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PubMed1975

[Studies on the suitability of solid materials in porcine feces for use in the fattening of cattle. 1. Procedure and results of fattening trials].

Mixtures of pelleted fool containing 30% or 50% of solid material from pig semi-liquid manure were fed to fattening bulls in a 252-day feeding trial. The controls (comprising 9 animals each) received pelleted straw concentrates. The digestibility of the pellets used in these trials was tested on sheep. The animals accepted these pellets readily after a period of adjustment (consumption of dry matter per animal per day: 7.58 kg and 8.20 kg). The daily weight gains of the experimental animals were 1176.0 g and 1003.5 g. The energy required per kg of weight increase was found to be 3.72 kEFr and 4.02 kEFr. The solid materials obtained from pig semiliquid manure were found to have a lower feeding value than the pig faeces, the feeding value of the solid materials corresponding to that of meadow hay of medium quality. The solids may be used to advantage for fattening cattle when fed in combination with straw, cereals and sugar beet products.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1977

[Studies on the use of decanted fat-solids from pig feces in the nutrition of fattening cattle. 2. Comparison of various types of rations].

A 315-day feeding trial (F 3) was carried out with fattening bulls (starting weight: approximately 125 kg per animal) during which 4 groups of 7 bulls each were fed 4 mixtures of pelleted food : (1) concentrates (2) concentrates + 50% straw meal (3) concentrates + 25% straw meal and 25% decanted solids from pig faeces (4) concentrates + 50% decanted solids from pig faeces. The bulls in group 1 and 4 received 1 kg of meadow hay per day in addition to the pellets. Within the framework of a calf-raising trial the animals had already received pellets containing straw and other solids. The average daily weight increases of the bulls in these 4 groups were 1032 g, 1052 g. 1040 g and 844 g per animal/day. The energy intake per g weight increase was 3.36, 3.07, 3.11 and 3.85 kEFr units; the requirements for food concentrates amounted to 4.60, 3.23 3.23 and 3.47 kg of dry matter per kg of weight increase. The resons presumed to account for the unfavourable results in group 4 are discussed in some detail. A further trial (F 4) was performed with a group of 20 bulls for a period of 252 days to test the results obtained with ration 3. Depending on the liveweights of the animals the bulls were fed rations containing 20%, 25% or 30% of straw meal and solids from pig faeces. For the entire period of the trial the daily weight increases were 1041 g per animal: the energy intake per kg weight gain was 4.05 kEFr units and 4.03 kg of dry matter of concentrate were necessary to produce 1 kg of weight increase. The results obtained in the two trials indicate that solids from pig faeces may be used, in limited quantities, as food component in the feeding of fattening cattle.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1983

[Studies with 15N-labeled lysine in colostomized hens. 2. 15N excretion in feces].

Over a period of four days colostomised hens were given 15N-lysine, and the development of 15N-excretion both in the TCA-soluble and the TCA-precipitable fraction of the faeces was measured over eight days. In both fractions the total, lysine, histidine and arginine N and 15N-excess (15N') was determined. The average apparent digestibility of 14N was 81.2% +/- 1.1% and of 15N' 93.2% +/- 0.7%. Labelled N is already excreted in faeces 3 hours after its application. The TCA-precipitable N is less strongly labelled than the TCA-soluble N. During the application of 15N' the labelling in faecal lysine is nearly one power of ten higher than in total N. The atom-% 15N' of the lysine could also be distinctly detected in arginine and histidine. The quotas of the total 15N' in faeces were 3.5% for arginine-15N' and 0.8% for histidine 15N'; 15N' can mainly be detected in the soluble fraction.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed1983

[Effect of a supplement of partly hydrolized straw meal to a diet of fish meal and horse beans on N balance and amino acid excretion in the feces of swine].

2 test pigs each (male castrated pigs) of an average live weight of 51-71 kg received either a wheat/fish meal diet (Ia) or a wheat/horse bean diet (IIa). Due to a supplement of partly hydrolysed straw meal the crude fibre content was increased from 3.0% (= Ia) to 10.1% (= Ib) and from 5.2% (= IIa) to 12.1% (= IIb) in the dry matter. This straw meal supplement decreased the apparent digestibility of the crude protein in I from 92.5 to 85.7% and in II from 89.0 to 79.0%. N-excretion in faeces/100 g DM-intake followed the regression line: y = 228 + 31.2x(r = 0.98) y = mg N/100 g DM-intake x = % crude fibre in the DM of the diet The excretion in faeces/100 g DM-intake of 15 investigated amino acids, too, in each case showed a significant increase with the rising crude fibre content of the diet. The widest growth angle (tan alpha) of all the essential amino acids investigated was shown by lysine and those amino acids with branched chains. The conclusion is that in the presence of a fermentable crude fibre source and a good N-supply those 4 amino acids show a suitable bacterial synthesis rate and a low decomposition rate.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed1984

[Endogenous nitrogen metabolism in 15N-labeled swine. 1. Course of 15N-labeling and 15N excretion in urine and feces under 4 different diets].

