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PubMedDate not supplied

[Behavioral response to an acute pain in newborn children with surgical diseases].

The article is dedicated to studying the behavioral response to an acute pain in the newborns with surgical pathologies. The videotaped facial activity (a total of 12 parameters), the general locomotive activity (6 parameters) and cry were studied in 93 newborn children with different surgical pathologies. It was found that the newborn children response differentially to the painful and non-painful stimuli. A combination of 6 signs, i.e. frowning eyebrows, tight eyes, aggravated nasolabial folds, open mouth, and motion of foot, was detected in 93.5% of cases (87 of the 93 children) as a response to a painful stimulus. Such behavior indicates the presence of the painful syndrome in the newborn with a sensitivity of 93.5% and with a specificity of 78.5%. The combination of these signs can signify a characteristic painful behavior in the newborn children and it can be used as a criterion of the painful syndrome in the neonatal period.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1978

Effects of the home environment on withholding behaviors and conditioning in infant and neonatal rats.

Rats 16 days old received passive-avoidance training in the presence or absence of home litter cues. Rats trained in the context of home litter cues learned the passive avoidance reliably faster than rats trained in isolation. In the presence of home litter cues, 16-day-old rats also exhibited more adultlike spontaneous alternation. Pavlovian conditioning of rats trained at 2 days of age was studied in the presence and absence of conspecifics. These experiments suggest that deficiencies in inhibitory behaviors and conditioning associated with immaturity can be alleviated when the testing environment is made more similar to the home environment.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Brief report: the Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale detects differences among newborn infants of optimal health.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether the Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale (NBAS) can detect behavioral differences in newborn infants of optimal health and, if such differences appear, also detect gender differences among those neonates. METHODS: Participants were a group of healthy Swedish neonates, 20 boys and 18 girls. The infants were assessed by the NBAS under standardized conditions at 48-72 hours of age, at the midpoint between two meals. RESULTS: All items except those in the dimensions Autonomic System and Motor System had a wide interquartile range. The trend was that girls had higher median item profiles, which means a higher level of functioning than boys. Four out of seven median values in the dimension Social Interactive Organization, as well as the median value in the self-quieting item in the dimension State Regulation, were significantly higher for girls. The interquartile range of the items seemed wider for boys than for girls. CONCLUSIONS: The results indicate behavioral variability among healthy neonates. Gender differences were also observed with girls showing higher levels of functioning than boys.

Female↗
PubMed1979

Mother-infant separation in group-living rhesus macaques: a hormonal analysis.

Adrenocortical responsiveness to separation in group-living rhesus macaque mother-infant pairs was determined. Cortisol evaluations were complemented by behavioral observations of mother-infant interactions and group social behavior. Infants, but not their mothers, showed cortisol elevations that could be attributed specifically to separation. Steroid-behavior relationships suggested that the infants of high dominant mothers evinced the greatest adrenocortical response to separation. These data exemplify the complexities involved in determining endocrine/behavior relationships in a group-living situation.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Behavioral sleep states in very low birth weight preterm neonates: relation to neonatal health and vagal maturation.

Assessed the relation of behavioral codes of quiet versus active sleep state to neonatal health status in 62 very low birth weight preterm neonates. Sleep sessions (12 min) were coded for percentage time in active versus quiet sleep at 33, 34, and 35 weeks conceptional age. ECG was monitored during each sleep session to derive measures of heart rate, heart rate variability, and an index of cardiac vagal tone derived from respiratory sinus arrhythmia. Higher risk neonates spent more sleep session time in active sleep than healthier preterm neonates. Cardiac vagal tone showed a maturational change during the study weeks, whereas percentage of sampled sleep time in active sleep did not. Vagal maturation measured by age-related increases in the amplitude of respiratory sinus arrhythmia was associated with less active sleep overall, although weekly measures of respiratory sinus arrhythmia and sleep state were not related. Follow-up data on 30 of the neonates indicated that heart rate variability and cardiac vagal tone, but not sleep state measures, were related to better outcomes in mental processing, social skills, and motor skills, and to fewer behavior problems. Results are discussed in terms of the lack of coupling between behavioral and physiological components of preterm sleep states at this age as compared with that seen in full-term sleep states.

