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PubMed1996

'Coffee & condoms': the implementation of a sexual health programme in acute psychiatry in an inner city area.

A sexual health programme was set up specifically to target mentally ill individuals, providing a distinct group of interventions designed to assist this specialist cohort in acquiring knowledge, skills, and attitudes that will directly contribute to their mental health. The programme consisted of gender-specific and mixed groups, a drop-in service, condom provision and a full-time programme coordinator. Areas covered were safer-sex, knowledge of HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases, assertiveness and practical skills of condom use. Mental health nurses possessed the skills to offer sexual health advice to mentally ill individuals. Mentally ill individuals were enthusiastic to attend groups, and were able to participate in the programme.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

A simple method to test condoms for penetration by viruses.

A method by which virus penetration through condoms can be tested with simple, inexpensive equipment is described. The method uses chi X174 bacteriophage as the challenge virus and physiologically relevant pressure. Penetration by 0.1 microliters (or less) of challenge suspension can be readily detected. As examples, latex and natural-membrane condoms were examined.

Bacteriophage phi X 174↗
PubMed2001

A novel condom policy for young attenders at a sexual health clinic.

OBJECTIVES: To review the uptake of a new service for condom provision in the under 16s. METHODS: A retrospective case note review of attenders at an inner London sexual health clinic. RESULTS: The service was audited over a 3 month period in the spring of 2000. There were 97 individual attendances, 94% (92) male and 6% (5) female. 89% (87) had never attended a sexual health service before. When asked how they had heard of the clinic 88% (86) said a friend had told them about the clinic. 66% (64) claimed not to be sexually active. CONCLUSIONS: A novel policy of condom distribution to groups of boys has been successfully piloted at an inner London sexual health clinic. This policy appears to be overcoming the reluctance of teenage boys to access sexual health services.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Condom use, pregnancy, and STDs in adolescent females with and without type 1 diabetes.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this secondary analysis was to describe and compare adolescent females with and without diabetes in terms of use of condoms, pregnancy outcomes, and sexually transmitted disease (STD) outcomes. METHODS: Data from a multisite, case-controlled, telephone survey study were used in a secondary analysis to evaluate the parameters stated in the purpose. RESULTS: The 87 females with type 1 diabetes and 45 nondiabetic females who participated were 16 to 22 years old. Most were Caucasian, in high school, and lived with their parents. No demographic differences were noted between the groups. Of those sexually active, for both groups, the most common contraceptive method was male condoms. Four females with diabetes and 2 without diabetes reported an unplanned pregnancy. Three females with diabetes reported an STD infection (chlamydia or trichomonas). Five females with diabetes and 4 nondiabetic females had abnormal pap tests. CONCLUSIONS: Adolescent females with and without diabetes engaged in less than optimally protected sexual activity, which increased their risk for unplanned pregnancies and STD infections. Further research is needed of the incidence, treatment, and short-term and long-term complications of STDs in adolescent females with diabetes.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Influence of abuse on condom negotiation among Mexican-American women involved in abusive relationships.

This study explored cultural and gender perspectives of abuse on condom negotiation behaviors for AIDS prevention among Mexican-American women in abusive intimate relationships. A convenience sample of 20 abused women participated in the study. Data were collected through a demographic questionnaire and audiotaped responses to a semistructured interview guide. Content analysis using QSR NUDIST was used to analyze the verbatim transcriptions of all participant interviews. The predominant category, "He always got his way," was developed in response to the content of the verbatim transcriptions. The category was further expanded to include the self-descriptive subcategories of "He beat me," "He made me feel bad," and "He forced me." Through content analysis, a relationship between abuse by male sexual partners and condom negotiation for AIDS prevention was identified. Trustworthiness of the data collection and analysis was established through methods suggested by Lincoln and Guba.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

'Condom club': an interface between teenage sex and genitourinary medicine.

In response to demand from young teenagers, a nurse-led 'condom club' was established in 1996. This paper reports the use of the service from 1996 to 1999 by retrospective case note review. Two hundred and eighty-six individual males and 327 individual females made 655 and 824 visits, respectively. Condoms were accessed by 495 individuals, but girls also requested emergency contraception and pregnancy testing. Young teenagers were reluctant to have screening for sexually transmitted infections (STIs), but in those that did, 50% were found to have an STI. It is concluded that young teenagers will access a nurse-led sexual health advice service. The use of nursing staff allows greater flexibility of access. Geographical accessibility was also shown to be important.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Factors related to self-efficacy for use of condoms and birth control among women at risk for HIV infection.

Many women who are at risk for HIV do not regularly use condoms, particularly with their main partners. In this paper we examine factors related to self-efficacy for condom use with main and other partners and self-efficacy for birth control in 2864 women interviewed in five urban high-risk communities. Limited social and economic resources, dependence on a main partner, and risk factors, including exchanging sex for money or drugs and binge drinking, were found to be negatively related to self-efficacy. Segmentation analysis identified groups of women with low self-efficacy who should be the focus of preventive interventions.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Condom use and perceived risk of HIV transmission among sexually active HIV-positive men who have sex with men.

