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At least 1,279 records · Page 71Linked to original sources
PubMed1982

Juxtaglomerular apparatus in the domestic fowl (Gallus domesticus).

The juxtaglomerular apparatus in the kidney of the domestic fowl was studied with the light and electron microscope after fixation by vascular perfusion. The height of the macula densa cells was greater and the internuclear distance less than were those of other distal tubule cells. Goormaghtigh (lacis) cells were found in the angle between the hilar arterioles and the glomerulus. The branching pattern of the basement membrane of the macula densa was extensive, surrounding both the Goormaghtigh cells and the mesangial cells. The basement membrane ended in the walls of both hilar arterioles and in the glomerular capillaries. Thus, all juxtaglomerular and glomerular structures were linked together by the branches of basement membrane. The afferent and efferent arterioles were often found ramifying in the mesangial cell mass. Granular epithelioid cells and adrenergic nerves were found within the glomerulus.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Ossification of the laryngeal, tracheal and syringeal cartilages in the domestic fowl.

The process of ossification in the cartilages of the larynx, trachea and syrinx of the domestic fowl has been studied in growing and in adult Golden Comet birds. In the laryngeal cartilages, mineralisation occurred consistently in the body and wings of the cricoid cartilage, in the procricoid cartilage and in the bodies of the arytenoid cartilages. In 7 out of 12 adult birds there were small additional centres in the tips of the rostral processes of the arytenoid cartilages and in one adult bird there were small centres in the caudal processes also. When present, these additional centres were always found bilaterally. Mineralisation in the laryngeal cartilages developed from 105 days post-hatching onwards and was first seen in the bodies of the arytenoid cartilages. Some evidence of a segmental pattern was noted, both in the earliest centres and in the final stage in the caudal region of the body of the tcricoid cartilage. Mineralisation in the trachea developed from 98 days post-hatching onwards. It was first found in the caudal region and spread craniad. The rings at the caudal end of the trachea and the cranial end of the tympanum (but not the last two rings of he tympanum) were always fully involved. Rings in the cranial part of the trachea remained more lightly mineralised. In the syrinx, mineralisation regularly occurred only in the pessulus and in the base of the first bronchial syringeal cartilages. In some birds, it was also encountered more caudally in the cartilages of the primary bronchi. Histological examination showed that, in the early stages, the alizarin staining was due to the presence of mineralised cartilage. At 182 days post-hatching and in the adults, actual bony tissue was observed. The possible significance of the occurrence of ossification in these cartilages of birds in briefly considered.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Outbreaks of fowl cholera in quail.

Acute fowl cholera causing high mortality was diagnosed in three flocks of quail, one involving pharaoh quail (Coturnix coturnix) and two involving bobwhite quail (Colinus virginianus). The causative organism, Pasteurella multocida, was identified as type 3.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Effects of distal vagal ganglionectomy and midcervical vagotomy on the ultrastructure of axonal elements in the carotid body of the domestic fowl.

The carotid body of the domestic fowl was examined with the electron microscope after either removal of the distal vagal ganglion or midcervical vagotomy. Almost all the axonal elements of the carotid body degenerated within 5-15 days after ganglionectomy. The degeneration was considered to be due to separation of these axonal elements from their cell bodies (Wallerian degeneration) and indicated that nearly all the nerve supply of the carotid body of Gallus is derived from the vagus nerve. Degeneration of many axonal elements of the carotid body was also seen after midcervical vagotomy, but it took longer (19-41 days) to begin and had greatly increased 207-214 days after operation. It was interpreted as transganglionic degeneration, i.e. severance of the central processes of the distal vagal ganglion cells (by vagotomy) had induced slow degeneration in their peripheral processes (axonal elements in the carotid body). We conclude that the vast majority of the axonal elements in the carotid body of Gallus belong to nerve cell bodies in the distal vagal ganglion and are therefore afferent.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Preliminary investigation on the submicroscopical structure of blood capillaries of the pineal body in the embryonic and adult domestic fowl.

