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At least 1,279 records · Page 71Linked to original sources
PubMed1995

The impact of biotechnology on hyphomycetous fungal insect biocontrol agents.

The potential for the control of insect pests by entomopathogenic fungi has been touted for decades, if not centuries. Only recently have advances in biotechnology provided the tools for indepth analysis of the mechanisms involved in pathogenesis and host death at the molecular level. This review outlines the current state of knowledge regarding the mode of infection and targets several key components that are amenable to improvement via biotechnology. Realization of the considerable economic potential of fungal bioinsecticides can occur only through a combined and coordinated effort involving fundamental science, formulation technology and field applications.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2006

Effects of hydrophilic and hydrophobic kaolin-based particle films on pea aphid (Homoptera: Aphididae) and its entomopathogen Pandora neoaphidis (Entomophthorales: Entomophthoraceae).

Hydrophobic and hydrophilic kaolin-based particle films are effective for control of insect pests in certain agricultural crops. How these products interact with potential biological control agents is not well documented. This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of the hydrophobic (M96-018) and hydrophilic (Surround WP) kaolin-based particle films (Engelhard Corporation, Iselin, NJ) on pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris), on peas (Pisum spp.), and on the fungal aphid pathogen Pandora neoaphidis (Remaudière and Hennebert) Humber. Over two field seasons (2001 and 2002) in northern Idaho, applications of M96-018 significantly reduced the rate of pea aphid increase on pea, but Surround WP, tested only in 2001, did not reduce aphid population growth rate. Neither particle film treatment was as effective as a standard application of esfenvalerate (DuPont Asana). In the laboratory, particle films suppressed pea aphid populations by up to 30%. M96-018 seemed to have some repellent activity based on aphid distributions after treating plants. When applied along with P. neoaphidis conidia, M96-018 but not Surround WP caused higher percentage of infection mortality of pea aphids by P. neoaphidis than occurred on controls treated only with P. neoaphidis conidia. P. neoaphidis conidia deposited on glass slides coated with M96-018, produced more germ tubes and secondary conidia than those deposited on untreated glass slides or slides treated with Surround WP. This result suggests that greater infection of pea aphids on plants treated with M96-018 is in part a result of a direct enhancement of fungal germination by the particle film.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2004

The utility of the neglected mitochondrial control region for evolutionary studies in lepidoptera (insecta).

The insect mitochondrial control region (=AT-rich-region) is a rarely used genetic marker in phylogeographic studies and population genetic surveys. Reasons for this are that the high AT content and the presence of tandem repeats and indels pose technical and analytical problems. We provide a new pair of primers and the first taxonomically wide-scale description of control region (CR) structure in an insect order after sequencing it in 31 lepidopteran species. We assessed levels of variation occurring in the CR and cytochrome oxidase I (COI) by sequencing and comparison. Intrapopulation analyses in five species of butterflies showed that CR was more variable than COI. Interpopulation variation from three populations of Erebia triaria and E. palarica was slightly lower in the CR than COI with regard to single-nucleotide polymorphisms, but the results were concordant between both markers and highly congruent with regard to population differentiation. Using 15 species of Satyrinae we found that the CR has the same, or stronger, phylogenetic resolution as COI. Our results indicate that the CR can be of importance in addition to COI in population genetic studies. Alignments for the whole CR are direct and unambiguous at the intraspecific level. Indels show phylogenetic signal, but make this marker more complex to use than COI for higher phylogenetic analyses. Nevertheless, alignments at the generic level are straightforward over one part of the CR. The combination CR+COI appears to be a very promising phylogenetic tool to resolve fast-evolving species-level phylogenies.

Animals↗
PubMed1972

[Vector control].

Explore the source record for details and available documents.

Biological Warfare↗
PubMed2005

Possibilities to control the horse chestnut leaf miner (Cameraria ohridella) in urban environments.

The continuous epidemic infestation of horse chestnuts by C. ohridella is a serious aesthetic and economic problem in urban environments. The aim of the presented studies was therefore to develop control measures which meet the special needs of urban plant protection. Removal of infested leaves in autumn and appropriate disposal of the leaflitter is the only practicable measure to reduce infestation levels so far. Another two methods, which are currently in an experimental stage, had an impact on the leafminer populations. A gelformulated combination of the C. ohridella-pheromone with a contact insecticide as attract-and-kill-system proved to be efficient at low population levels. Easily applicable and safe banks of systemic insecticides turned out to be effective in killing preimaginal stages of the leafminer on young trees. The complex of parasitoids attacking C. ohridella is comparable to that of other leafminers. Nevertheless, parasitism rates are very low at present and far away from having any controlling effect on the pest insect.

Aesculus↗
PubMed1989

The current state of studies of malaria vectors and the antivectorial campaign in west Africa.

Most malaria transmission in West Africa is by Anopheles funestus and An. gambiae s.l. An. funestus is not very polymorphic and is generally susceptible to currently used insecticides. An. gambiae in contrast is very polymorphic. On the basis of chromosomal polymorphism An. gambiae can be divided into forest and savannah forms. The savannah forms in turn exist as several types, viz. Bissau, Mopti and Bamako. Insecticide susceptibility does not correlate with chromosomal type in most cases; nevertheless, correct identification of vectors is necessary if a successful antimalarial campaign is to be developed. It is particularly important to determine which of the mosquitoes in the region under study are the important vectors of malaria. In the light of the difficulties encountered in mass vector control programmes, individual control measures such as home spraying and use of impregnated bed nets and curtains may be considered for malaria control.

Africa, Western↗
PubMed2004

Plasmodium falciparum transmission rate and selection for drug resistance: a vexed association or a key to successful control?

While malaria eradication campaigns once adopted a combination of vector control and chemotherapy to overcome the disease, today's opinion on the matter is equivocal. So what has changed? This paper reviews some of the confusing hypotheses on the relationship between Plasmodium falciparum transmission and levels of drug resistance. New field evidence showing variations of in vivo chloroquine resistance in relation to indoor residual spraying and natural endemicity patterns, is considered with a view to how these phenomena implicate on control.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

[Recent achievements and perspectives in medical entomology and vector control].

High technologies of molecular biology and genetics, supported by computer use brought considerable advances in taxonomy, physiology, host/parasite relationships, ecology and epidemiology. New insecticides, IGR and bacteria are now available. Both simple methods (e.g. tsetse trapping, impregnated bednets) and large programs using heavy material (e.g. O. C. P. in West Africa, mosquito control in Northern hemisphere) have been successful. Guineaworm control lies in an intermediate position. Malaria control has difficulties and needs new tools and a better use of those already existing. A few progresses are noticed in biological and genetical control. Appropriate structures, well trained and motivated personnel, adequate funding and political willingness are the keys for the implementation of any control programme.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

[The pyramidal trap for collecting and controlling tsetse flies (Diptera: Glossinidae). Comparative trials and description of new collecting technics].

The pyramidal trap, currently being used in the Congo by the Public Health Service, is between two and five times more efficient than the biconical trap in this country. This is the case in particular for collecting the sleeping sickness vector species Glossina palpalis palpalis and G. fuscips quanzensis. Its simple and robust construction makes this trap ideally suitable for the large scale control of tsetse flies. Its efficiency and ease of transport make it useful for the biologist and the epidemiologist. The authors describe a new collecting technique for killing and preserving flies, that permits a follow-up of the evolution of catches and avoids the use of insecticides. Advantages of this technique are the following: each trap can be moved to more suitable positions within the focus of the disease; the count of trapped flies permits a direct evaluation of the effectiveness of control.

Animals↗