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At least 1,279 records · Page 71Linked to original sources
PubMed2006

Displacement- and timing-noise-free gravitational-wave detection.

Motivated by a recently invented scheme of displacement-noise-free gravitational-wave detection, we demonstrate the existence of gravitational-wave detection schemes insusceptible to both displacement and timing (laser) noises and are thus realizable by shot-noise-limited laser interferometry. This is possible due to two reasons: first, gravitational waves and displacement disturbances contribute to light propagation times in different manners; second, for an N-detector system, the number of signal channels is of the order Omicron(N(2)), while the total number of timing- and displacement-noise channels is of the order Omicron(N).

Journal Article↗
PubMed2006

Wetting and contact lines of micrometer-sized ellipsoids.

We experimentally and theoretically investigate the shapes of contact lines on the surfaces of micrometer-sized polystyrene ellipsoids at the water-air interface. By combining interferometry and optical trapping, we directly observe quadrupolar symmetry of the interface deformations around such particles. We then develop numerical solutions of the partial wetting problem for ellipsoids, and use these solutions to deduce the shapes of the corresponding contact lines and the values of the contact angles, theta(c)(k), as a function of the ellipsoid aspect ratio k. Surprisingly, theta(c) is found to decrease for increasing k suggesting that ellipsoid microscopic surface properties depend on ellipsoid aspect ratio.

Computer Simulation↗
PubMed2006

Direct interferometric measurement of the atomic dipole phase in high-order harmonic generation.

We report the first direct measurements of the atomic dipole phase in the process of high-order harmonic generation. Differently from previously reported studies based on frequency chirp measurements, we use extreme ultraviolet interferometry as the most natural and direct way to measure phase shifts. Our approach has the important advantage of allowing us to investigate the effects associated to both the main quantum paths involved in the emission of a particular harmonic, thus offering a particularly clear and simple picture of the underlying electronic dynamics.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2006

Controlled splitting of an atomic wave packet.

We propose a simple scheme capable of adiabatically splitting an atomic wave packet using two independent translating traps. Implemented with optical dipole traps, our scheme allows a high degree of flexibility for atom interferometry arrangements and highlights its potential as an efficient and high fidelity atom optical beam splitter.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2006

Dynamics of mass transport and magnetic fields in low-wire-number-array Z pinches.

The dynamics of mass transport were observed in a wire array implosion with multiframe laser probing. Plasma bubbles arise at breaks in the wires. Interferometry shows that the leading edge of the bubbles brings material to the axis of the array. The speed of this material was measured to be > or =3 x 10(7) cm/s during the wire array implosion. A shock was observed during the collision of the bubbles with the precursor. The Faraday effect indicates current flowing in breaks on the wires. The current switches from the imploding mass to the on-axis plasma column at the beginning of the x-ray pulse.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2006

Suppression of quantum scattering in strongly confined systems.

We demonstrate that scattering of particles strongly interacting in three dimensions (3D) can be suppressed at low energies in a quasi-one-dimensional (1D) confinement. The underlying mechanism is the interference of the s- and p-wave scattering contributions with large s- and p-wave 3D scattering lengths being a necessary prerequisite. This low-dimensional quantum scattering effect might be useful in "interacting" quasi-1D ultracold atomic gases, guided atom interferometry, and impurity scattering in strongly confined quantum wire-based electronic devices.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2006

Optical measurement of cell membrane tension.

Using a novel noncontact technique based on optical interferometry, we quantify the nanoscale thermal fluctuations of red blood cells (RBCs) and giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs). The measurements reveal a nonvanishing tension coefficient for RBCs, which increases as cells transition from a discocytic shape to a spherical shape. The tension coefficient measured for GUVs is, however, a factor of 4-24 smaller. By contrast, the bending moduli for cells and vesicles have similar values. This is consistent with the cytoskeleton confinement model, in which the cytoskeleton inhibits membrane fluctuations [Gov et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 90, 228101, (2003).

Biophysical Phenomena↗
PubMed2006

Fidelity and coherence measures from interference.

By utilizing single particle interferometry, the fidelity or coherence of a pair of quantum states is identified with their capacity for interference. We consider processes acting on the internal degree of freedom (e.g., spin or polarization) of the interfering particle, preparing it in states rho_{A} or rho_{B} in the respective path of the interferometer. The maximal visibility depends on the choice of interferometer, as well as the locality or nonlocality of the preparations, but otherwise depends only on the states rho_{A} and rho_{B} and not the individual preparation processes themselves. This allows us to define interferometric measures which probe locality and correlation properties of spatially or temporally separated processes, and can be used to differentiate between processes that cannot be distinguished by direct process tomography using only the internal state of the particle.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2006

Generation of two-photon States with an arbitrary degree of entanglement via nonlinear crystal superlattices.