Four male castrated pigs (55-65 kg) either received a wheat--fish meal diet (1 and 2) or a wheat--horse bean diet (3 and 4) without straw meal supplement (1 and 3) or with a supplement of 20% DM partly hydrolysed straw meal to the DM of the ration (2 and 4). In order to investigate whether a 15N-labelling of the pigs is also possible with a protein excess in the ration, the animals 1 and 2 received 24.8 g and the animals 3 and 4 = 11.6 g crude protein/kg0,75 live weight. During a 10-day 15N-labelling 385 mg 15N-excess (15N') per kg0,75 were applied in a mixture of ammonia acetate and ammonia chloride in the feed. During the period of 15N-labelling the following quotas of the applied 15N-amount were incorporated: 1 = 10.2%, 2 = 7.2%, 3 = 18.7%, 4 = 14.4%. 15N-excretion in both TCA fractions of faeces showed a highly significant positive correlation to the increasing content of crude fibre in the 4 diets. The immediate 15N-incorporation into the TCA-precipitable fraction of faeces (from the 2nd of the beginning of the 15N-application onwards) proves that 15N enters the large intestine endogenously (probably as 15N-urea) and serves bacterial protein synthesis. Three days after the last 15N-application the pigs were killed. The following values of atom-% 15N' could be determined in the TCA-precipitable blood plasma and in the TCA-precipitable fraction of the liver: 1 = 0.18 and 0.19 resp., 2 = 0.22 and 0.27 resp., 3 = 0.22 and 0.23 resp. and 4 = 0.24 and 0.26 resp. The other examined organs and tissues showed smaller differences between the test animals. The following atom-% 15N' were measured in the TCA-precipitable fractions on an average of the 4 test pigs: kidney = 0.20, pancreas = 0.18, intestinal wall tissue, duodenum = 0.18, jejunum (beginning) = 0.17, jejunum (end) = 0.15, ileum = 0.15, caecum = 0.16, colon (beginning) = 0.15, colon (middle) = 0.14, colon (end) = 0.13, stomach (cardia) = 0.11, stomach (fundus) = 0.12, spleen = 0.13, heart = 0.12, skin = 0.07 and skeleton muscles = 0.06. The results show that the 15N-labelling of tissues and organs of pigs is also possible at a high level of protein supply by means of an oral application of 15N ammonia salts.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

[Relation between 15N excretion in feces following oral 15N urea administration and blood urea concentration in relation to raw fiber intake in swine].

9 pigs of a live weight at the beginning of the experiment of 33 kg received in 3 consecutive series of experiments (3 animals/group) a basic barley ration of 1.0-1.2 kg per animal and day. In groups 1 to 9 the following supplements were given: 1 = without N-supplement, 2 = 10.5 g urea, 3 = 79 g dried skim milk, 4 = 11 g urea, 5 = without N-supplement, 6 = 110 g horse bean coarse meal, 7 = without N-supplement, 8 = 95 g dried skim milk, 9 = 120 g horse bean coarse meal. In groups 1-6 the ration was supplemented with 150-165 g DM partly hydrolysed straw meal per animal and day. After 20 days the animals received a single dosis of 0.5 g/kg0.75 15N-urea (72.1 atom-% 15N-excess) with the morning meal of the first day of the experiment. During the four days of the experiment groups 1-6, due to the straw meal supplement, excreted significantly higher N-amounts than the corresponding groups 7-9. In comparison with the first day of the experiment (1 h after the morning meal) urea concentration in the blood decreased to the following percentage in the sequence 1-9: 64; 65; 77; 54; 64; 73; 82; 88; 84 on the second day of the experiment (1 h before the evening meal. Between the excretion of 15N-excess in faeces (y = mg) during the four days of the experiment and the concentration of urea in the blood (x = mmol/l) there was the following significant negative correlation: y = -40.1 X +340.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1985

[The bacterial fraction in swine feces].

