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PubMed2004

The effect of dietary fish oil on survival after infection with Klebsiella pneumoniae or Streptococcus pneumoniae.

Dietary fish oil is believed to have a beneficial effect in various infections and in autoimmune disorders. This effect may correspond to an altered immune response. In order to discover whether the effect of dietary fish oil is different in various infections, we studied the survival of mice fed fish oil or corn oil supplemented diets and infected in the lungs with either Klebsiella pneumoniae or Streptococcus pneumoniae. 120 NMRI mice were divided into 4 groups, of which 2 groups were fed a fish oil supplemented diet and 2 a corn oil supplemented diet. After 6 weeks the mice were infected in the lungs with Klebsiella pneumoniae (fish oil groups and corn oil groups) or with Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 3 (both groups). The survival rate was monitored. The experiment was performed twice. The survival of the mice fed fish oil enriched diet and infected with Klebsiella pneumoniae was significantly better compared with the mice fed corn oil enriched diet (p = 0.0001 and p = 0.0013). No difference was found between the mice fed corn oil enriched diet or fish oil enriched diet and infected with Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 3 (p = 0.74 and p = 0.15). Our results indicate that dietary fish oil has a beneficial effect on survival of mice after experimental pneumoniae when infected with Klebsiella pneumoniae, but not after infection with Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 3.

Animals↗

PubMed1993

[15N-labeling of fishes using 15N isotopes in aquarium water and the effect of a different protein nutrient on the 15N elimination after the labeling period].

In a preexperiment of 12 days fishes (Cyprinus carpio L.) were labelled with 15N by means of 15NH4Cl and 15N-urea resp. in the aquarium water and by feeding a protein free diet. 15NH4Cl yielded a higher atom-% 15N excess (15N') in the tissues of fishes. In the main experiment 75 fishes (Cyprinus carpio L.) were 15N-labelled with 100 mg 15N'/l water from 15NH4Cl (95 atom-% 15N') in a protein free preperiod of 12 days. In the following main period the fishes received different protein sources in their diets in maintenance. A group of 20 fishes received an animal protein (fish meal) and two groups of 20 fishes each received plant proteins (soybean meal and wheat gluten resp.). The atom-% 15N' reached after the 15N-labelling period following values: digestive tract with content--7.15, liver--5.65, gills--5.89, muscle--0.81 and chorda dorsalis--1.09 respectively. During the main period (with protein feeding) the atom-% 15N' decreased in the tissues with high protein turnover (liver and gills) on the 2nd and 4th day to 4.31 +/- 0.11 (animal protein) and 4.64 +/- 0.14 (plant proteins) in average. The corresponding values in the tissues with low protein turnover (muscle and chorda dorsalis) were 0.73 +/- 0.04 and 0.80 +/- 0.04 atom-% 15N' in average. From the measurements on the 6th, 8th and 10th day of protein feeding resulted an atom-% 15N' in average of liver and gills of 4.08 +/- 0.13 (animal protein) and 4.11 +/- 0.15 (plant proteins). In muscle and chorda dorsalis the atom-% 15N' ascended in this time upon 0.80 +/- 0.04 (animal protein) and 0.90 +/- 0.03 (plant proteins). It seems that the protein metabolism of fishes is favoured from the amino acid of plant protein in comparison to animal protein to reduce the 15N-loss of the 15N-labelled body in maintenance, like the results from experiments with rats (Hernandez et al., 1981).

Animal Feed↗

PubMed1994

Effect of dietary fish oil on serum lipids and lipoproteins of rats fed diets differing in cholesterol and fat.

