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In-patient nurse practitioners.

An increasing number of nurse practitioners are employed in in-patient settings, including emergency rooms, medical, surgical, OB-GYN and critical care units, and nursing homes. This trend poses special problems and opportunities for the in-patient practitioner in educational preparation, credentialing, employment negotiations, prospective reimbursement, hospital privileges and relationships with nurses and physicians. The differences for in-patient practitioners in these areas as opposed to those in ambulatory practice are discussed, and suggestions are made for anticipating and dealing for them.

Credentialing↗

Large medicaid practices and medicaid mills.

There is growing concern that large Medicaid practices (LMPs) may be "Medicaid mills" in which low-quality care is provided. Based on survey data, this study sought to determine whether physicians who treat a disproportionate number of Medicaid patients are in fact operating mills. While practices with at least 30% Medicaid patients are a minority of all practices (15.8%), nearly 60% of all Medicaid patients receive care there. There is no evidence that LMPs can be characterized as Medicaid mills. Visit lengths are shorter in LMPs, but only by two minutes. Nor is there any widespread abuse of ancillary services, skimping on auxiliary staff, or excessive incomes. The LMP physicians, however, do tend to be older, to be trained in foreign medical schools, and to have fewer credentials, such as board certification.

Credentialing↗

The future of the health education profession: implications for preparation and practice.

The health education profession has come to a critical point in its development. If health education is to fulfill its promise as a worthwhile strategy to improve health, the specific competencies of health education specialists and, concomitantly, the educational preparation that they need must be clearly defined. In the past, no clear definition was possible because of the diversity of preparatory programs, the absence of commonly accepted accreditation standards, educators, inconsistent employment requirements, inadequate manpower data, and poor mechanisms for quality assurance. Health educators are examining the various forms of credentialing--accreditation, licensure, and certification--with a view to their use as a means of strengthening the profession's preparation and practice standards. A Role Delineation Project undertaken by the National Center for Health Education, San Francisco, under a contract with the Bureau of Health Professions of the Health Resources Administration, has been completed. Activities that will be carried out subsequent to role delineation are expected to enable the health profession to resolve systematically fundamental issues in respect to manpower standards.

Credentialing↗

Group processes of decision making for hospital-based technology assessment committees.

There are a variety of group-judgment methods to resolve controversial issues in health care. Meta-analysis and group judgment methods such as consensus conferences are attempts to bring diverse elements of information together for synthesis. Leape notes that a significant body of literature exists regarding the techniques used to elicit opinions from groups. Organizational structures and functions of groups vary in terms of the natures of interactions among group members and the manners in which final conclusions are reached and expressed. The introduction of the process of technology assessment into the hospital setting introduces a problem inherent in the introduction of somewhat academic processes into the operational real world of interpersonal relations, administrative and medical staff interactions, staff costs, and institutional priorities. Hospital administrative processes are based on the committee approach. Medical staff credentialing, drug formularies, and administrative policies are all developed, approved, and implemented through committees. It would seem logical that if technology assessment is to be effective in the hospital setting, then those same group decision processes inherent in committees should be used in technology assessment. Relatedly, if technology assessment is to be successful in the hospital setting, then how can the limited resources of hospital-based staff be best utilized to carry through the assessment of elected technologies? This paper discusses group decision processes, particularly as they relate to technology assessment. The processes of particular interest are those that focus on group interactions rather than theory-based decision processes. The purpose for the paper is to provide to clinical engineering management and senior hospital management background information to use in the formulation of the operating parameters of a hospital-based technology assessment committee.

Biomedical Engineering↗

[The current status in obtaining a license for the practice of dentistry in the European Union and the United States of America].

Present regulations on the issuance of dental licenses are very different between the United States of America and the European Community. Two different mechanisms attempt to arrive at the fairest possible solution: licenses controlled by either national and/or local examinations in the United States, and licensing by credentials in the European Community. Both are compared and discussed.

Credentialing↗

From clinical ladders to a professional recognition program.

A three-year process involving the redesign of clinical ladders led to a professional recognition program. After one year, a self-initiating credentialing ladder was established. The second year, one job description/performance evaluation was developed for bedside nurses--a professional ladder with system-wide and unit-specific requirements. Finally, during the third year, a professional recognition program emerged, recognizing expertise and experience.

Awards and Prizes↗

Miscellaneous legal issues affecting integrated delivery systems, foundations, and management services organizations.

