Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Fosfomycin”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 1,279 records · Page 71Linked to original sources
PubMed1994

[An evaluation study on arbekacin for MRSA-infectious diseases including pneumonia, septicemia and others].

Availability of arbekacin (ABK) was analyzed in the chemotherapy of 24 MRSA-infected patients with symptoms of pneumonia (12), sepsis (6) and others (6). Most patients had background diseases such as malignant tumors or cerebrovascular disorders. 47% (7/15) of them were immunologically abnormal. 17 of them had been previously treated with cephems, imipenem, minocycline or fosfomycin. The ABK therapy was performed with doses ranging 50-400 mg a day, divided into 1-3 times (mostly 100 mg x 2), and for 5-24 days. (18 patients were treated between 5 and 14 days). 14 patients (58%) received combined therapy with other antibiotics (mostly with beta-lactams, 12). The clinical efficacy rate of the ABK therapy was 62% (good, 13; fair, 4; ineffective, 4; unknown, 3). The bacteriological efficacies were: eradicated, 7 (44%); decreased, 4; no change, 5; unknown, 8. Side effects were found in 3 patients (oliguria, 2; eruption due to drug, 1) and one case resulted in serious renal disorder. Abnormal laboratory data were found in 7 cases. Above results have indicated that ABK is a useful antibiotic in chemotherapy of MRSA-infections.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

[Clinical effect of the combined therapy of arbekacin and imipenem/cilastatin against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus].

We evaluated the efficacy of combined therapy of arbekacin (ABK) and imipenem/cilastatin (IPM/CS) against infections by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). The MICs of ampicillin, cefmetazole, cefotiam, cefuzonam, flomoxef, fosfomycin, ofloxacin, minocycline, ABK and IPM/CS against clinically isolated strains of MRSA were examined. Almost all strains of MRSA were resistant to these antibiotics except ABK. Furthermore, combination of ABK and IPM/CS showed smaller MICs than that of ABK or IPM/CS alone. All fractional inhibitory concentration indices (FIC indices) of ABK plus IPM/CS were lower than 0.75. The efficacy rate of combined therapy of ABK and IPM/CS in 22 patients with MRSA infections (15 patients with pneumonia, 3 patients with chronic bronchitis, 2 patients with sepsis, a patient with subcutaneous abscess and a patient with DPB) was 68%. And no patients had adverse reactions. Six (27%) of 22 strains of MRSA were eradicated. Significant correlations were found between bacteriological effect and severity of disease, and between serum albumin level and clinical effect.

Aged↗
PubMed1994

[Nocardia farcinica infection. Cutaneous form in an immunodepressed patient].

Nocardiosis is a rare localized or systemic infection caused by bacteria of the Actinomycetaceae family. Nocardia farcinica, recently identified as a distinct species from Nocardia asteroides, characteristically causes severe systemic infections and is particularly resistant to antibiotics. We report a case of nocardiosis observed in a patient receiving general corticosteroid therapy for bullous pemphigoid and who developed a sub-cutaneous abscess of the breast. N. farcinica was identified on puncture specimens and found to be resistant to beta-lactams, aminosides, cyclines, chloramphenicol, fosfomycin and pefloxacin. No dissemination beyond the skin was observed. The abscess was drained and cleaned surgically and cicatrization was uneventful. Six weeks later the patient was again hospitalized for an inflammatory abscess of the left buttocks which was drained surgically. N. farcinica was again identified and a complete work-up eliminated dissemination. Cotrimoxazole was given as a long-term therapy (480 mg trimethoprim, 2.4g sulfamethoxazole) for 6 months and was well tolerated. No recurrence was observed.

Abscess↗
PubMed1993

Serum inhibition of antibiotic-dependent L-form growth in Staphylococcus aureus: likely involvement of serum high-density lipoprotein.