The investigation was attempted to clarify the effects of fish oil on the concentration of lipids in serum and lipoproteins in rats fed diets differing in cholesterol and fat. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were maintained on low-fat/high-fat diets without and with 1.5% cholesterol (base diets) for 28 days. Half of each group was then switched to a fish oil diet for 20 days with 5.6% fish oil for exchange of coconut oil and beef tallow. Total cholesterol in rat serum was increased following feeding high amounts of dietary cholesterol. This increase was due to raised VLDL and LDL cholesterol. Rats fed the high-cholesterol/high-fat diet had lower HDL cholesterol concentration than groups fed the other base diets. Dietary fish oil lowered serum and lipoprotein cholesterol, even in the presence of dietary cholesterol. In rats fed the high-fat/cholesterol-free diet triglyceride levels in total serum and VLDL were higher than in rats fed the other base diets. The hypertriglyceridemia in rats was diminished fed dietary cholesterol. Serum triglyceride concentration was markedly lowered by fish oil, whereas, this effect reached significance only using cholesterol-free diets. This was mainly associated with a reduction in VLDL triglycerides. Fish oil lowered HDL triglycerides only in rats fed the low-fat diet without cholesterol. Lipid components in the base diets did not influence serum and LDL phospholipids. Rats fed the high-fat/cholesterol-free diet had a higher VLDL phospholipid level than the other base groups. Irrespective of the base diet, phospholipid levels in serum and lipoproteins were markedly reduced by dietary fish oil. In conclusion, this study suggests that other dietary lipids should be considered when examining the hypolipemic effect of fish oil.

Alanine Transaminase↗

PubMed2001

A simple modeling approach towards hydroperiod effects on fish dynamics in a northern Taiwan wetland ecosystem.

In this paper we develop a simple dynamic model to describe the seasonality of fish population subjected to the pattern of water level fluctuations (i.e., hydroperiod) in a northern Taiwan wetland ecosystem, Kuandu Natural Reservation. We use a harmonic oscillation to characterize hydroperiod quantitatively by obtaining the amplitude and timing of the dominant periodic component in a time series of water levels. The model illustrates the temporal pattern of fish dynamics through the year that can result in very high density of fish at the end of a hydroperiod as well as the importance of ponds and other depressions that both are refuges and sinks during dry periods. We suggest that a 9-mon effective threshold in the length of the hydroperiod must be exceeded to produce high fish population densities. Our results also indicate that the large, piscivorous fish appear to have a major impact on smaller fish in the marsh habitat. Simulation results reveal that the recovery of small fish populations in the marsh following a major drought requires up to two years. The collective results imply that human activities such as drainage or other alterations of the hydrology can exacerbate natural cycles and results in detrimental stresses on fish production and the higher trophic levels dependent on this production.

Animals↗

PubMed1962

Swelling of fish mitochondria.

The physical properties of fish liver and rat liver mitochondria were compared as a function of temperature and osmotic pressure. The data indicate that fish mitochondria are more flexible and swell at a more rapid rate over a 0 to 30 degrees C temperature range, whereas the rates of swelling at 30 to 40 degrees C are comparable. The swelling rates of both fish and rat mitochondria vary with temperature and approximate the Arrhenius relationship. Apparent energies of activation for swelling averaged 26.5 kcal and 12.9 kcal for rat and fish, respectively. Fish mitochondria were less stable than rat mitochondria to osmotic variation, and the disparity in initial swelling rates became increasingly greater with lower osmotic pressure. The hypotonic swelling of both fish and rat mitochondria was readily reversed osmotically; however, there was a very rapid decay of reversal in fish mitochondria and only a very slow decay in the case of rat. All the data indicate that under comparable conditions the fish mitochondrial membranes are more flexible and presumably more permeable and labile than rat mitochondrial membranes. The findings are discussed in relation to the general metabolic implications and the possible contributions of the membrane constituents to membrane behavior.

Animals↗

PubMed1997

Are fish oils beneficial in the prevention and treatment of coronary artery disease?