We demonstrate a general method of engineering the joint quantum state of photon pairs produced in spontaneous parametric down-conversion. The method makes use of a superlattice structure of nonlinear and linear materials, in conjunction with a broadband pump, to manipulate the group delays of the signal and idler photons relative to the pump pulse, and realizes photon pairs described by a joint spectral amplitude with arbitrary degree of entanglement. This method of group-delay engineering has the potential of synthesizing a broad range of states including factorizable states crucial for quantum networking and states optimized for Hong-Ou-Mandel interferometry. Experimental results for the latter case are presented, illustrating the principles of this approach.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1977

Holographic interferometric measurement of motions in mature plants.

Holographic interferometry has been used to plot graphs of the phototropic and geotropic bending undergone by a mature Stapelia variegata Linn over a 5-minute period. The holographic interferometric technique is shown to have the advantage of measuring displacements at least as small as 0.16 micrometers which permits observation of extremely slow plant motions over time periods of a few minutes. In addition, the holographic technique provides a permanent record of displacement information over the entire plant in a single hologram. The short 5-minute period required to produce a holographic interferogram has permitted the monitoring of slow plant motions by recording a series of consecutive holograms at 5-minute intervals over a 75-minute period. The results have been plotted on a graph thereby capturing for the first time such small displacement, velocity, and acceleration of a mature plant as a function of time.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1978

Model for Short Term Movements in Stapelia variegata Linn.

Recently it was demonstrated that holographic interferometry could be used to quantify minute displacements of a mature Stapelia variegata Linn. The previously unobtainable measurements revealed that the short term response of the stapelia was regular enough so that the dynamics could be evaluated through the use of a highly damped mass, spring, dashpot model. Such a model is derived explicitly and the relationship between movements of the entire plant and the dynamics of individual cells or groups of cells is shown.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2004

A Fourier optics approach to the dynamical theory of X-ray diffraction--continuously deformed crystals.

X-ray diffraction in continuously deformed crystals is considered by application of Fourier optics and from the viewpoint of the analogy between X-ray dynamics and the motion of two-level systems in quantum mechanics. Different forms of Takagi's equations are traced back to a common framework and it is shown that they are different ways to represent the same propagation equation. A novel way to solve Takagi's equations in the presence of a constant strain gradient is presented and approximation methods derived from quantum mechanics are considered. Crystal deformation in X-ray interferometry and two-crystal spectrometry are discussed and it is demonstrated that Si lattice-parameter measurements depend on the diffracting plane spacing on the crystal surface.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2002

Nearly diffraction-limited line focusing of a hard-X-ray beam with an elliptically figured mirror.

An elliptical mirror for X-ray microfocusing was manufactured using the new fabrication methods of elastic emission machining and plasma chemical vaporization machining. Surface profiles measured using stitching interferometry showed a maximum deviation around the ideal figure of 7 nm peak-to-valley. The mirror showed nearly diffraction-limited focusing performance, with a 200 nm line width at the focus. Wave-optical calculations, taking the measured surface profile into consideration, reproduced well the measured focusing properties both at and around the beam waist.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2001

The investigation of three-dimensional vibration for piezoelectric rectangular parallelepipeds using the AF-ESPI method.

Electronic speckle pattern interferometry (ESPI) is a powerful tool for the full-field measurement of a deformed body. In this paper, a three-dimensional vibrating block that couples the out-of-plane and in-plane motions is investigated using the amplitude-fluctuation ESPI (AF-ESPI). This method demonstrates the advantages of combining high processing speed, such as in the subtraction method, with high fringe sensitivity, such as in the time-averaged method. The optical system for AF-ESPI is then employed to analyze the volume vibration of piezoelectric material for a rectangular parallelepiped configuration. Based on the fact that fringe patterns measured by the AF-ESPI method appear as a clear picture only at the resonant frequency, both the natural frequencies and the out-of-plane and in-plane vibration mode shapes are successfully obtained in this study. Finally, the impedance analysis as well as the finite element method (FEM) with three-dimensional model are also conducted to compare with the result obtained by AF-ESPI. It is shown that the numerical calculation and the experimental result agree fairly well for both the resonant frequency and the mode shape in three-dimensional configurations.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2001

Surface acoustic wave impedance element ISM duplexer: modeling and optical analysis.