The morphological changes of the blood network capillaries in the pineal gland of the domestic fowl during embryonic development and in the first post-hatching year have been analyzed. Our preliminary results indicate that the first intrinsic vessels, showing an immature aspect, appear among the epithelial vesicles on 7th-8th incubation day (i.d.), when the pinealoblasts are actively proliferating; then, they drastically increase in number (10th i.d.), but they begin to undergo significant maturative changes only on the 19th i.d., in parallel with the unfolding of the pinealocytes differentiation. Finally they reach the definitive set-up within the first post-hatching year, while the pineal is acquiring its full morphological and functional maturity.

Aging↗
PubMed1982

An ultrastructural investigation of a baroreceptor zone in the common carotid artery of the domestic fowl.

The wall of the common carotid artery of the domestic fowl possesses a baroreceptor zone around the origin of the artery to the carotid body. The zone comprises about 20 small foci which have undergone a fibrous modification. Within these foci there are bare endings, which closely resemble ultrastructurally the baroreceptors of the mammalian carotid sinus in their mitochondrial content, relationship to collagen and elastic fibres, and abnormal organelles. These should be slowly adapting baroreceptors, similar functionally to the baroreceptors of the mammalian carotid sinus. Also present in the baroreceptor zone are a few encapsulated endings, resembling in structure the simplest encapsulated mechanoreceptors of mammals. These, too, should be slowly adapting but may be capable of slightly more subtle responses to pressure changes in the arterial wall. Some presumptive efferent axonal endings are associated with smooth muscle cells, and may modify the tension of the arterial musculature. In general, the afferent innervation of the avian carotid baroreceptor zone appears to be less profuse than that of the mammalian carotid sinus.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

[Biological effects of gamma rays on Salmonella gallinarum and their use in controlling fowl typhoid].

The results are given of following up some biologic effects produced by gamma-rays on Salmonella gallinarum with a view of disclosing the possibilities of their use in the control of fowl typhoid. Used were strains of Salmonella gallinarum isolated from birds affected with acute typhoid. The possibility is stated of the detoxication of an endotoxin of Salmonella gallinarum parallel to the growing intensity of the gamma-rays (1 to 10 Mrad). It was found that the process of detoxication was better expressed in the irradiation of the bacterial cell in vivo. Rates of 20 Mrad were said to substantially modify the endotoxin, rendering it slightly toxic, it retaining its antigenic properties and haptene activity. The same modification could successfully be used as an allergen in the diagnosis of typhoid of birds when alive. It was also established that the use of sublethal rates of gamma-rays from 30 to 80 krad induced various morphologic and biochemical changes in Salmonella gallinarum. Of interest were likewise the studies of the R-strains and a histidine-dependent strain of Salmonella gallinarum which had retained their immunogenic properties.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Leucocyte diurnal rhythms in normal and pinealectomised juvenile female fowls.

Peripheral blood from a group of control and pinealectomised juvenile female fowls was examined to establish which leucocytes manifested a diurnal rhythm and what effect pinealectomy had on these cells. The results showed that significant diurnal rhythms were displayed by the heterophils, lymphocytes and monocytes (P less than 0.001) but not by the eosinophils or basophils. Comparisons made between the control and pinealectomised birds revealed that the heterophil (P less than 0.01) and monocyte (P less than 0.1) counts were higher in the operated birds whereas the lymphocytes were lower (P less than 0.1). The eosinophils and basophils were unaffected. The removal of the pineal gland did not alter the normal diurnal rhythm of the cells.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Production of Heinz body anaemia in the domestic fowl after ingestion of dimethyl disulphide: a haematological and ultrastructural study.