The n-3 fatty acids of fish and fish oil have great potential for the prevention and treatment of patients with coronary artery disease. Unlike many of the pharmaceutical agents used in patients with coronary artery disease that have just a single mechanism of action, the eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids of fish oil have multifaceted actions. One of their most important effects is the prevention of arrhythmias, with documentation derived from experiments in cultured myocytes, experiments in animals, epidemiologic correlations, and clinical trials. Especially important is the ability of these n-3 fatty acids to inhibit ventricular fibrillation and consequent cardiac arrest. Eicosapentaenoic acid has several antithrombotic actions, particularly in inhibiting the synthesis of thromboxane A2, the prostaglandin that causes platelet aggregation and vasoconstriction. Fish oil retards the growth of the atherosclerotic plaque by inhibiting both cellular growth factors and the migration of monocytes. The n-3 fatty acids promote the synthesis of the beneficial nitric oxide in the endothelium. Experiments in humans indicate a profound hypolipidemic effect of fish oil, especially lowering of plasma triacylglycerol. Both very-low-density lipoprotein production and apolipoprotein B synthesis are inhibited by fish oil. Finally, fish oil has a mild blood pressure-lowering effect in both normal and mildly hypertensive individuals. These composite effects suggest a prominent therapeutic role for fish oil in the prevention and treatment of coronary artery disease.

Animals↗

PubMed2005

n-3 Fatty acids consumed from fish and risk of atrial fibrillation or flutter: the Danish Diet, Cancer, and Health Study.

BACKGROUND: Experimental studies have shown that n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in fish may have antiarrhythmic properties. OBJECTIVE: We examined the association between consumption of n-3 fatty acids from fish and risk of atrial fibrillation or flutter. DESIGN: In a prospective cohort study of 47 949 participants (mean age: 56 y) in the Danish Diet, Cancer, and Health Study, we investigated the relation between the consumption of n-3 fatty acids from fish estimated from a detailed semiquantitative food questionnaire and risk of atrial fibrillation or flutter. The subjects were followed up in the Danish National Registry of Patients for the occurrence of atrial fibrillation or flutter and in the Danish Civil Registration System (vital status and emigration). The consumption of n-3 fatty acids from fish was analyzed as sex-specific quintiles with the use of Cox proportional hazards models. RESULTS: During follow-up (x: 5.7 y), atrial fibrillation or flutter had developed in 556 subjects (374 men and 182 women). When the lowest quintile of n-3 fatty acids consumed from fish was used as a reference, the unadjusted hazard rate ratios in quintiles 2, 3, 4, and 5 were 0.93, 1.11, 1.10, and 1.44, respectively (P for trend = 0.001). The corresponding adjusted hazard rate ratios were 0.86, 1.08, 1.01, and 1.34 (P for trend = 0.006). Inclusion of information on the frequency of fatty fish consumption did not alter these associations. CONCLUSIONS: Consumption of n-3 fatty acids from fish was not associated with a reduction in risk of atrial fibrillation or flutter. We cannot exclude the possibility of residual confounding caused by a lack of information on intake of fish-oil tablets.

Animals↗

PubMed2004

Colorectal adenoma risk is modified by the interplay between polymorphisms in arachidonic acid pathway genes and fish consumption.

Associations between polymorphisms in genes (SNPs) involved in the arachidonic acid (AA) pathway and colorectal adenomas have been investigated in a Dutch case control study including 384 cases and 403 polyp-free controls. Twenty-one polymorphisms in seven candidate genes were studied and a potential modifying effect of fish consumption was considered. A protective effect on colorectal adenomas was found for the CT genotype of SNP H477H in PPARgamma and the GC genotype of SNP V102V in COX-2 (OR 0.63, 95% CI 0.45-0.89 and OR 0.65, 95% CI 0.46-0.92, respectively) compared with the homozygous major genotypes. An increase in adenoma risk was observed for the TC genotype of SNP c.2242T-->C in COX-2 (OR 1.47, 95% CI 1.07-2.00) compared with the TT genotype. Analysis with estimated haplotypes confirmed these associations and revealed three additional associations with COX-2, sPLA(2) and 15LOX haplotypes. Fish consumption modified the associations with COX-2 and PPARdelta genotypes. For SNP c.-789C-->T in PPARdelta the major genotype showed a decrease in adenoma risk for those in the highest tertile of fish consumption (T3), as compared with the lowest tertile (T1) (OR 0.65, 95% CI 0.41-1.02). Protective effects were also observed for SNPs V102V and c.2242T-->C in COX-2 and high fish intake. The interaction between fish consumption and c.2242T-->C was statistically significant, with an OR for the TT genotype and high fish consumption of 0.52 (95% CI 0.27-1.01) as compared with low fish intake. These results indicate that SNPs in genes involved in the AA pathway are associated with colorectal adenoma risk. Some of these associations are modified by fish consumption.