Female↗
PubMed2004

Visiting less than every day: a marker for later behavioral problems in Finnish preterm infants.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of parental visits during neonatal intensive care on the behavioral and emotional development of the child at school age. DESIGN: All premature infants born in Tampere University Hospital in Tampere, Finland, in 1989 who were admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit and who lived in the Tampere region (N = 67; 31 boys and 36 girls) formed the study group. Data on parental visits were collected from the hospital records. Child behavior was evaluated according to the Achenbach Child Behavior Checklist at the age of 7 to 8 years. A total of 48 (72%) of the mothers returned the questionnaires. RESULTS: The median number of visiting days per week was 6.2 for the mothers and 4.7 for the fathers. The children whose mothers visited daily had fewer behavioral and emotional problems at school age than those who had had fewer visits from their mothers (P = .04). The visiting frequency of the fathers was not significantly associated with later behavioral and emotional problems of the child. In this study, infrequent visits by the mother were a stronger risk factor for later psychological development than the medical risks of the preterm infant. CONCLUSIONS: Infrequent visits by mothers to the neonatal intensive care unit seem to be a marker for their children's later behavioral and emotional problems. This emphasizes the significance of early parent-infant contact and the vulnerability in early interaction. Less frequent visits may also indicate factors influencing the parent-child relationship in a way that leads to subsequent behavioral problems.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Surveillance for selected maternal behaviors and experiences before, during, and after pregnancy. Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (PRAMS), 2000.

PROBLEM/CONDITION: Various maternal behaviors and experiences are associated with adverse health outcomes for both the mother and the infant. These behaviors and experiences can occur before pregnancy (e.g., insufficient intake of folic acid), during pregnancy (e.g., complications requiring hospitalization, such as high blood pressure), and after pregnancy (e.g., inadequate follow-up of infants who were discharged early). Information regarding maternal behaviors and experiences is needed to monitor trends, to enhance the understanding of the relations between behaviors and health outcomes, to plan and evaluate programs, to direct policy decisions, and to monitor progress toward Healthy People 2010 objectives (US Department of Health and Human Services. Healthy People 2010. 2nd. ed. With understanding and improving health and objectives for improving health [2 vols.]. Washington DC: US Department of Health and Human Services, 2000). REPORTING PERIOD COVERED: This report covers data for 2000. DESCRIPTION OF SYSTEM: The Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (PRAMS) is an ongoing, state- and population-based surveillance system designed to monitor selected self-reported maternal behaviors and experiences that occur before, during, and after pregnancy among women who deliver a live-born infant in 31 states and New York City. PRAMS employs a mixed-mode data collection methodology; as many as three self-administered surveys are mailed to a sample of mothers, and nonresponders are followed up with a telephone interview. Self-reported survey data are linked to selected birth certificate data and weighted for sample design, nonresponse, and noncoverage to create annual PRAMS analysis data sets. PRAMS data can be used to produce statewide estimates of various perinatal health behaviors and experiences among women delivering a live infant. Four indicators for the year 2000 (multivitamin use, pregnancy-related complications, infant checkup, and postpartum contraceptive use) from 19 states are examined in this report. RESULTS: In 2000, the prevalence of multivitamin use > or =4 times per week in the month before pregnancy ranged from 25.0% to 40.7% across the 19 states. Prevalence of pregnancy-related complications requiring hospitalization ranged from 8.8% to 16.3%. Prevalence of infant checkups within 1 week of early (< or =48 hours) hospital discharge ranged from 51.5% to 88.6%. Prevalence of postpartum contraceptive use ranged from 77.9% to 89.9%. INTERPRETATION: PRAMS data indicate that 19 states are well below the Healthy People 2010 objective for folic acid consumption, as measured by multivitamin use. Data for infant checkups indicate that guidelines for care are not being followed for as many as half of those discharged early. However, data for additional years are needed to assess trends in these four indicators. PUBLIC HEALTH ACTION: State maternal and child health programs can use these population-based data to monitor progress toward Healthy People 2010 objectives, evaluate adherence to guidelines for care, and assess changes in prevalence of other health behaviors. The data can be shared with policy makers to direct policy decisions that might affect the health of mothers and infants. By providing data on maternal behaviors and experiences that are associated with adverse outcomes, PRAMS supports the activities of two CDC initiatives-to promote safe motherhood and to reduce infant mortality and low birthweight.