Dimethyl disulphide, a breakdown product of the amino acid S-methylcysteine sulphoxide present in high concentrations in the Brassica family, was fed to a group of adult fowls and the effects were studied haematologically and ultrastructurally. By the seventh day of the experiment Heinz bodies had appeared in most of the red blood cells and between the eighth and 12th days the birds showed leg weakness, feather ruffling and lethargy. The Heinz bodies were divided into two different morphological forms and many vacuoles were also present in these cells. The haemoglobin levels and packed cell volumes were significantly lower that those of the controls and in turn the mean cell haemoglobin and especially the mean cell haemoglobin concentration values were reduced.

Anemia, Hemolytic↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Effects of high and low environmental temperatures on clinical course of fowl cholera in turkeys.

Turkeys inoculated with Pasteurella multocida either in the palatine air spaces or via drinking water were maintained t high (33.4-37.4 C), low (2.6-5.3 C), and moderate (19.8-22.4 C) temperatures in temperature-controlled chambers to determine the influence environmental temperature had on the pathogenesis of fowl cholera. In inoculated turkeys maintained at high temperatures, there was a delay in the onset of depression and, in most instances, in mortality in relation to those at low or moderate temperatures. In turkeys inoculated via drinking water and maintained at low temperatures, there was a higher mortality than in those at high or moderate temperatures. In turkeys maintained at low temperatures during the preinoculation period, the onset of depression was accelerated more after inoculation than in those maintained at moderate temperatures before inoculation. The percentage of leukocytes in the hematocrit was higher in turkeys inoculated int he palatine air spaces and maintained at low temperatures than in turkeys similarly inoculated but maintained at high or moderate temperatures. Cloacal temperatures were higher in all inoculated turkeys maintained at high temperatures than in those at low or moderate temperatures, and decreased markedly when turkeys became moribund. In turkeys inoculated in the palatine air spaces, deaths from pneumonia occurred more frequently at low temperatures and torticollis occurred more frequently at high temperatures than at the other temperatures.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1981

In vivo sampling and biochemistry of tracheobronchial secretions in the fowl. Influence of sulfurdioxide inhalation.

A new method for collecting tracheobronchial secretions from the anesthesized fowl has been developed. Sulfurdioxide inhalation leads to a highly significant increase of mucus output (wet weight), 320 % of control. Glycoprotein output is increased by only 50 %. Thus glycoprotein concentration is lowered to about 1/3 that of the control group. The carbohydrate pattern of the glycoproteins shows no significant alteration after sulfurdioxide treatment. Isoelectric focusing of te glycoprotein subunits derived from papain digestion shows no difference between the macromolecular pattern of the control and SO2 group.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Study of regulation of orthomyxovirus virus-specific polypeptides using the ts-mutant of fowl plague virus having a transcription abnormality as a model].

The synthesis of virus-specific polypeptides in cells infected with a ts-mutant of fowl plague virus with disturbed process of secondary transcription was studied. Synthesis of all virus-specific proteins was shown to occur under conditions providing for synthesis of polyA+ cRNA at the stage of primary transcription but with disturbance of the secondary transcription and blocking of polyA- cRNA and vRNA synthesis. No time regulation of virus-specific polypeptide synthesis was in effect.

Influenza A virus↗
PubMed1981

Efficacy and dissipation of permethrin for the control of the northern fowl mite in hens.

Laying hens were treated with permethrin at the rate of 20 mg per bird to determine efficacy against northern fowl mites Ornithonyssus sylviarum (Canestrini and Fanzago) and the dissipation of residues over a 42-day period. Permethrin provided greater than 99% control of mites for at least 42 days posttreatment as compared to malathion which did not substantially reduce mite infestations. Carbaryl and coumaphos treatment resulted in limited reductions with mite populations recovering by two to three weeks posttreatment. Maximum residues of permethrin in breast muscle, body fat and the uropidium occurred on day 1 posttreatment and were still present in fatty tissue in detectable quantities on day 42. Residues in egg yolk appeared on day 3 posttreatment and peaked on day 7 with trace quantities still present on day 21. Permethrin was not found in egg white. Low residues were found in the liver and gizzard from day 1 through to day 7.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

[The relationship between heart rate and type of growth in the domestic fowl].