Adenoma↗

PubMed1989

Serum fatty acids and fish intake in rural Japanese, urban Japanese, Japanese American and Caucasian American men.

To examine the relationship of fish intake with serum fatty acids cross-culturally, we surveyed a total of 136 men aged 34 to 55 years in four different populations: rural Japanese (RJ), urban Japanese (UJ), Japanese Americans (JA), and Caucasian Americans (CA). Mean levels of estimated total fish intake per day were 124.9 g in RJ, 70.8 g in UJ, 45.7 g in JA, and 32.3 g in CA. The percentage of total serum fatty acids contributed by omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in these populations was 11.8% in RJ, 9.0% in UJ, 3.4% in JA and 2.5% in CA. Means of omega-3 fatty acids and intake of fish were correlated at the population level; this relationship was strongest when intake of dark-meat fish was considered (n = 4, r = 0.979, p = 0.02). Within each population, except for UJ, individual omega-3 fatty acid levels and dark-meat fish intake were significantly associated (p less than 0.05). A 20 g increase in dark-meat fish consumption was associated with an estimated relative increase in omega-3 fatty acid content of serum by 0.76% in RJ, 0.75% in UJ, 0.64% in JA, and 0.22% in CA. The association between fish intake and serum omega-3 fatty acids at the individual level was not explained by other coronary risk factors. Mortality from coronary heart disease is much lower in Japan than in the US. Population differences in fish intake and serum omega-3 fatty acid levels may contribute to the population difference in the risk of coronary heart disease.

Adult↗

PubMed2001

Mechanistic considerations in small fish carcinogenicity testing.

Historically, small fish species have proven useful both as environmental sentinels and as versatile test animals in toxicity and carcinogenicity bioassays. They can be bred in large numbers, have low maintenance and bioassay costs, and have a low background incidence of tumors. However, more mechanistic information is needed to help validate the information garnered from these models and to keep pace with other more fully developed animal models. This paper focuses on mechanistic considerations when using small fish models for carcinogenicity testing. Several small aquarium fish species have proven useful. The Japanese medaka is perhaps the best characterized small fish model for carcinogenicity testing; however, the zebrafish is emerging as an important model because it is well characterized genetically. Both route and methodology of exposure may affect the outcome of the study. Most studies have been conducted by introducing the test compound into the ambient water, but dietary exposures and embryo microinjection have also been used. Other considerations in study design include use of an initiating carcinogen, such as diethlynitrosamine, and differences in xenobiotic metabolism, such as the fact that fish CYP2B is refractory to phenobarbital induction. The small size of these models has perhaps limited some types of mechanistic studies, such as formation and repair of DNA adducts in response to carcinogen exposure. However, improved analytical methods are allowing greater resolution and should be applied to small fish species. Slide-based methods such as immunohistochemistry are an important adjunct to routine histopathology and should be included in study design. However, there is a need for development of more species-specific antibodies for fish research. There is also a need for more fish-specific data on cytokines, serum biochemistry, and oncogenes to strengthen the use of these important test models.

Animals↗

PubMed2001

A fish model of renal regeneration and development.