The L-form growth of Staphylococcus aureus induced by ampicillin or fosfomycin was found to be severely depressed by horse or bovine serum included in the culture medium. Fractionation of horse serum revealed that the inhibitory activity was copurified with high-density lipoprotein through floating ultracentrifugation, gel filtration, and isoelectric focusing. It was also shown that the inhibition was reversible: ampicillin-induced L-form cells lost their ability to form L-form colonies when mixed with the lipoprotein fraction or serum before plating, but the colony-forming ability was restored to the original level by treatment of the mixture with a protease, while simple dilution was ineffective. A mechanism for the growth inhibition remains to be clarified.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Susceptibility of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus clinical isolates to various antimicrobial agents. III. Novel, inducible resistance to macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin B (MLS) antibiotics.

Resistance patterns against 25 antimicrobial agents consisting of beta-lactams, aminoglycosides, tetracyclines, fluoroquinolones, macrolides and etc. were examined for 69 strains of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolated at Hiroshima University Hospital from July 1991 to April 1992. Regarding overall resistance (the percentage of highly and moderately resistant strains), the following antimicrobial agents were no more effective chemotherapeutics for MRSA infections (%resistance): methicillin (100), flomoxef (100), kanamycin (100), tobramycin (100), amikacin (100), isepamicin (100), gentamicin (78), dibekacin (100), ofloxacin (99), levofloxacin (99), temafloxacin (99), erythromycin (100), clarithromycin (100), tetracycline (93), minocycline (93) and fosfomycin (100). Further spread of arbekacin-resistant strain, which was isolated in April 1991, into a clinical environment could not be recognized during the period covered in the present study. All the MRSA strains were resistant either constitutively (26 strains) or inducibly (43 strains) to macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin B (MLS) antibiotics. When expression is constitutive, the strains are resistant to all MLS antibiotics. In contrast, 16-membered macrolide (i.e., jasamycin), lincomycin and mikamycin B escape resistance in the strains with a typical inducible resistance overcome in the presence of 14-membered macrolides by a translational attenuation mechanism. Three of 4 beta-lactamase-positive strains, however, can not be classified in these two resistance groups, being exclusively resistant to mikamycin B. The strains grown in the presence of any inducing MLS antibiotic became susceptible to mikamycin B even in the inducer-free culture.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1993

[Antimicrobial activities of arbekacin against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolated from patients of a pediatrics ward].

Aiming at measuring the antimicrobial activities of arbekacin (ABK) against the strains of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), isolated from pediatrics patients in 1992, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 8 antibiotics including ABK was determined and the coagulase types of those strains were also examined. The obtained results are summarized as follows. 1. Among coagulase types of a total of 78 strains, Type II, Type IV and Type VII were 84.6%, 12.8% and 2.6%, respectively. No clear difference in coagulase types were observed among their origins of isolation. 2. MIC90 of ABK against 42 strains isolated from the air passage of suspected pneumoniae patients and 36 strains isolated from the blood of suspected septicemia patients were 1.56 micrograms/ml and 3.13 micrograms/ml, respectively, and MIC90 of ABK against the 78 strains was 1.56 micrograms/ml, which was equal to that of vancomycin (VCM). 3. Most of these strains exhibited resistance against multiple antibiotic agents including cefmetazole (CMZ), imipenem (IPM), fosfomycin (FOM) and minocycline. Strains isolated from the blood were mostly resistant to multiple agents, and most of them were especially highly resistant to CMZ and IPM. ABK, however, showed potent antimicrobial activities even to those strains. These results were similar to the results obtained several years ago. 4. Considering the fact that ABK demonstrates not only potent antimicrobial activities against MRSAs isolated from the pediatric patients, but also shows remarkable clinical effects with concomitant use with beta-lactams or FOM, the prospect of ABK use in MRSA infectious diseases of children is excellent.

Aminoglycosides↗
PubMed1993

[The role for Helicobacter pylori infection in intractable and recurrent ulcer].