This chapter addresses some of those legal issues that uniquely affect the formation or operations of an integrated delivery system (IDS), a foundation, or a management services organization (MSO), but which are not discussed in any other chapters. This chapter gives special insight and guidance on issues such as licensing, credentialing and peer review, employee benefit plans, prohibitions against physician self-referrals, and the rules on disclosure of ownership and control.

Conflict of Interest↗

Clinical privileges for laparoscopic surgery.

Laparoscopic cholecystectomy has undergone an explosive growth. Its benefits to patients--shortened recovery time and less pain--became immediately obvious. The procedure's development and adaptation have largely been devised and implemented by ingenious and creative private practitioners, not the typical mode of introduction. Most or many new procedures in the past evolved from academic institutions after laboratory and then clinical trials. With rapid development and acceptance has come an additional new burden among medical practitioners: credentialing and granting clinical privileges.

Clinical Competence↗

Recognizing physicians' rights under exclusive contracts.

As hospitals attempt to position themselves as competitive economic units with selected physicians, economic credentialing of hospital medical staff will accelerate. What recourse do physicians on staff have when a hospital enters into an exclusive contract with another group? Do the due process provisions in the medical staff bylaws apply? Is there a right to due process and to a hearing even when no quality issues are involved? This article discusses recent court decisions on this topic, focusing on Texas statutes and case law.

Contract Services↗

The surgeon as an endovascular interventionist. Why and how?

Catheter-based endovascular techniques have advanced significantly over the past three decades. It is only recently that surgeons have become more interested in these developments, and are now rapidly gaining in training and widening practice opportunities. Endovascular training and credentialing for the surgeon continue to be poorly-defined areas. Several pathways, albeit incomplete, are available for the incorporation of endoluminal/percutaneous skills into the surgical armamentarium. Ultimately, it can only be through established postgraduate residency and fellowship programs that the subspecialty of endovascular surgery can have a more universal applicability. The basic necessary catheter skills have been defined. Imaging requirements, both radiographic and endoscopic/ultrasonographic, are most significant and of great significance for the safe and successful performance of endoluminal vascular techniques. On balance, it is felt strongly that endoluminal catheter techniques are crucially important for the vascular surgeon of today and tomorrow.

Angiography↗

Service chief recommendations in performance-based clinical privileging.

A medical facility is responsible for the standards of practice of its medical staff and can be found liable if it was negligent in appointing or reappointing a member of the staff who is incompetent. Joint Commission standards require that recommendations for consideration of initial, renewal, or revision of clinical privileges be made based upon peer evaluations of professional performance, judgment, and clinical and technical skills. Valid recommendations involve two discrete steps: collecting data and evaluating that data. The most pertinent data are those of current competence. The responsibility of interpreting the data rests with the Department or Service Chief. It is his clinical experience that enables him to evaluate a providers' care, in light of accepted standards of practice, for a specialty and for a specific region. Subsequently, in order for the Credentials Committee to make a meaningful performance-based privileging recommendation to the military treatment facility Commander, a summary must be written by the Department/Service Chief, incorporating all of the relevant data and the evaluation of those data. Based on the objective data with the accompanying evaluation, the summary must conclude that the provider is physically and mentally capable of performing the procedures requested, including having the social skills necessary to relate with others in the total care of the patient, and that his training, experience, and recent past performance is consistent with the prudent delivery of care. Continuous performance improvement strategies must support this process by organizing hospital committee structures, ancillary staffing, and information management processes to support a decision-making process based on facts.

Credentialing↗

Health care information processing: how accurate are the data?

Managed health care providers, governmental agencies, lawmakers, and the general public are now relying on informational databases to influence health care decisions. This information is also used to derive efficiency profiles for both the individual physician and the institution. However, database reporting procedures are not standardized or monitored. Further, the ICD-9-CM coding system lacks specificity. Consequently, the accuracy of the information in a typical informational database is questionable. As a result, credentialing of physicians and institutions may be based on erroneous information from inaccurate databases. The objective of our study was to document the accuracy of a local informational database. We did a retrospective review of 40 randomly selected charts with surgical procedure codes (ICD-9-CM) for decompression or diskectomy. We compared the diagnosis, procedures, comorbid events, and complications as originally recorded by the surgeon with results of our chart review. We also compared the procedure codes as originally recorded by a hospital recorder with results of our chart review. Results indicated that the information actually reported to the hospital database was lacking or inaccurate in 70% of cases. Discrepancies were not the fault of hospital coders; the coding accuracy rate was 95%. Discrepancies were largely the result of two problems. First, the primary procedure code (ie, the first code on the list recorded by the hospital medical records personnel) did not always match the actual primary procedure (ie, the most complex procedure) done by the surgeon. Second, the ICD-9-CM code was not specific enough to accurately describe the actual surgery done. We conclude that critical discrepancies were recorded into the informational database.