The fish kidney provides a unique model for investigating renal injury, repair, and development. Like mammalian kidneys, fish kidneys have the remarkable ability to repair injured nephrons, designated renal regeneration. This response is marked by a recovery from acute renal failure by replacing the injured cells with new epithelial cells, restoring tubule integrity. In addition, fish have the ability to respond to renal injury by de novo nephron neogenesis. This response occurs in multiple fish species including goldfish, zebrafish, catfish, trout, tilapia, and the aglomerular toadfish. New nephrons develop in the weeks after the initial injury. This nephrogenic response can be induced in adult fish, providing a more abundant source of developing renal tissue compared with fetal mammalian kidneys. Investigating the roles played by different parts of the nephron during development and repair can be facilitated using fish models with differing renal anatomy, such as aglomerular fish. The fish nephron neogenesis model may also help to identify novel genes involved in nephrogenesis, information that could eventually be used to develop alternative renal replacement therapies.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

Larvivorous potential of fish species found in river bed pools below the major dams in Sri Lanka.

Malaria in Sri Lanka is closely associated with the river systems in the country. Construction of major dams across rivers has resulted in year-round pooling and anopheline mosquito breeding in river beds below the dams. This study was carried out to determine the larvivorous activity of fish found in river bed pools below the dams to identify the potential fish species for anopheline larval control in these areas. Fish species in five river beds below the dams, namely, Laxapana, Kotmale, Nilambe, Victoria, and Rantembe, were identified in June 2000. The larvivorous potential of the 12 fish species collected was determined in the laboratory based on the number of larvae consumed per fish within 10 min and an hour. Danio malabaricus Jerdon, Oreochromis mossambicus Peters, Oreochromis niloticus L., and Poecilia reticulata Peters consumed nine or more larvae per fish within 10 min. Aplocheilus dayi Steindachner and Rasbora daniconius Hamilton consumed nine and eight larvae, respectively, within 1 h. O. mossambicus, O. niloticus, and P. reticulata consumed 10 larvae per fish within 10 min. Despite some species having a high larvivorous potential in the laboratory, field studies are required to determine the feasibility of using these fish for anopheline mosquito control in the river bed pools below the dams.

Animals↗

PubMed1990

Modulation of the hypolipidemic effect of fish oils by dietary fiber in rats: studies with rice and wheat bran.

Adult male rats were fed a purified diet containing rice bran or wheat bran with or without a marine fish oil to investigate the possible effects of such dietary combinations on lipid metabolism. Plasma and hepatic triacylglycerols and hepatic lipogenesis were lowered significantly by feeding fish oil with rice bran but not with wheat bran. Plasma cholesterol and hepatic cholesterol synthesis were significantly lower in animals fed fish oil with either bran. Liver microsomal free cholesterol was significantly lower in rats fed rice bran alone than in all other groups. Hepatic low density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor activity was significantly higher in the two groups fed rice bran than in the two groups fed wheat bran. Fish oil significantly decreased hepatic LDL receptor activity and increased hepatic high density lipoprotein (HDL) binding activity with wheat bran but had no significant effects on these parameters when added to the rice bran diet. However, when the data for all groups were pooled, there was a significant negative correlation between hepatic HDL binding activity and LDL receptor activity. Cecal volatile fatty acids were significantly higher in rats fed rice bran, were unaffected by adding fish oil to either bran diet and did not appear to mediate any of the effects of the brans and fish oil on plasma lipids and hepatic lipid metabolism. The combination of rice bran plus fish oil therefore appears to have more beneficial effects on lipid metabolism than wheat bran plus fish oil.

Animals↗

PubMed1991

Differential effects of fish oil, safflower oil and palm oil on fatty acid oxidation and glycerolipid synthesis in rat liver.

