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PubMed2007

Interventions after artificial insemination: conception rates, pregnancy survival, and ovarian responses to gonadotropin-releasing hormone, human chorionic gonadotropin, and progesterone.

We hypothesized that increasing concentrations of progesterone (P4) after artificial insemination would increase fertility. Our objective was to assess changes in ovarian structures, incidence of ovulation, and change in serum P4 in response to GnRH, human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), or exogenous P4 (controlled internal drug release; CIDR insert) treatment beginning 4 to 9 d after artificial insemination (d 0) and again 7 d later (experiment 1). Blood was collected from 753 cows in 3 herds on d 0 and 7. Ovaries of 162 cows were scanned and mapped to confirm the presence of a corpus luteum (CL), and cows were assigned randomly to serve as controls (n = 41) or to receive a CIDR insert for 7 d (n = 41), 100 microg of GnRH (n = 40), or 3,300 IU of hCG (n = 40). More cows were induced to ovulate in response to GnRH (60%) and hCG (78%) compared with controls (2.4%). Compared with controls, cows treated with GnRH or hCG had more induced CL (d 7) and more total CL (d 7), but serum P4 was increased only in response to hCG. Largest follicle diameters on d 7 were less after GnRH and hCG, but total follicular volume on d 7 was reduced by GnRH, hCG, and CIDR, compared with that of controls. Volume of the original luteal structures was increased by hCG but tended to be reduced by CIDR and GnRH compared with luteal volume in controls. Total CL volume was increased by hCG, but reduced by CIDR, compared with CL volume of controls. Conception rates and pregnancy survival were assessed in response to the same treatments described in experiment 1: controls (n = 708), CIDR (n = 711), GnRH (n = 719), and hCG (n = 714). Tendencies for interactions of treatment x herd and treatment x lactation group were detected, but no 3-way interactions were found. Treatment with hCG increased conception rates in second-lactation cows. The CIDR tended to increase, and hCG increased, conception rates in 2 herds, whereas the CIDR decreased conception rates in 1 herd. Pregnancy survival was reduced by GnRH compared with that in controls. We concluded that GnRH and hCG effectively induced ovulation, and increased number of CL, but only increased serum P4 in hCG-treated cows. Further, treatment with the CIDR or hCG increased conception rates but only in some herds.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Semen fertility--an evaluation system for artificial insemination sires, technicians, herds, and systematic fixed effects.

Semen fertility was evaluated on 4478 artificial insemination bulls using 2,007,520 breeding receipts for inseminations to 397,979 Holstein cows between January 1, 1978 and November 1, 1984 using mixed linear model methodology. Bulls differed on average by +/- 3.68% conception. Differences between herd-years ranged from 27.4 to -32.3% conception with an average difference of +/- 8.33%. Within herds, cow parity-service number accounted for the largest variation, ranging from 24.0% to -18.5% conception. June was the best month for conception (1.9) and January the poorest (-2.3), indicating effect of temperature and confinement in winter on estrous detection in the northeastern United States. Cows with intervals between repeat services of 21 d had conception rates 12% higher than intervals between repeat services of 11 d. Effect of month-year of semen collection varied by +/- 1.33% conception. Differences between technicians within years varied by +/- 3.37%. Results of the analysis indicate improved conception on dairy farms can be achieved by improved estrous detection, which is a major component of herd-year and service interval. Other components of the model contributed little to the variance in conception or are uncontrollable by farm management.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Transport and fate of spermatozoa after insemination of cattle.

Sperm capable of fertilizing ova reach the isthmus of cows about 8 h after mating and remain in the caudal 2 cm of the isthmus until ovulation. Then small numbers of sperm move to the site of fertilization at the junction of the isthmus and ampulla. Within a few hours after deposition of semen in the uterine body, most sperm have drained to the exterior in cervical mucus. By 12 to 24 h after insemination, only a few percent of the sperm remain in the reproductive tract, and most of these are in the vagina. Contractions of the reproductive tract appear to be the primary mechanism of sperm transport. Flagellation of sperm is probably required for sperm to enter the folds of the cervix, and flagellation may be helpful or essential for sperm to pass through the uterotubal junction, move from the isthmus to the ampulla, and penetrate ova. High proportions of sperm undergo the acrosome reaction only in the ampulla on the side of ovulation and only after ovulation. The fertilization rate in cattle can be improved by use of semen from high fertility bulls and perhaps by timing insemination with semen from lower fertility bulls after the end of estrus.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Double insemination and gonadotropin-releasing hormone treatment of repeat-breeding dairy cattle.

