychoneurotics including 25 cases of anxiety neurotics and 25 phobics. The age at the time the patient became ill, the age at the time of the scientific investigation, length of illness, psycho- and psychosomatic pre-illnesses, former hospitalizations, primordial and accompanying symptoms, social facts, types of the conflict situation which triggered the illness and the results of intelligent tests were correlated with the main variabilities: neurosis, sex, character structure and tests for statistical significance: psycho and psychosomatic neurosis as well as anxiety neurosis and phobia are different from one another in numberous variabilities.
Adolescent↗
As the twig is bent.
The trauma of having no home imposes unique health problems on families, especially children. Homeless children are more subject to infectious diseases, are more in need of immunizations, and have more growth and developmental problems than children growing up in nurturing environments. A study of the homeless in St. Louis found that increasingly they are families headed by single women who had to leave their homes mainly because of overcrowding. A study of data obtained from healthcare clinics set up at shelters showed that the mean age of homeless children was 4.9 years; the mean number of months they had lacked a permanent residence was more than four. Healthcare screenings showed that chronic health problems, such as asthma and anemia and deficits in growth and development, were among the top 10 diagnoses. Less serious problems like colds and lice were more prevalent, however. Intelligence tests administered to homeless children showed that they had three times the cognitive and developmental problems that would be expected among children in general.
Catholicism↗
Effects of instruction in sequencing and class inclusion for first graders.
Four 1st-grade boys who were lagging cognitively were taught class-inclusion and sequencing strategies via a multiple baseline design with the learning-set approach to instruction. All of the boys gained significantly when taught class inclusion; these gains endured while the boys were taught sequencing. Three of the 4 made significant gains when taught sequencing; these gains also proved enduring. These conceptual gains were accompanied by IQ gains averaging 9.25 points, as assessed by the Slosson Intelligence Test (R. L. Slosson, 1982). The boys also made significant gains in academic achievement as measured by the Diagnostic Achievement Battery-2 (P. L. Newcomer, 1990). The results support past research on the effectiveness of instruction in class inclusion. They also suggest that the ability to understand sequences may be an important step in cognitive development.
Achievement↗
First psychotic episodes among Israeli youth during military service.
The military setting offers unique opportunities for the study of the epidemiology of first psychotic episodes among Israeli youth. The aim of the present study was to describe characteristics of first psychotic episodes among a cohort of Israeli soldiers. Ninety soldiers, 67 males and 23 females, who were hospitalized for a first psychotic episode were studied and compared with 90 soldiers hospitalized in psychiatric units during the same year who were not psychotic. The results include a high rate of schizophreniform psychoses and schizophrenia; no gender difference in the occurrence of psychoses; within-average mean ratings on the preinduction psychometric intelligence test; no history of substance abuse; and a remarkable occurrence of psychiatric hospitalizations, including first psychotic episodes, during the stressful beginning of military service, supporting the hypothesis that psychotic symptoms are likely to occur in a stressful situation among vulnerable individuals. Follow-up studies will indicate whether early detection and treatment may improve the outcome of the psychoses.
Adolescent↗
Characteristics of empirically supported treatments.
This study presents a survey of general characteristics of empirically supported treatments (ESTs) identified by the American Psychological Association Division 12 Task Force on the Promotion and Dissemination of Psychological Procedures. Results indicate that the ESTs share the following characteristics: they involve skill building, have a specific problem focus, incorporate continuous assessment of client progress, and involve brief treatment contact, requiring 20 or fewer sessions. Traditional assessment methods, such as intelligence testing, projectives, and objective personality tests such as the MMPI-2, are rarely used in these treatments. Although it is recognized that these findings are in part an artifact of sociological factors present in contemporary psychotherapy development and research, the findings may also serve as a heuristic aid in the development of therapies.
Behavior Therapy↗
[Fatigue and practice effects during cognitive tasks lasting several hours].
In psychometric studies of cognitive performance that last several hours there are two major potential influences on performance. Fatigue and loss of motivation may lead to a drop in performance while effects of practice on similar tasks can possibly help to improve results. Besides the effects on mean scores there is also the possibility of a change in the reliability or in the relations between single tasks and the constructs intended to be measured, thus an effect on validity. In two studies with subjects working on intelligence and working memory tasks for a total of 9 hours distributed over 2 days in each study we tried to capture and separate effects of practice and fatigue using a quasi-experimental manipulation. In both studies (N = 128 and N = 133) the participants worked on the Berlin Structure of Intelligence Test (BIS-test) and on batteries of computerized working memory tasks. Groups of subjects were assigned to experimental conditions in which they worked on two parallel versions of a working memory task at the beginning and the end of one session in the order A/B (condition one), B/A (condition two) or on both versions at the end (condition three). In one of the studies subjects also completed a fatigue questionnaire at the beginning and the end of the session and two personality scales. Results show that there are weak effects of practice but only a trivial loss of performance due to the cognitive strain of several hours. Changes of reliabilities and of correlations with criteria are not significant.
Adolescent↗
Heart transplantation among 233 infants during the first six months of life: the Loma Linda experience. Loma Linda Pediatric Heart TransplantGroup.
Two hundred thirty-three heart transplantations were performed in infants during their first 6 months of life at Loma Linda University between November, 1985 and June, 1999. Survival has now exceeded 13 years. Nearly 70% of infants are expected to live at least 10 years. Those transplanted during the first 30 days of life have about a 15% survival advantage at 10 years. Scarcity of donors continues to limit the transplantation effort. While acute rejection is the most common cause of late mortality, posttransplant coronary artery disease (PTCAD) is the leading cause of graft loss affecting 22 recipients (9.5%). The majority of patients are asymptomatic prior to diagnosis of PTCAD and are either retransplanted or dead within 6 months. Retransplantation (9 of 11 retransplantations for PTCAD) has been highly successful, with 10 year actuarial survival of 91%. Posttransplant lymphoproliferative disease (PTLD) has been found in only 7 patients (3%), most commonly in lymph nodes. Causes of late mortality include acute rejection (n = 16), PTCAD (n = 9), infection (n = 7), PTLD (n = 2), chronic graft dysfunction (n = 2), arrhythmia (n = 1), recurrent pulmonary vein stenosis (n = 1), and other noncardiac causes (n = 4). Infant psychomotor development is mildly delayed although cognitive development is normal. School-age children are performing at the level of their peers with average achievement and low average intelligence testing. Heart transplantation is durable therapy for newborns and infants with structurally incurable and end-stage myopathic heart disease.
Brain Death↗
Effect of noise exposure during primary flight training on the conventional and high-frequency hearing of student pilots.
This investigation was part of a larger study conducted by Memphis State University. This laboratory's portion of the study focused on administering conventional audiometry (manual and self-recording), high-frequency audiometry (4 kHz-18 kHz), and a speech intelligibility test in noise to 108 Naval Aviation Officer Candidates prior to and following primary flight training in T-34 aircraft. Hearing protection consisted of either the APH-6C or APH-6D flight helmet. Cockpit noise levels in the T-34 range from 96-115 dBA; during cruise the noise level is approximately 100 dBA. Results indicate no significant change in hearing sensitivity or speech discrimination that could be attributed to noise exposure during primary flight training. Pre- and postprimary hearing levels obtained for the high frequencies compare favorably with high-frequency hearing levels obtained by Northern et al. (1968) for males in the age range 20-29 years. Questionnaire data indicated that a considerable number of the subjects had been exposed to potentially harzardous noise before entry into military service.
Adult↗