Contraception Behavior↗
PubMed2003

Attentional characteristics of infants and toddlers with Williams syndrome during triadic interactions.

Two studies were conducted to consider the looking behavior of infants and toddlers with Williams syndrome (WS). In Study 1,the looking behavior of a 10-month-old girl with WS during play sessions with her mother and with a stranger was compared to that of 2 groups of infants who were developing normally (ND),1 matched for chronological age and the other for developmental age. The infant with WS spent more than twice as much time looking at her mother as the infants in either contrast group did. She also spent twice as much time looking at the stranger. In addition, during 78%of this time, her gaze at the stranger was coded as extremely intense. Looks of this intensity were virtually never made by the ND infants. In Study 2,the looking behavior of 31 individuals with WS ages 8 to 43 months during a genetics evaluation was compared to that of 319 control children in the same age range (242 with developmental delay due to causes other than WS).Twenty-three of the 25 participants with WS aged 33 months or younger demonstrated extended and intense looking at the geneticist. In contrast, none of the control participants looked extensively or intently at the geneticist. Findings are discussed in the context of previous research on arousal and focused attention during normal development and on temperament and personality of older children and adults with WS. It is argued that the unusual looking patterns evidenced by infants and toddlers with WS presage the unusual temperament and personality of older individuals with WS, and the possibility of a genetic basis for these behaviors is addressed.

Attention↗
PubMed1993

The effects of repeated exposure to garlic-flavored milk on the nursling's behavior.

The present study investigated whether prior consumption of garlic by nursing mothers modifies their infant's behaviors during breast-feeding when the mothers again consume garlic. Three groups of mother-infant dyads were studied. The groups differed in the type (placebo or garlic) or the timing (d 5-7 or 8-10) of capsule ingestion by the mothers and, consequently, in the amount and recency of exposure their infants had to garlic-flavored milk during an 11-d experimental period. Each mother-infant pair was observed during two 4-h test sessions. The first session occurred at the beginning of the experimental period, when the mothers ingested placebo capsules (d 4); the second occurred at the end of the experimental period, when they ingested garlic capsules (d 11). During test sessions, the infants fed on demand and were weighed before and after each breast-feeding to determine the amount of milk ingested, and their behaviors during breast-feeding were monitored by videotape. The results demonstrated an effect of prior experience with garlic in mother's milk. The infants who had no exposure to garlic volatiles in their mothers' milk during the experimental period spent significantly more time breast-feeding after their mothers ingested garlic capsules compared with those infants whose mothers repeatedly consumed garlic during the experimental period. Moreover, the former group of infants spent significantly more time attached to their mothers' breasts during the 4-h test session in which their mothers ingested the garlic compared with the session in which she ingested the placebo.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Breast Feeding↗
PubMed1982

The contribution of ambient temperature to suckling behavior in rats 3-20 days of age.