Surface acoustic wave (SAW) impedance element antenna duplexers provide compact, high performance, front-end components apt for industrial fabrication. We describe investigations on the design and modeling of a compact ISM antenna duplexer fabricated on a 36 degrees YX-cut LiTaO3 substrate based on SAW impedance elements. In particular, we have performed 3-D modeling of the inductive and capacitive electromagnetic couplings caused by the package parasitics for the duplexer. The use of a 1:3 IDT structure for the reduction of the passband width is discussed. The frequency response of the duplexer is predicted with the help of circuit simulation; the modeling is refined by optimization of the model parameters to improve the fit between the measured and simulated responses. We also report scanning optical imaging of the acoustic field within the resonator structures with the help of laser interferometry; this provides insight into the loss mechanisms beyond that attainable in mere electric measurements.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2001

Design of advanced ultrasonic transducers for welding devices.

A new high frequency ultrasonic transducer has been conceived, designed, prototyped, and tested. In the design phase, an advanced approach was used and established. The method is based on an initial design estimate obtained with finite element method (FEM) simulations. The simulated ultrasonic transducers and resonators are then built and characterized experimentally through laser interferometry and electrical resonance spectra. The comparison of simulation results with experimental data allows the parameters of FEM models to be adjusted and optimized. The achieved FEM simulations exhibit a remarkably high predictive potential and allow full control of the vibration behavior of the transducer. The new transducer is mounted on a wire bonder with a flange whose special geometry was calculated by means of FEM simulations. This flange allows the transducer to be attached on the wire bonder, not only in longitudinal nodes, but also in radial nodes of the ultrasonic field excited in the horn. This leads to a total decoupling of the transducer to the wire bonder, which has not been achieved so far. The new approach to mount ultrasonic transducers on a welding device is of major importance, not only for wire bonding, but also for all high power ultrasound applications and has been patented.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2002

Narrowband impedance matching layer for high efficiency thickness mode ultrasonic transducers.

A new matching layer design concept has been proposed for narrowband continuous wave (CW) devices. Analysis has shown that the mechanical impedance of a resonant-type transducer in thickness mode CW operation does not equal its acoustic impedance rhoVs but roughly equals rhoVs/Q, where p is density, Vs is acoustic velocity, and Q is the mechanical quality factor. The value of rhoVs/Q is much lower than the acoustic impedance of water for any transducer material, including lead zirconium titanate (PZT), single crystals, or polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF). With this new approach, the impedance of the matching layer must also be between water and pVs/Q, but there are few such practical low impedance materials. To realize equivalent low impedance structure, a novel double layer design is presented: a relatively low impedance material (such as polyethylene or polyurethane) on the inside and a relatively high impedance material (such as polyester or metal) on the outside. A high power CW transducer structure was designed and fabricated with PVDF-TrFE (polyvinylidene fluoride trifluoroethylene) to operate at 1.4 MHz. The basic quarter wavelength resonator structure is 0.7-mm alumina/0.2-mm piezo-polymer/0.25-mm polyester, and the matching section is 0.2-mm polyurethane and 0.25-mm polyester. A maximum power output of 6 to 9 W/cm2 with conversion efficiency of 30 to 35% was observed. For the transducer without matching section, the observed power was 3 to 4 W/cm2. Mason's model analyses (1) predict that the traditional matching layer is for broadband purposes and reduces output power both for PZT and PVDF-TrFE (2); this new matching scheme can be applied to PZT high power transducer. This high efficiency technique has application in various CW systems, such as Doppler sensors, interferometry, phase-sensitive imaging, or high energy focused beam systems.

Aluminum↗
PubMed2005

Generalized ISAR--part I: an optimal method for imaging large naval vessels.

We describe a generalized inverse synthetic aperture radar (ISAR) process that performs well under a wide variety of conditions common to the naval ISAR tests of large vessels. In particular, the generalized ISAR process performs well in the presence of moderate intensity ship roll. The process maps localized scatterers onto peaks on the ISAR plot. However, in a generalized ISAR plot, each of the two coordinates of a peak is a fixed linear combination of the three ship coordinates of the scatterer causing the peak. Combining this process with interferometry will then provide high-accuracy three-dimensional location of the important scatterers on a ship. We show that ISAR can be performed in the presence of simultaneous roll and aspect change, provided the two Doppler rates are not too close in magnitude. We derive the equations needed for generalized ISAR, both roll driven and aspect driven, and test them against simulations performed in a variety of conditions, including large roll amplitudes.

Algorithms↗