Our objective was to determine if double inseminations during the same estrous period of dairy cattle eligible for their third or fourth service (repeat breeders) would improve pregnancy rates equivalent to injections of GnRH given at the time of AI. Repeat-breeding, lactating cows from six herds (five herds in the San Joaquin Valley of central California and one herd in northeast Kansas) were assigned randomly to four treatment groups when detected in estrus: 1) single AI plus no injection, 2) single AI plus 100 micrograms GnRH at AI, 3) double AI plus no injection, or 4) double AI plus 100 micrograms of GnRH at AI. Inseminations were performed according to the a.m.-p.m. rule. The second AI for the double AI treatment was given 12 to 16 h after the first AI. Injections of GnRH were given intramuscularly immediately following the single AI or the first AI of the double AI. Pregnancy rates of cows given a single AI and hormone injection were numerically higher in all six herds than those of their herdmates given only a single AI. In five of six herds, the pregnancy rates of cows given a double AI and hormone injection were numerically higher than pregnancy rates of their herdmates given only a double AI. Overall pregnancy rates for the four treatments were 1) 112/353 (32.1%), 2) 165/406 (41.6%), 3) 119/364 (33.5%), and 4) 135/359 (37.5%). Gonadotropin-releasing hormone increased pregnancy rates of repeat breeders compared with controls given only a single AI. No further benefit beyond the single AI was accrued from the double AI treatment, with or without concurrent hormone administration.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Timing of insemination in dairy heifers.

Data representing 676 AI of 372 virgin dairy heifers during 1984 to 1987 at the University of Illinois were analyzed by analysis of variance to determine the effect of timing of AI on conception rate. Standing to be mounted, bawling, and attempting to mount were the three criteria used for determining the presence of estrus. More than 90% of the observations were conducted by one herdsperson between 0700 and 1600 h daily. Heifers were artificially inseminated with frozen semen from 58 bulls by one of two technicians. Conception rate on first AI was 56%, determined by return to estrus or 33- to 50-d rectal palpation for pregnancy. Conception rate to second and later AI was near 40%. Eighty-six percent of the heifers conceived during the trial. The average interval between first observation of standing estrus and AI was 10.5 h; the range was 15 min to 33 h. The model discussed contained six variables: time interval between first observation of standing estrus and AI (group), breed, sire within breed, year bred, season bred, and inseminator. The analysis of variance of conception to first AI showed timing of AI and service sire as the two most significant effects. Conception to first AI was worst when AI occurred 13.5 to 33 h after first observation of estrus. No factors considered were significant sources of variation for second or later AI.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Predicting optimal time of insemination in cows that show visual signs of estrus by estimating onset of estrus with pedometers.

An experiment was designed to estimate the optimal interval from the beginning of estrus to artificial insemination (AI). The data were analyzed by means of a mathematical model. The analysis was based on pedometer readings and results of rectal palpation at 42 to 49 d post-AI of 171 breedings in 121 cows. The chance of conception was highest between 6 and 17 h after increased pedometer activity; the estimated optimum was at 11.8 h. In this data file, the effects of disease, inseminator, time of AI (a.m. or p.m.), and bull did not contribute to the improvement of the model. The effects of disease were not significant because of the low incidence of any specific disease. Activity measurements can be used as a tool for AI strategy to improve conception in groups of healthy cows and heifers already showing visual signs of estrus.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Effects of timed insemination and supplemental beta-carotene on reproduction and milk yield of dairy cows under heat stress.

In three experiments, we tested the efficacy of timed artificial insemination (AI) and beta-carotene supplementation for improvement of reproduction and milk yield. Experiments 1 and 2 were conducted during hot months, and Experiment 3 was conducted during cooler months. Cows were fed rations supplemented with beta-carotene at 0 or 400 mg/d per cow for > or = 15 d before the first AI. Cows were inseminated at each observed estrus after 70 d (Experiment 1) or at 50 d postpartum (Experiments 2 and 3) or were included in a timed AI program [d 0 (i.e., approximately 40 or 60 d postpartum), 8 micrograms of GnRH agonist; d 7, 25 mg of PGF2 alpha; d 9, 8 micrograms of GnRH agonist; d 10, AI] for first breeding. Pregnancy rate at first AI was similar among groups, but the percentage of cows that were pregnant by 90 d postpartum was greater for cows in the timed AI group in Experiments 1 (16.6% vs. 9.8%) and 2 (34.3% vs. 14.3%) but not in Experiment 3 (24.1% vs. 28.7%). Overall, beta-carotene had no effect on reproductive function. For cows fed supplemental beta-carotene for > or = 90 d, however, pregnancy rate at 120 d postpartum was increased in Experiment 1 (35.4% vs. 21.1%). In all experiments, beta-carotene increased cumulative milk yield on the last test day by 6 to 11%. In conclusion, timed AI can improve pregnancy rates during periods of heat stress. Supplemental beta-carotene may increase pregnancy rates for cows in the summer and can increase milk yield.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Timing of insemination for dairy cows identified in estrus by a radiotelemetric estrus detection system.