By a treatment with a solution of detergent, subsequent sedimentation and centrifugation faeces samples taken from 12 growing female pigs were divided into: fraction A (coarse particles), fraction B (finer particles), fraction C (bacteria fraction). N-, AA- and diamino pimelic acid (DAP) analyses as well as microscopic analyses were carried out with the complete samples and the fractions. By means of fractioning, 55% of the faecal N and 80% of the DAP could be concentrated in fraction C, fraction A contained approximately 23% of the N and 20% of the DAP. From the DAP: N quotient of fraction C, which was 65 mg DAP/g N, a quota of nearly 70% bacteria-N in the total faecal N of the pigs was calculated.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed1986

[Determination of endogenous nitrogen in feces using the isotope technic].

A ration consisting of wheat gluten and N-free components was supplemented with L-lysine and L-leucine and fed to two groups of growing Wistar rats. Group 1 received 15N Lys and unlabelled Leu, group 2 received unlabelled Lys and 15N Leu in order to study the influence of the utilization of the 15N marker on the labelling quota of faeces and urine as well as various fractions of the body. The good utilization of Lys in group 1 results in a higher 15N excess in faeces and a reduced 15N abundance in urine in comparison to group 2 with a lower utilization of 15N Leu. The results show that the 15N abundance in urine is unsuitable as an indicator of the 15N labelling quota of endogenous metabolic faecal nitrogen.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1987

[Dynamics of amino acid and protein metabolism in laying hens after the administration of 15N-labeled wheat protein. 2. 15N excretion with nitrogen and basic amino acids of the feces].

Over 4 days 12 colostomized laying hens received together with a commercial ration labelled wheat with a 15N excess (15N') of 14.37 atom-%. The labelling of the basic amino acids amounted to 13.58 atom-% for lysine, to 14.38 atom-% for histidine and to 13.63 atom-% 15N' for arginine. 3 animals each were butchered 12 h, 36 h, 60 h and 108 h resp. after the last application of 15N. The heavy nitrogen in the total N and in the N fraction of non-protein origin as well as in the basic amino acids in faeces was daily determined for the individual hens in the total experimental period. On average the crude protein of faeces contained 5.45 % lysine, 2.32% histidine histidine and 3.68% arginine: the protein of faeces correspondingly contained 5.43% lysine, 2.32% histidine and 4.07% arginine. The quota of TCA soluble N in the total N of faeces amounts to one third on the 3rd und 4th days of the experiment and that of 15N' to 28%. The average atom-% 15N' of the protein fraction is 3.48 atom-% 15N' and that of the non-protein N fraction of faeces 2.93 atom-% 15N'. The apparent digestibility and that of the non-protein N fraction of faeces 2.93 atom-% 15N'. The apparent digestibility of the 14N of the ration on average amounts to 82.8% and that of the wheat 15N' to 87.5%. The average quota of the basic amino acids in the protein compounds of faeces amounts to 70.9% for lysine 15N', 73.7% for histidine 15N' and 70.3% for arginine 15N'. The digestibility of the 15N labelled amino acids amounts to 80.4% for lysine, 90.8% for histidine and 90.2% for arginine.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed1988

[The influence of different fiber types on the fecal nitrogen excretion and the content of volatile fatty acids in the feces of broiler hen breeds].

4 colostomized adult broiler breeding hens each received 120 g mixed feed per day. In addition, the animals were given 10, 20, 30 and 40 g/day cellulose powder or apple pectin resp. and 10, 20, 30 g/day straw cellulose. The DM content of the faeces was increased by cellulose powder and decreased by pectin (P less than 0.01) in comparison to the control group. DM excretion in g/animal and day increased more quickly after supplementing cellulose powder than after supplementing pectin. Straw cellulose produced results in between. The fibre supplements increased N excretion in faeces. It was, however, only significantly increased per 100 g DM intake by large pectin supplements (greater than 20 g). The TCA soluble N quota in the total N of the faeces remained largely unchanged after pectin supplements and increased after cellulose and straw cellulose supplements. Pectin supplements significantly increased the formation of acetate, propionate and butyrate in comparison to the other groups. Propionate could sporadically be detected in the faeces of the other test animals, butyrate not at all. In combination with 40 g apple pectin/animal and day, Bisergon (chinoxalin derivative) increased the formation of the 3 volatile fatty acids significantly.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1991

[Determination of 2,6-diaminopimelic acid in swine feces and chymus].