Studies were conducted to explore the mechanisms by which dietary fish oil decreases hepatic triglyceride secretion. Forty-five rats (15/group) were fed purified diets containing 10% fat as either fish oil, safflower oil or palm oil for 10 d. Plasma triglyceride concentration was lowest in the fish oil-fed group followed by the groups fed safflower oil and palm oil. The liver's capacity to oxidize fatty acids was assessed by assays of mitochondrial and peroxisomal beta-oxidation pathways in whole homogenates. Additionally, key enzymatic activities in the biosynthesis of triglyceride (diacylglycerol acyltransferase, phosphatidate hydrolysis) and phosphatidylcholine (CTP:phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase) were assayed. Compared with those fed palm oil the fish oil-fed animals showed 25% greater mitochondrial beta-oxidation but this difference was not statistically significant (P = 0.1). Fish oil feeding led to 45% greater (P less than 0.05) peroxisomal beta-oxidation. Diacylglycerol acyltransferase activity was unaffected by the type of dietary fat and slightly (13%) but significantly (P less than 0.02) lower cytidylyltransferase activity due to fish oil feeding was observed. More strikingly, both fish oil and safflower oil diets significantly lowered phosphatidate hydrolysis by 37 and 22%, respectively, compared with the palm oil diet. This activity directly correlated (r = 0.68; P less than 0.001) with plasma triglyceride concentration. Thus, dietary fish oil might suppress triglyceride secretion by decreasing glycerolipid synthesis, an effect mediated by changes in one or more enzymes involved in phosphatidate catabolism.

Animals↗

PubMed2001

Reduced hepatic triglyceride secretion in rats fed docosahexaenoic acid-rich fish oil suppresses postprandial hypertriglyceridemia.

To evaluate the mechanisms of suppression of postprandial hypertriglyceridemia by fish oil rich in docosahexaenoic acid, the effect on the intestinal absorption of triglyceride, activities of lipoprotein lipase (LPL) and hepatic triglyceride lipase (HTGL) and metabolism of chylomicrons (CM) and CM remnants were compared with that of safflower oil in Sprague-Dawley rats in a series of studies. The feeding of fish oil for 3 wk suppressed postprandial hypertriglyceridemia (study 1). Dietary fish oil did not alter the rate of lymphatic absorption of triglyceride (study 2). The activities of LPL and HTGL were measured at 5 h after the beginning of feeding, when serum triglyceride concentrations were highest in both dietary groups. The activities of LPL in adipose tissue and heart were greater (P < 0.05) and those of HTGL were lower (P < 0.05) in the rats fed fish oil (study 3). In contrast, there were no differences in the activities of LPL and HTGL in postheparin plasma between the fish and safflower oil groups (study 4). The clearance rates of CM and CM remnants were measured by injecting intravenously CM collected from rats fed safflower or fish oils with [14C]triolein and [3H]cholesterol (study 5). Dietary oil did not influence the half-lives of CM or CM remnants. The secretion of triglyceride from the liver of rats injected with Triton WR-1339 was lower (P < 0.05) in the rats fed docosahexaenoic acid, a major component of fish oil, than those fed linoleic acid, a major component of safflower oil (study 6). These observations strongly support the hypothesis that in rats, the principal cause of the suppression of postprandial hypertriglyceridemia by fish oil is the depression of triglyceride secretion from the liver.

Absorption↗

PubMed2002

Dietary fish oil and Undaria pinnatifida (wakame) synergistically decrease rat serum and liver triacylglycerol.

Japanese eating habits are characterized by the consumption of various food materials such as cereals, vegetables, fish, shellfish, marine algae and meat. Therefore, properties of functional substances in food materials may be enhanced or lessened by the combination of various food materials. In the present study, we examined how the combination of wakame and fish containing polyunsaturated fatty acids, which are typical Japanese food materials, affected rat lipid metabolism. Rats were fed one of four diets [control diet (C), AIN-76 diet with 5 g/100 g rapeseed oil; wakame diet (W) containing 19.1 g/100 g Undaria pinnatifida (wakame) dried powder in the C diet; fish oil diet (FO), AIN-76 diet with 4.1 g/100 g fish oil; wakame-fish oil diet (W + FO), the FO diet containing 19.1 g/100 g dried wakame powder] for 4 wk. We measured the concentration of lipids in serum and liver and hepatic activities of enzymes involved in fatty acid metabolism. The W diet, FO diet and W + FO diet significantly reduced the concentration of triacylglycerols in the serum and liver compared with the C diet. This decrease in the concentration of hepatic triacylglycerol was greatest in rats fed the W + FO diet. The activity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, which is involved in fatty acid synthesis in the liver, of rats fed the W, FO and W + FO diets was lower than that in rats fed the C diet. However, the activities of malic enzyme and fatty acid synthetase did not differ among the four groups. In contrast, the W diet and W + FO diet increased the serum concentration of beta-hydroxybutyrate. Further, the activity of 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase, which is involved in fatty acid beta-oxidation in the liver, was greater in rats fed the W diet (42%), the FO diet (154%) and the W + FO diet (381%) than in those fed the C diet. Because the decrease in the concentration of triacylglycerol in the liver was greatest when rats were fed wakame and fish oil at the same time (W + FO diet), we conclude that there was a synergistic process affecting fatty acid beta-oxidation in the liver. These results suggest that the simultaneous consumption of fish (fish oil) and wakame decreases the concentration of triacylglycerol in the serum and liver.