Adult↗

Training requirements for pulmonary artery catheter utilization in adult patients.

OBJECTIVE: To review the literature addressing the issue of training requirements for pulmonary artery catheter (PAC) utilization in adult patients. DATA SOURCE: All pertinent English language articles dealing with training requirements for pulmonary artery catheterization were retrieved from 1984 through 1997. STUDY SELECTION: Articles were chosen if issues related to training and pulmonary artery catheterization were studied or reviewed. DATA EXTRACTION: From the articles selected, information about PAC training was obtained. DATA SYNTHESIS: The PAC is a commonly employed monitoring tool in the management of critically ill patients. Recent publications have strongly implied that PAC monitoring is associated with an increased morbidity and no notable clinical benefit. In response to these findings, the value of PAC monitoring has been questioned. The benefit assessment of any technology on clinical outcome presumes that the care provider possesses the skills and knowledge to optimally utilize the data obtained and simultaneously minimize the potential complications. Several recent articles have addressed physician and nurse knowledge as it pertains to PAC monitoring. The results of these studies are quite alarming. Marked deficiencies of knowledge were noted particularly in area of data interpretation and patient management. Extrapolating from their conclusions, it appears that any effort to proactively assess the value of PAC monitoring will be compromised until attempts are made to standardize and optimize the clinical skills of those involved in utilization of the technology. This article provides a proposed program for clinical education and raises the question regarding the necessity of demonstrated proficiency. CONCLUSION: Training, credentialing, and continued quality improvement related to PAC should be improved.

Catheterization, Swan-Ganz↗

The Academy of Health Information Professionals: a review of the first five years.

The Medical Library Association (MLA) has provided its members with a credentialing program since 1949. This article reports on a five-year review of the current program, the Academy of Health Information Professionals. The review included an analysis of the financial basis of the academy and the use of three different survey instruments designed to gather input from MLA members and other opinion leaders. A final report to the MLA Board of Directors set forth eight recommendations based on questions and concerns identified during the review process.

Cost-Benefit Analysis↗

Performance improvement in telemedicine: the essential elements.

Performance improvement activities in telemedicine may be placed into five categories. (1) Licensing and credentialing. Telemedicine overcomes geographical boundaries, but its reach is constrained by state laws on licensing. Some states require a state license, whereas others grant "consultation exemptions" for out-of-state physicians. Simple renewable licenses do not guarantee quality. Potential solutions include a national telemedicine license or license reciprocity laws for telemedicine. (2) Data security and privacy. Telemedicine technology raises some security concerns. Differences in reporting requirements among states complicate the issue of privacy. Storage of telemedicine consultation records may help physicians document care decisions for risk management, but conventional long-term storage may not be feasible because of cost constraints and may not be required to document the encounter appropriately. (3) Informed consent. Potential failures in security and transmission are new, and should be communicated to the patient. (4) Peer review. Peer review findings encourage thorough, accurate, and legible documentation. Results should be recorded by provider and must be available during the recredentialing process. (5) Tailored performance improvement initiatives. By using established principles and techniques, performance improvement initiatives can gather, analyze, and communicate information about the cost-effectiveness of telemedicine. These performance improvement efforts are the heart of quality management and are critical to the justification of telemedicine. Walter Reed Telemedicine has put into effect a performance improvement plan in accordance with this outline. This article describes the plan and suggests it as a model for other telemedicine programs.

Computer Security↗

Networks in workers' compensation medical delivery.

Medical networks offer discounted fees, control of the workers' compensation case, quality monitoring, and managed care services. As channeling of workers' compensation cases to networks increases, credentialed physicians will benefit.

Community Networks↗

School health services and managed care: a unique partnership for child health.

The inevitable merging of the world of managed care and school health services, particularly nursing services, will allow both to benefit from the resulting collaboration. The inclusion of the school nurse in the continuum of health care delivery promotes effective, timely, accessible, cost-effective services for children. Managed care offers an opportunity to bring to prominence the role of the school nurse and to increase school-based health services. School health services staff must begin credentialing, data gathering, and quality improvement activities prior to entering negotiations with managed care organizations. Success of this partnership could result in improved access to health care for millions of underserved school-aged children, greater attention to preventive services, and an optimal setting for health promotion activities leading to improved health for all children.

Child↗