To assess the role of ambient temperature on the expression of adultlike control over suckling behavior of infant rats, preweanling pups were tested for nipple attachment and milk intake while suckling in either room temperature (25 degrees C) or nest temperature (34 degrees C). In one experiment, attachment latency was measured following 1, 4, or 24 hr of deprivation at 3, 6, 9, 12, or 15 days of age. Latency was generally reduced by testing in high ambient temperature. Increasing deprivation reduced latency at all ages. Elevated temperature, however, did not accentuate deprivation-dependent differences. In a 2nd experiment, milk intake via a posterior tongue cannula was measured in pups 5, 10, 15, or 20 days of age, suckling at either room or nest temperature. Environmental temperature did not significantly affect intake at any age. These data eliminate ambient temperature as a critical factor for adultlike control of suckling behavior in infant rats.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2002

Generalized imitation within three response classes in typically developing infants.

Effects of modeling and contingent praise on infant imitation of three different responses was analyzed. Generalization to nonreinforced probe models was assessed both within and across response types. Three 12- to 14-month-old infants and their mothers participated in this study. During baseline the mothers provided models only. During treatment mothers modeled and also praised contingent upon infant matching of the training models. During interspersed probe trials the mothers modeled different responses, which, if matched by the infant, produced no praise. The three responses modeled were motor-with-toy, motor-without-toy, and vocal responses. The dependent measure was the percentage of maternal models that were matched by the infant within 6 s. Nonmatching responses of the same response type were also measured. Results showed a systematic increase in the percentages of training and probe models matched by the three infants following the introduction of the model-and-praise treatment condition. Nonmatching responses did not systematically increase. Thus, imitation generalized within response class, but not across response classes.

Child Development↗
PubMed2004

Influence of stress during pregnancy on HPA activity and neonatal behavior.

Prenatal maternal stress has been shown to impair birth outcome and behavioral functioning in nonhuman primate offspring. Little is known about the effects of prenatal stress on behavioral development in humans. We assessed the effect of self-reported prenatal stress on behavioral characteristics of 81 newborns using the Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale (NBAS). We suspected that high levels of perceived chronic stress during pregnancy may negatively affect the brain development of the fetus, reflected in poorer behavioral maturity and higher irritability. We found a poorer performance of newborns from high stressed mothers in the NBAS.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

A Darwinian legacy to understanding human infancy: emotional expressions as behavior regulators.

Darwin's influence on the study of emotional responding has largely centered on the study of the production of facial movement patterns. In this paper, we present evidence on the importance of considering facial and vocal patterns as signals that powerfully regulate behavior in infancy and early childhood. We review a series of studies showing that facial expressions and vocal expressions alone can regulate the behavior of infants and, in the case of vocal expressions, do so at ages earlier than most researchers have acknowledged. We also review studies on the enduring effects of social signals, documenting that even 8.5-month-olds show minimal retention of the effects of social signals, some 10-month-olds can retain the effects of social signals for 25 minutes, and 14-month-old can do so for a period of one hour after only two trials of signal exposure. Social signals not only regulate behavior, they also are part and parcel of an important and relatively unstudied phenomenon called affect sharing, which is evident by 11.5 months of age. Finally, we speculate on the constitutive role of social signals, especially those linked to what Ekman has called "basic emotions" in the generation of new emotions, such as pride, shame, and guilt.

Affect↗
PubMed2001

Interactions among paternal behavior, steroid hormones, and parental experience in male marmosets (Callithrix kuhlii).