Analysis of Variance↗

PubMed2003

A fish oil diet does not reverse insulin resistance despite decreased adipose tissue TNF-alpha protein concentration in ApoE-3*Leiden mice.

Dietary interventions with fish oil have been found to protect against the development of high-fat diet-induced insulin resistance and to decrease the expression of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha. However, the effect of fish oil administration on preexisting insulin resistance is subject to debate. In the present study, we examined the mechanism by which fish oil affects preexisting insulin resistance. High fat diet-induced insulin-resistant ApoE*3-Leiden transgenic mice were treated for 10 wk as follows: 1) high fat diet (control group), 2) high fat diet with 3 g/100 g fish oil and 3) high fat diet but food intake restricted to 75% of the ad libitum food intake. We measured plasma glucose, insulin, free fatty acids (FFA) and triglyceride (TG) levels throughout the study. After the 10-wk dietary intervention period we performed hyperinsulinemic euglycemic analyses and measured insulin sensitivity and FFA turnover. Furthermore, we then determined the VLDL-TG production rate and TNF-alpha protein expression in white adipose tissue (WAT). Compared with control mice, the insulin sensitivity of mice treated with fish oil was not affected, whereas it was improved (P < 0.05) for energy-restricted mice. FFA turnover was unaffected in both fish oil-treated and energy-restricted mice. Compared with controls, hepatic VLDL-TG production was lower (P < 0.05) with fish oil feeding but greater with energy restriction (P < 0.05). Interestingly, the level of TNF-alpha protein in WAT was lower (P < 0.05) in both groups. We conclude that partial replacement of saturated fat by fish oil does not improve preexisting high fat diet-induced insulin resistance, although it lowers TNF-alpha protein levels in WAT.

Adipose Tissue↗

PubMed2003

Small indigenous fish species in bangladesh: contribution to vitamin A, calcium and iron intakes.

Fish play an important role in the Bangladeshi diet, constituting the main and often irreplaceable animal source food in poor rural households. Fish consumption is dominated by wild small (length <25 cm) indigenous fish species (SIS). The vitamin A content in SIS varies, from <100 microg of retinol equivalents (RE)/100 g raw edible parts, to >2,500 microg RE/100 g raw edible parts in mola (Amblypharyngodon mola). The study addressed the dietary contribution of fish to vitamin A, calcium and iron intakes and the potential of integrating SIS, including mola, into existing carp polyculture ponds. Fish consumption (wild and cultured fish) was surveyed by 5-d recall interviews in 84 poor rural households in Kishoreganj district in 1997-1998. Fifty-nine of the households cultured carp and SIS in small (mean size 400 m2) domestic ponds. Total household fish consumption was unaffected by the domestic aquaculture production. SIS from wild sources contributed 84% of the total fish consumption. In the peak season (October), SIS contributed 40% (median 23%) of the recommended vitamin A intake at the household level (n = 84). Thirty-four households cultured mola along with carp. Cultured mola used for household consumption contributed 20% (median 18%) of the recommended intake of vitamin A at the household level. Wild SIS is an important source of vitamin A and calcium in Bangladesh. Mola can be integrated in existing carp culture without negative effects and can contribute to increased vitamin A intake in rural households.

Animals↗