Patients with intractable peptic ulcer or recurrent peptic ulcer have high rate of Helicobacter pylori infection. To study the effect of H. pylori on the recurrence of peptic ulcer, we treated the patients, who had H. pylori infection, with antibiotics (amoxicillin, clarithromycin, fosfomycin). After one year, none of peptic ulcer patient in whom H. pylori was eradicated had a recurrence. Among patients who remained positive for H. pylori, the ulcer relapse rate was 61% (11 of 18). In patients who were successfully eradicated of H. pylori with antibiotics the rate of recurrence was reduced. Patients with both intractable peptic ulcer and H. pylori infection were treated with antibiotics. Eradication of H. pylori induced ulcer healing. These findings suggest an important role for H. pylori in intractable and recurrent peptic ulcer.

Aged↗
PubMed1993

[Sensitivity of penicillin-resistance pneumococci].

Fifty-three clinical Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates from Hungary and Spain which were either moderately susceptible to penicillin G (MIC 0.25-1 mg/l) or highly resistant (MIC > or = 2 mg/l) were studied for their antibacterial susceptibility to the following 14 agents: penicillin G, amoxicillin, mezlocillin, cefotaxime, ceftriaxone, amikacin, cotrimoxazole, erythromycin, rifampicin, vancomycin, fosfomycin, doxycycline, ciprofloxacin, and the dual-action compound Ro 23-9424. Rifampicin was the most active compound (MIC90 < or = 0.015 mg/l) followed by imipenem (MIC90 0.25 mg/l), vancomycin (MIC90 1 mg/l), cefotaxime and ceftriaxone (MIC90 1 mg/l), the dual-action compound Ro 23-9424 and amoxicillin (MIC90 2 mg/l). Most of the isolates were less sensitive to ciprofloxacin (MIC90 4 mg/l), doxycycline and erythromycin (MIC90 16 mg/l) and resistant to cotrimoxazole (MIC90 640 mg/l). Furthermore, synergism between penicillin G or ceftriaxone on the one hand, amikacin or rifampicin on the other hand was studied in all 53 isolates. A combination of a beta-lactam with amikacin resulted mostly in an additive effect, as was the case for the rifampicin combinations. The selection of rifampicin-resistant clones can be repressed by the addition of a beta-lactam thus suggesting such a combination of rifampicin with a beta-lactam as a possible therapeutic approach.

Drug Synergism↗
PubMed1993

[Severe infections caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. 62 cases].

A French multicentre study was conducted in 15 Infectious Diseases departments; 347 cases of severe staphylococcal infections were collected during one year (October 1989 to October 1990): Two-hundred and fifty-eight strains were analysed with complementary bacteriological studies, including 62 strains of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Epidemiological, clinical and therapeutic aspects were investigated. Nosocomial infection was responsible for 90 percent of the cases, and previous antibiotic therapy was reported in 74 percent. An invasive procedure was incriminated in 43 patients (69 percent); intravenous catheter (38 percent), mechanical ventilation (31 percent), surgery (22 percent), prosthetic device (20 percent). Thirty-nine patients were treated with glycopeptides either alone or in combination with beta-lactams, aminoglycosides, fucidic acid, fosfomycin, rifampicin, quinolones or synergistines, showing the great diversity in the choice of antibiotics in methicillin-resistant S. aureus infections. More than 90 percent of these strains were resistant to gentamicin and quinolones, 80 percent of clindamycin and 70 percent to rifampicin. No resistance to glycopeptides (vancomycin or teicoplanin) was observed. Prognosis was severe, with a mortality rate of 35 percent, justifying educational and prophylactic measures in at risk medical departments.

AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections↗
PubMed1993

[Antibiotherapy as first choice in infectious meningitis].