The optimal time of artificial insemination (AI) was determined from data for 2661 AI in 17 herds utilizing a radiotelemetric system for estrus detection that has the potential for continuous 24-h surveillance to monitor behavioral events associated with estrus. The system consisted of pressure-sensitive radio frequency transmitters affixed over the sacrum region of cows. The activation of the sensor sent a radiotelemetric signal to a microcomputer via a fixed antenna. Cow identification, date, time, and duration of each standing event were recorded in the software program provided with the system. Each farm selected a 3-h interval to AI for cows that were identified in estrus during the previous 24 h. Pregnancy status was determined from data for return to estrus and palpation of the uterus 35 to 75 d following AI. Standing events during estrus averaged (+/- SD) 8.5 +/- 6.6 per cow, and the number of events per estrus across herds averaged from 6.2 +/- 5.1 to 12.8 +/- 9.9 per cow. The duration of estrus ranged from 5.1 +/- 3.8 to 10.6 +/- 6.8 h across herds; the mean was 7.1 +/- 5.4 h. The interval from the first standing event to AI affected the probability of pregnancy; the highest conception rates for AI occurred between 4 and 12 h after the onset of standing activity. The probability of pregnancy was higher for cows > 100 d in milk, exhibiting > 2 standing events during estrus, and inseminated during March, April or May.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Expression of several traits of fertility in young and old dwarf broiler breeder hens inseminated with duplicate doses of semen.

One hundred sixty-two dwarf broiler breeder females were each inseminated at 4-wk intervals with either 30, 60, or 120 million spermatozoa repeated on 2 consecutive days. The experiment was conducted at two age periods, i.e., 32 to 41 wk (Period I) and 55 to 63 wk (Period II). Females during Period II had a significantly shorter duration of fertility than during Period I (P less than .0001). Also, the mean duration of fertility but not maximum percent fertility was improved in females inseminated with the highest doses compared with the lower doses of spermatozoa. Individual fertility results confirmed that a large majority of the females (81 to 93% during Period I and 62 to 76% during Period II) are capable of laying 100% fertile eggs for at least 7 days. The mean duration of fertility during Period II was longer in females primarily classified as having the longest duration of fertility in Period I. This confirms that duration of fertility is consistent during the reproductive life.

Aging↗
PubMed1991

Reproductive performance of artificially inseminated hens receiving saline drinking water.

Laying hens were selected at random and placed in individual cages in a commercial type layer shed. One hundred hens received town water and one hundred received town water supplemented with 2 g NaCl/L. Half the hens on each water treatment were inseminated every 7 days with mixed semen collected from six cockerels of a commercial table egg strain maintained on town water. The remaining hens were inseminated with semen from six cockerels receiving town water supplemented with 2 g NaCl/L. Eggs were collected and stored at 12 C over a 7-day period before eggs with defective shells were identified and removed. All remaining eggs were incubated and candled at 7 and 18 days of incubation to detect infertile eggs and embryonic deaths. Data from six consecutive hatches were analyzed. The incidence of eggs with defective shells doubled in hens receiving the saline drinking water. These hens had a significantly (twofold) higher incidence of embryonic deaths and a significantly lower (13%) hatchability of fertile eggs. For every 100 eggs laid the numbers of settable eggs and chicks hatched were significantly reduced in hens receiving the saline drinking water. The saline water reduced the numbers hatched by 20% for every 100 eggs laid. The water treatment given to the cockerels had little effect on reproductive performance.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Paternal antigen-bearing cells transferred during insemination do not stimulate anti-paternal CD8+ T cells: role of estradiol in locally inhibiting CD8+ T cell responses.

Maternal immunological tolerance of the semiallogeneic fetus involves several overlapping mechanisms to balance maternal immunity and fetal development. Anti-paternal CD8+ T cells are suppressed during pregnancy in some but not all mouse models. Since semen has been shown to mediate immune modulation, we tested whether exposure to paternal Ag during insemination activated or tolerized anti-paternal CD8+ T cells. The uterine lumen of mated female mice contained male MHC I+ cells that stimulated effector, but not naive, CD8+ T cells ex vivo. Maternal MHC class I+ myeloid cells fluxed into the uterine lumen in response to mating and cross-presented male H-Y Ag to effector, but not naive, CD8+ T cells ex vivo. However, neither unprimed nor previously primed TCR-transgenic CD8+ T cells specific for either paternal MHC I or H-Y Ag proliferated in vivo after mating. These T cells subsequently responded normally to i.p. challenge, implicating ignorance rather than anergy as the main reason for the lack of response. CD8+ T cells responded to either peptide Ag or male cells delivered intravaginally in ovariectomized mice, but this response was inhibited by systemic estradiol (inducing an estrus-like state). Subcutaneous Ag induced responses in both cases. Allogeneic dendritic cells did not induce responses intravaginally even in ovariectomized mice in the absence of estradiol. These results suggest that inhibition of antiallogeneic responses is restricted both locally to the reproductive tract and temporally to the estrous phase of the menstrual cycle, potentially decreasing the risk of maternal immunization against paternal Ags during insemination.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Relationship of uterine perfusion to outcome of intrauterine insemination.