The heart rate at 6 and 24 weeks of age and the relative weight of the heart at 8 and 24 weeks were studied in four strains of domestic fowl, differing in growth and, in this study, in body weight. Heart rate at 6 weeks of age was not related to sex, body weight, absolute or relative heart weight. Heart rate at 24 weeks of age was related to relative heart weight at 24 weeks, to absolute heart weight at 6 and 24 weeks, and to body weight at 6 weeks. There was a marked sex effect at 24 weeks. No within-species relationship between heart rate and body weight was found, but a negative correlation existed between heart rate and relative heart weight.

Aging↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Chemotaxis of fowl monocytes to Pasteurella multocida and associated antigens.

The interaction of monocytes and serum from Pasteurella multocida-immunized and non-immunized turkeys and chickens was studied for their chemotactic activity to lipopolysaccharide, free endotoxin, and P. multocida whole cells. Chemotactic factors were released from the interaction between either normal sera or antisera and the bacterial antigens. Heating of the sera affected their ability to interact and release chemotaxins. Heated normal sera were ineffective and heated antisera were less effective than unheated sera. Monocytes collected from immunized and non-immunized fowls responded to the chemotactic factors. This occurrence of heat-labile and heat-stable chemotaxigens in the sera suggests that antibody and complement are involved in the stimulation of chemotaxis.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Haemorrhagic liver syndrome in laying fowl fed diets containing rapeseed meal.

Liver haemorrhage was studied in laying fowl given diets containing rapeseed meals prepared from seed of varieties of Brassica napus grown in the United Kingdom and from seed of the varieties Tower and Erglu. There was lower mortality from liver haemorrhage in birds given Tower than in those given B napus (UK) meal but haemorrhagic lesions in the liver occurred in all groups of birds given rapeseed meal diets, whichever meal was included. Histological and electron microscopical examination revealed several abnormalities in the structure of the hepatocytes. Early degenerative changes were, enlargement of the intercellular spaces, swelling of the mitochondria, distortion of the rough endoplasmic reticulum profiles, disruption of the hepatic sinusoids, and in the most severely affected areas there were necrotic hepatocytes. These abnormalities were observed in sections from the livers of two hybrid strains of birds given the B napus (UK) or Tower rapeseed meal for four weeks or longer.

Animal Feed↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Rapid method for basophil count in domestic fowl.

A simple, rapid, and reproducible method for absolute basophil count in adult domestic fowl is described that uses toluidine-blue stain. The absolute basophil count was variable from bird to bird and breed to breed. The importance of a high basophil count in relation to inflammation and hypersensitivity in birds is discussed.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Studies on Pasteurella multocida. VI. Nature of systemic immunity and analysis of the correlation between levels of immunity induced by various fowl cholera vaccines and protection against challenge.

The nature of the systemic immunity induced by various vaccines against fowl cholera disease in turkeys was investigated. Used as vaccines were three avirulent strains (CU, M2283, and P1580) of Pasteurella multocida administered in the drinking water and a bacterin administered parenterally. A passive hemagglutination test was developed to measure levels of systemic humoral immunity. Systemic cell-mediated immune response was assayed by an in vitro immunostimulation microculture system utilizing peripheral blood lymphocytes. The bacterin induced high levels of systemic humoral and cell-mediated immune responses which respectively persisted for 8 and 6 weeks. The CU strain of live vaccine induced average levels of systemic immunity (humoral and cell-mediated) which respectively persisted for 4 and 6 weeks. The M2283 strain of live vaccine also induced average levels of systemic immunity (less than induced by the CU strain) which respectively persisted for 4 and 6 weeks. The P1580 strain of live vaccine induced low levels of systemic immunity which persisted for only 2 weeks. Results from data generated from an analysis of correlation between levels of immunity and protection indicate that systemic immunity (humoral and cell-mediated) played a significant role.

Administration, Oral↗