Male black tufted-ear marmosets (Callithrix kuhlii) contribute to the rearing of their offspring. Here we evaluated predictions of hypotheses suggesting that (1) T and E2 influence infant-care behavior in male marmosets, (2) levels of T and E2 are modulated by paternal experience, and (3) paternal behavior and levels of T and E2 in male marmosets covary with stress. We observed the behavior of marmosets in their family groups following the birth of infants and evaluated urinary concentrations of T, E2, and the stress hormone cortisol (CORT) among fathers before and after the birth of young. Urinary levels of T, E2, and CORT were lower among males who carried infants at high rates than males who carried at low rates, and T and CORT levels were negatively correlated with carrying rates across all males. Males had significantly lower T levels while carrying the second compared to the first litter and slightly lower rates of infant-carrying, possibly due to assistance provided by offspring of the first litter. There were increases in CORT levels of fathers after the birth of the first litter, but decreases in CORT after the birth of the second. Our results suggest a relationship in C. kuhlii between paternal behavior, hormones, and paternal experience. Rates of infant-carrying appear to be linked to hormone levels, and hormone levels in turn are affected by experience caring for young. Our data also suggest that T, E2, and CORT have synergistic influences on infant-carrying behavior or alternatively that associations between T and E2 and rates of infant-carrying are influenced by stress or other glucocorticoid-related variables. Finally, we propose a hypothesis suggesting that experience-related changes in hormones reinforce the commitment of males to successful breeding partnerships.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale and maternal identity.

PURPOSE: To determine the effect of demonstrating the Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale (NBAS) on the development of a maternal identity. DESIGN: Quasiexperimental design with matched groups. METHODS: As part of a larger longitudinal study examining maternal identity, pregnant women were recruited during prenatal classes or routine obstetrical visits; they then completed questionnaires assessing demographic, psychosocial, and maternal identity variables. All women were visited in the hospital after delivery. Three weeks after delivery, the women completed a questionnaire packet assessing demographic, psychosocial, maternal identity, and infant variables. Demonstration of the NBAS in the hospital after delivery was included as a pilot project within the larger study. For the pilot project, 22 women who received a demonstration of the NBAS were matched on age, parity, and socioeconomic status with 22 women from the larger study who did not receive the demonstration. RESULTS: No significant differences between groups were noted on any prenatal or postnatal psychosocial or maternal identity variables. However, women who received a demonstration of the NBAS found their infants to be significantly more predictable than infants of women in the control group. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: Demonstration of the NBAS had little effect on the development of a maternal identity in the women studied. However, the NBAS was a useful teaching tool for helping mothers anticipate their infants' responses to environmental stimuli. Further research is needed in this area.

Adult↗
PubMed1975

Peer behavior conceptualized as a variable influencing infant and toddler development.

It is hypothesized that interaction between infants may serve to facilitate their overall behavioral development, particularly if the environment is structured to maximize the developmental quality of the interaction. The developmental literature, which has largely ignorned the potential value of infant peer interaction is reviewed, and several lines of psychological theory and investigation are cited in support of the hypothesis. Development of a technology for enhancing infant interaction is proposed, and initial research questions are suggested.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1999

Neonatal behavioral profile of the offspring of women who continued to exercise regularly throughout pregnancy.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of the study was to test the hypothesis that continuing regular exercise throughout pregnancy alters early neonatal behavior. STUDY DESIGN: The offspring of 34 women who exercised were compared with those of 31 demographically similar control subjects. All women had normal antenatal courses. Behavior was assessed at 5 days after birth with the Brazelton Scales. RESULTS: The offspring of the exercising women performed better in 2 of the 6 behavioral constellations when examined at 5 days after birth. The scores reflecting their ability to orient to environmental stimuli were (mean +/- SEM) 7.6 +/- 0.1 and 6.5 +/- 0. 3, respectively, and the scores reflecting their ability to regulate their state or quiet themselves after sound and light stimuli were 6. 6 +/- 0.2 and 4.9 +/- 0.3, respectively. The scores reflecting habituation (7.9 +/- 0.2 and 8.0 +/- 0.1, respectively), motor organization (5.7 +/- 0.1 and 5.5 +/- 0.1, respectively), autonomic stability (5.9 +/- 0.2 and 5.5 +/- 0.3, respectively), and behavioral state range (4.1 +/- 0.2 and 4.5 +/- 0.3, respectively) were not significantly different. CONCLUSIONS: These data indicate that the neonates born of exercising mothers have a different neurobehavioral profile as early as the fifth day after birth.

Adult↗