The choice of antibiotics in bacterial meningitis must integrate several parameters. i) The bacterial epidemiology of community acquired meningitis: Haemophilus influenzae (Hi) Neisseria meningitidis (Nm), Streptococcus pneumoniae (Sp) represents more than 95% of cases; ii) The increase of antibiotic bacterial resistance, particularly preoccupying for Sp; iii) The microbiological properties and pharmacokinetics of antibiotics, especially their penetration in CSF: the concentrations achieved must be several times higher than the MBC. In fact, CSF is not favourable to the antibiotic activity; iv) The results of clinical comparative trials; v) The contribution of animal models to the knowledge of meningitis physiopathology. Third generation cephalosporins (cefotaxime, ceftriaxone) satisfy this objective for Hi, Nm, and penicillin sensitive strains of Sp. For penicillin resistant Sp, no treatment can achieve antibiotic CSF concentrations higher than ten times the MBC. An increase in dosage of cephalosporins, the use of an other regimen (Vancomycin or imipenem) and antibiotic association (rifamycin, fosfomycin) are needed.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1993

Ototoxicity in dogs and cats.

Ears are special sense organs whose principal functions are hearing and maintaining equilibrium. Aminoglycoside antibiotics, erythromycin, polymyxin B, and cisplatin can affect either or both of these functions by binding with, injuring, and/or destroying special receptor cells associated with these functions. Severe hearing loss manifests itself as deafness, whereas loss of equilibrium will present as abnormal righting reflexes, nausea, and vomiting. Damage is proportional to levels of these ototoxins in the endolymphatic fluids. Evidence suggests that toxicity may be influenced by endolymphatic calcium concentrations, and levels of cAMP and cGMP are altered in specialized cochlear cells during ototoxicity, suggesting an additional mechanism for ototoxicity. The administration of salicylates and loop diuretics may potentiate the action of ototoxins, especially aminoglycoside antibiotics, probably by increasing the levels of these toxins in the endolymphatic fluid. Although many of these assessments have been made in laboratory animals, applicability may also be expected in small domestic animals, and extreme care should be taken in prescribing potentially ototoxic drugs to small animals. Cochlear damage from ototoxic compounds occurs initially in the cells detecting high-frequency sounds located at the lower basal region. In aging dogs and humans, this sensitivity of receptors in the lower basal region is enhanced. Early auditory damage is detectable by BAER and cochlear microphonic potentials. Vestibular responses can also be detected early as vestibular ocular reflexes and visual-vestibulo-ocular reflexes. Early detection is especially important because early changes can sometimes be reversible. Cavinton (apovincaminic acid) and fosfomycin represent examples of experimental agents being evaluated in laboratory animals for application as potential treatments to limit the ototoxicity associated with various drugs.

Aminoglycosides↗
PubMed1993

Comparison of the efficacy and safety of amikacin once or twice-a-day in the treatment of severe gram-negative infections in the elderly.

The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy and safety of amikacin given either as single injection or as two injections within 12-h interval in the treatment of severe gram-negative infections in elderly patients. Thirty-nine non-selected consecutive patients of a general internal medicine facility were randomized to receive the same total daily dose of amikacin either as a single dose (19 patients) or divided into two doses injected at 12-h interval (20 patients). Amikacin was used alone or in combination with metronidazole, clindamycin, fosfomycin or a beta-lactam. Clinical and bacteriological responses were satisfactory and comparable in the two groups. There was no difference between the once/day and the twice-a-day groups with respect to drug dosage, duration of therapy and concomitant treatment. Only one patient (BID group) showed a rise of serum creatinine during the observation period. Amikacin alone or in combination can be regarded as an efficacious and safe antibiotic in the treatment of severe gram-negative infections in elderly patients, whether the daily dose is administered in a single infusion or in a BID interval.

Aged↗
PubMed1993

In vitro susceptibility of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae strains to 42 antimicrobial agents.

Minimal inhibitory concentration of 42 antimicrobial agents was determined against 57 field strains of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae isolated from pigs in Spain. Penicillins, aminoglycosides, and tetracyclines had irregular activity; ticarcillin, tobramycin, and doxycycline were the most active of each group, respectively. Macrolides, vancomycin, dapsone, and tiamulin, to which strains had high rate of resistance, were almost ineffective. Thiamphenicol, colistin, rifampin, fosfomycin, mupirocin, and metronidazole had good activity, with resistance ranging between 0 and 8.8%. Finally, cephalosporins (except cephalexin) and quinolones (especially ciprofloxacin, enrofloxacin, and sparfloxacin) were the most active antibiotics against A pleuropneumoniae.

Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae↗
PubMed1993

[Antibacterial activities of arbekacin against recently isolated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (I)].

Against 200 strains of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolated from 1990 to 1991, minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of a total of 15 antibacterial agents including arbekacin (ABK) were determined. In addition coagulase types of the tested strains were determined and classified according on their origins. 1. Among the coagulase types of 200 strains, type II were 63.5%, type IV 18.5%, type VII 11.0% and the other types 7.0%. Type II strains were prevailing among those isolated from the respiratory tract specimens and type IV among those from the surgical specimens. These results were in agreement with other recent reports including our previous ones. 2. The MIC50 of methicillin, 6 cephalosporins (CEPs), imipenem, fosfomycin (FOM), gentamicin, tobramycin and clindamycin for 200 strains ranged from 50 to > 100 micrograms/ml. On the other hand, MIC50 and MIC90 of ABK, minocycline (MINO) and vancomycin (VCM) were 0.78 and 3.13 micrograms/ml for ABK, 0.39 and 50 micrograms/ml for MINO, and 0.78 and 1.56 micrograms/ml for VCM. 3. The MIC90 of ABK against coagulase type IV strains was rather high, 12.5 micrograms/ml. However, the strains inhibited by 6.25 to 12.5 micrograms/ml of ABK were isolated even in our studies performed in 1986, 1988 and 1989. Further studies are therefore required to confirm whether appearance of these strains used in the present study inhibited at relatively high concentrations of ABK is due to the use of ABK. 4. It is reported that, at present, most of the MRSAs spreading in Japan are acceleratedly acquiring resistance to many drugs, and especially, they are developing high resistance against beta-lactams. ABK showed potent antibacterial activities even against these strains. Since ABK has been shown to display potent activities against MRSA in combination with beta-lactams or FOM, we believe ABK is one of the useful aminoglycoside antibiotics for the treatment of MRSA infections.

Aminoglycosides↗
PubMed1995

[O-serotypes, biotypes and antimicrobial susceptibilities of Serratia marcescens isolates from clinical specimens: 4th report].

The clinical isolates of Serratia marcescens in The Showa University Fujigaoka Hospital in the period V during the 3 years from 1991 April to 1994 March were epidemiologically investigated by determining O-antigens, biotypes and antimicrobial susceptibilities. The isolates were collected, while the consumption of beta-lactam antibiotics, new quinolones, and aminoglycosides in the hospital had not changed significantly since 1991. The urease positive O3 strains were predominantly isolated in the period II to IV during the 9 years and 3 months from 1982 January to 1991 April and were more resistant to third generation cephalosporins and the other drugs such as new quinolones and aminoglycosides than the other O-serotype strains. However, the urease negative O14 strains, unlike such O3 strains, were predominantly isolated in the period V and were more resistant to the above mentioned drugs than the other O-serotype strains, indicating that they had higher resistance rates for carbenicillin, latamoxef, ceftizoxime, cefoperazone, cefpirome, tobramycin, dibekacin, gentamicin and fosfomycin than the O3 strains in the period IV during the two years and three months from 1989 January to 1991 March. The hospital wards in which the O14 strains were mainly isolated were the departments of urology, general surgery, orthopedic surgery, haematology, and internal secretion and kidney medicines, corresponding to those in which the isolation number of the O3 strains decreased in the period V. These findings suggest that S. marcescens resident in the hospital inherits multiple drug resistance by changing the biotype and O-serotype.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Pharmacokinetics of antibiotics in burn patients].