This prospective study was undertaken to evaluate the prognostic value of uterine perfusion on the day of human chorionic gonadotropin administration in patients who were undergoing intrauterine insemination. Uterine perfusion was evaluated by measuring the pulsatility index of the ascending branch of the uterine arteries on the day of administration of human chorionic gonadotropin. No pregnancy occurred when the pulsatility index of the ascending branch of the uterine arteries was more than 3. The fecundity rate was 18% when the pulsatility index was less than 2 and was 19.8% when the pulsatility index was between 2 and 3 (not significant). The continuing pregnancy rate was 18% when the pulsatility index was less than 2, compared with 12.1% when the pulsatility index was between 2 and 3 (P < 0.05). Our data suggest that the measurement of uterine perfusion on the day of human chorionic gonadotropin administration may have predictive value regarding fecundity and the continuation of pregnancy in intrauterine insemination.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

[Research on physician-patient relations in a Center for Artificial Insemination].

AIMS: To investigate, within the domain of the doctor-patient relationship in an Artificial Insemination Centre, whether not only a precise aetiological diagnosis about the physical impairment, but also an accurate analysis of the request of help by the infertile couple is actually performed. If the hidden meanings underlying many patients' requests for help are not investigated, there could be the risk of psychopathological developments. METHODS: Eight gynaecologists of the Artificial Insemination Centre staff and twenty-nine infertile couples who went to the Centre for a consultation about infertility were interviewed by means of two semistructured interviews, constructed after preliminary observations of the doctor-patient relationship. A qualitative content analysis was performed on the data so obtained. RESULTS: The results are that, although doctors felt that the problems were more complicated than they seemed to be, they had been trained to deal only with physical impairment, and not with so many underlying problems, like family and social ties, and even self-confidence as individuals and as a consistent couple. CONCLUSIONS: The Centre generally provides two kinds of services: a precise aetiological diagnosis about the physical impairment, and, if it is possible, its correction. We assume it would, be better if a third service were available for the couples: a Psychological Consultation Service, especially in case of risk of psycho-pathological developments.

Female↗
PubMed1999

[Intra-uterine insemination].

Artificial insemination has been proposed for a number of years in the treatment of unexplained or male factors related to infertility with very low results. In recent years, the association of intra-uterine insemination with gonadotropin ovulation induction has demonstrated its effectiveness and it is now the first treatment to propose in these cases before in vitro fertilization.

Female↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Efficacy of intrauterine insemination without ovarian hyperstimulation for male or cervical factor in women aged 40 or over.

The efficacy of intrauterine insemination (IUI) for male or cervical factor by age of female partner was determined in a retrospective analysis. Patients who underwent IUI therapy for cervical and/or male factor (n = 281) were classified by age at first IUI cycle: <40 years (n = 232), > or =40 years (n = 49). The indication for IUI was cervical factor if a postcoital test failed to show sperm with good forward progression at time of mature follicle; male factor was diagnosed if the semen analysis demonstrated either low count, low motility, antisperm antibodies, or subnormal hypoosmotic swelling test. Intrauterine insemination was performed in either natural cycles or following ovarian stimulation for the treatment of anovulation or follicular maturation defects. Cumulative probability of ongoing pregnancy (viable at end of first trimester) following 3 cycles of IUI was evaluated. Cumulative probability of ongoing pregnancy following 3 cycles of IUI was 28.2% for the younger group and 0.0% for the older group. The age groups did not differ in terms of infertility history, use of ovarian stimulation, or baseline semen parameters. Thus, the treatment of male and/or cervical factor by IUI is ineffective for women > or =40 years.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Relationship between fertility in cattle and the number of inseminated spermatozoa.

Five different two-parameter models were fitted to published data from 30 studies to identify an approximate mathematical form of the relationship between fertility in cattle and the number of inseminated spermatozoa. In all cases, the first parameter defines the maximum attainable fertility, and the second scales the dose according to the percentage of the maximum attained. The best model was the hyperbolic dose-response curve used in pharmacology to analyse the effect of drugs. There is evidence that the semen of individual bulls differs in both parameters of the models and that therefore the viability of semen may be multidimensional. This might explain why measures of semen quality have hitherto been found to correlate poorly with fertility. The hypothesis that spermatozoa are subject to the law of mass action at the ovum predicts these and some other aspects of fertility, and indicates that heterospermic inseminations may provide an efficient way of estimating the parameters of semen.

Animals↗