A method is described for estimation of 2.6-diaminopimelic acid (DAP) using an automated amino acid analyzer and MOORE and STEIN ninhydrin reagent. Investigations were made concerning the influence of sample treatment on DAP content of faeces and ileal digesta of pigs and isolated bacteria. Oxidation before hydrolysis did not change DAP content of faeces and bacterial samples, but increased DAP of digesta. Since analytical reasons were excluded, different accessibility of DAP in faeces and digesta for hydrolysis is suggested. Lyophilization or preservation of fresh samples with formaldehyde and phenolic solution, resp., resulted in no significant influence on DAP content.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

[Determination of bacterial N portions in feces and differently collected ileum chymus from swine].

In faeces and ileal digesta samples of 31 intact (INT) as well as 73 surgically differently prepared pigs bacterial fractionations and 2.6-diaminopimelic acid (DAP) estimations were carried out in order to calculate the bacterial N proportion in faeces N and digesta N after feeding various diets. Because of a high individual variability and the analytical variation width of the DAP/N-ratios no distinct influences of the fed diets could be found. The average DAP/N-values in the faeces (0.224) of INT pigs ranged in the same magnitude as in the digesta (0.0272) of ileorectostomized (IRA) pigs with open colon descendens (IRAo), where a digesta backflow is possible. Distinct lower DAP/N-ratios (0.0125 resp. 0.0043), however, were found in the digesta of pigs with ileo-caecal cannulae (IZB) or IRA pigs with closed colon (IRAg). On the base of various premises (N of the "bacterial fraction" C is only bacterial N; the DAP found in fraction A originates from intestinal bacteria adhering to feed particles) conducted calculations of the bacterial N proportions (in per cent of total N) led to the following data: Faeces of INT pigs: 43.0 ... 68.2 vs. 69.6 ... 89.0; digesta of operated pigs (except protein free diet) IRAo: 22.3 ... 57.0 vs. 46.2 ... 73.8; IZB: 17.0 ... 35.7 vs. 25.2 ... 53.6; IRAg (only 3 pigs): 23.6 vs. 24.2. The proportion of bacterial N in the digesta N of protein free fed IRAo pigs was 22.0 vs. 22.6%.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1999

Comparison of direct and enrichment methods for the selective isolation of vancomycin-resistant enterococci from feces of pigs and poultry.

Isolation results of vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) of fecal samples from pigs and broiler and layer chickens obtained with two vancomycin-supplemented enrichment media, kanamycin aesculin azide (KAA) broth and Enterococcosel (ECC) broth, and three isolation media, KAA agar, ECC agar, and Slanetz and Bartley (SL) agar, were compared. Direct isolation on vancomycin-containing agar plates was not efficient in swine and layer chickens, which had only low numbers of VRE. In broilers chickens, the VRE content of the samples was high, and SL as well as ECC were found to perform better than KAA agar. The same three agar media were used as selective plating media after 1 and 2 days incubation of the samples in KAA and ECC enrichment broths. Sensitivities of the 12 different enrichment-plate combinations tested ranged from 0 to 81% in layer chickens and from 5 to 44% in samples from pigs. In the high prevalence type of samples from broilers, sensitivities still varied substantially from 52 to 78%. Incubating vancomycin-containing enrichment broths for 2 days compared with 1 day was favorable for the isolation of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecalis, E. gallinarum, and E. casseliflavus but not for E. faecium and E. hirae/E. durans. ECC broth and ECC plates yielded the highest number of E. gallinarum and E. casseliflavus. In layer as well as in broiler chickens, ECC broth incubated for 2 days and plated on ECC agar was the most sensitive method. In pigs, however, KAA broth incubated for 2 days and plated on ECC medium yielded the highest number of VRE.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

The effect on intestinal transit and the feces of raw and cooked bran in different doses.

Ten healthy male subjects on a low fiber diet were given two doses of raw wheat bran (12 and 20 g/day) and two doses of cooked bran (13.2 and 22 g/day). Both doses of raw bran increased fecal dry weight but only the higher dose decreased transit time and increased stool volume. Individual stool size was increased only by raw bran 12g/day. Neither bran influenced fecal wet weight or stool frequency. This study suggests that the cereal manufacturing process alters wheat bran so that cooked bran has less effect on the intestine than does a comparable amount of raw bran.

Adult↗