The pathophysiology associated with major burns is complex and subject to a state of flux (coexistence of pain, infectious diseases, multiple trauma, disturbances of metabolism and acid-base status, etc) which could affect the disposition and the pharmacokinetic behaviour of drugs. In current clinical practice, practitioners often use powerful antimicrobial agents; however, few pharmacokinetic studies are available in burns patients (of the order of 30 studies). Furthermore, the methods used are sometimes questionable. After dealing with the ethical and physiological context in which such research is undertaken, the authors report a review of the pharmacokinetic studies done during the last 15 years. Concerning both aminoglycosides and glycopeptides, no therapeutic recommendations are available (therapeutic schedules). However, in this case, therapeutic monitoring is available and represents a suitable tool to better master their use. In the case of beta-lactam antibiotics and quinolones, more data are available. Some investigations have shown the possibility of translesional diffusion of certain agents in burns (such as gentamicin, piperacillin/tazobactam combination, or fosfomycin). This phenomenon could be a co-factor of success in treatment. Considering the relatively meager pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic data available in burns, it is important in the future to refine our knowledge of the distribution and metabolism of drugs in burns patients in order to better master their use. Finally, ethical and methodological considerations need to be taken in account.

Aminoglycosides↗
PubMed1996

[Staphylococcus aureus resistant to methicillin. Survey of prevalence in Yvelines hospitals].

During 2 months (01.01.95-28.02.95), we noted for each Staphylococcus aureus (SA) isolates, identification and susceptibility methods, hospital size, medical speciality, source, penicillin (P) and methicillin (M) susceptibility. For each non repetitive methicillin resistant SA we noted phenotype of aminoglycoside resistance of SA to 6 antistaphylococci drugs. We isolated 399 SA, SAP sensitives 6.5%, methicillin resistant SA (MRSA) 31.8%. MRSA in acute care unit 28.4%, non acute care unit 61.7%, surgery 28.6%, medicine 36.5%, orthopedics 34.5%, pédiatrics 4%, ICU 38.8%, others 10.3%. MRSA from wound 28.2%, respiratory tract 38.3% blood 22.5%, urine 58.5%, others 25.8% - MRSA kanamycin 1.7%, kanamycin tobramycin 36.2%, kanamycin, tobramycin, gentamicin 56.9% - MRSA erythromycin 79.5%, pefloxacin 91.3%, rifampicin 53.5%, acide fusidique 8.7%, fosfomycine 18.9%, TMP SMZ 5.5%. The proportion MRSA is equivalent among medical specialities predominant in urine cultures and respiratory tract. It should be better to carry on the survey for more than two months in each hospital.

Aminoglycosides↗
PubMed1996

[Antibacterial activities of combination uses of cefpirome with various antibiotics in vitro against clinically isolated glucose non-fermentative gram-negative rods: part 1. the results against Pseudomonas aeruginosa].

In order to evaluate antibacterial activities of combination uses of cefpirome (CPR) and various antibiotics in vitro, minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of CPR alone and combinations of CPR+other drugs against freshly isolated clinical strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The results are summarized as follows; 1. Combined effects of CPR+beta-lactams, piperacillin (PIPC), aztreonam (AZT), imipenem (IPM) showed wider antibacterial spectra and stronger antibacterial activities than CPR alone with drugs concentrations of CPR and other drugs at sub-MIC levels. At concentrations of sub-MIC levels, antibacterial effects of CPR+PIPC and CPR+AZT combination were strong but CPR+IPM was weaker than those of the former two combinations. It appeared that stronger effects were demonstrated by some combinations against strains that were susceptible to both drugs of combination, but little additive effects were shown against strains that were resistant to both drugs. Antibacterial effect of CPR+fosfomycin combination was the same as those of CPR+PIPC and CPR+AZT combinations. 2. Combined effects of CPR+aminoglycosides (AGs), gentamicin, tobramycin, amikacin showed wider antibacterial spectra and stronger antibacterial activities at sub-MIC levels of CPR or ATs. The effect against CPR-resistant strains was same. But the combined effect was weak against AGs-resistant strains. 3. Effectiveness of combinations of CPR+beta-lactams and CPR+AGs depended on drug susceptibilities of strains tested. We cannot estimate effects of those combinations without investigating drug susceptibility of bacteria being tested. 4. In none of the combinations tested, antagonism was observed.

Amikacin↗