This study examined the association between HIV transmission risk perception and the sexual risk behaviors of HIV-positive men who have sex with men. Respondents rated the degree of risk of transmitting HIV through insertive anal intercourse and insertive oral sex. We examined (a) the perceived level of HIV transmission risk assigned to each sexual behavior and (b) the association between perceived risk for HIV transmission and condom use during insertive anal intercourse and insertive oral sex. We found for behaviors that have achieved less risk consensus that as transmission risk perception increases, so too does the likelihood of condom use. This study highlights the need for more research in understanding how perceived health risk to others influences protective behaviors.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Condom social marketing, Pentecostalism, and structural adjustment in Mozambique: a clash of AIDS prevention messages.

Despite significant debate about the efficacy, ideology, and ethics of the method, condom social marketing (CSM) has become the dominant approach to AIDS education in many sub-Saharan African countries. However, critics have charged that social marketing (SM) distracts from the structural determinants of health-related behavior and excludes genuine community participation. This article argues that the diffusion of SM techniques in Africa is not driven by demonstrated efficacy but is attributable to the promotion of privatization and free markets in the structural adjustment era across the region. The CSM experience in a central Mozambican community reveals the dangers of using the method at the expense of community dialogue and participation to confront the AIDS epidemic. The advertising campaign developed to sell condoms has clashed with Pentecostal and Independent Churches, now a majority of the population, that have expanded rapidly across the region spreading a contrasting message about sexuality and risky behavior.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed2006

["It takes two to tango": a study on inconsistent use of male condoms by adolescents in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil].

This study assessed gender-related aspects involved in the inconsistent use of male condoms by adolescents in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Four focus groups were conducted, two with each gender, two in a public school and two in a private school, totaling 34 participants, comparing gender and social status. The resulting material was analyzed using a critical interpretative approach. Among the emerging themes, "gender relations" were chosen, consisting of three dimensions: trust, submission, and initiative. So-called unequal gender power was not detected in the adolescents' discourse, which however revealed an apparent inequality in negotiation and initiative in condom use. Differences between public and private schools were subtle. Some changes may be occurring in the field of adolescent sexual behavior. The results indicate the importance of channels for dialogue, taking into account the singularity of groups in order to establish intervention strategies adapted to subjects and different historical and cultural contexts.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Antibody testing and condom use among heterosexual African Americans at risk for HIV infection: the National AIDS Behavioral Surveys.

OBJECTIVES: This study describes predictions of condom use and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) antibody testing in a population-based sample of African-American heterosexuals who reported HIV risk behavior. METHODS: Data were taken from the National AIDS Behavioral Surveys. RESULTS: Of the African-American respondents, 22% reported some risk for HIV infection; of those, 24% had been tested for HIV. CONCLUSIONS: Prevention messages encouraging HIV testing and condom use have not resulted in high rates of self-protective behavior among African Americans. Future prevention interventions must focus on specific motivations and barriers with regard to engaging in preventive behavior among specific age, gender, and educational-level groups within the population of African Americans at risk for HIV infection.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Condom use as a function of time in new and established adolescent sexual relationships.

OBJECTIVES: This study sought to describe condom use over time in new and established adolescent relationships. METHODS: The outcome variable was time (in days) until first unprotected coital event. Analyses involved comparisons of Kaplan-Meier survival curves and Cox proportional hazards models. RESULTS: Survival functions for the 2 relationship groups were significantly different. However, by 21 days the curves had converged: 43% of new and 41% of established relationships involved no unprotected coital events. Time to first unprotected coital event was significantly longer in new than in established relationships. CONCLUSIONS: Prolongation of condom use in ongoing relationships may be a useful intervention to prevent sexually transmitted diseases.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Attitudes of French-Canadian university students toward use of condoms: a structural analysis.

164 French-Canadian university students took part in a study analyzing the factorial pattern of attitudes toward the use of condoms. A principal component analysis identified 7 factors, namely, positive general attitude toward use of condoms, contraceptive security, inhibition of sexual pleasure, inconvenience, embarrassment, responsibility, and lessening of physical pleasure.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Latex protein levels in external condom catheters.

The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) allows for labeling medical products that have reduced levels of total water-extractable latex protein. The standard test method of the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) for analysis of latex protein in natural rubber and its products is a colorimetric assay with a precipitation step called the modified Lowry assay. In an analysis of latex external condom catheters, we have documented a significant difference in protein levels between two brands of external condoms. The modified Lowry assay is a significantly less specific method than is an immunochemical assay for measuring total water-extractable latex proteins. This nonspecificity of the modified Lowry assay makes it difficult to accurately identify medical products with extremely low levels of total water-extractable latex protein.

Antigens↗
PubMed2000

Obstetrical and gynecological devices; classification of female condoms. Food and Drug Administration, HHS. Final rule.

The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is classifying the preamendments female condom intended for contraceptive and prophylactic purposes. Under this rule, the preamendments female condom is being classified into class III (premarket approval). This action is being taken under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (the act), as amended by the Medical Device Amendments of 1976, the Safe Medical Devices Act of 1990, and the FDA Modernization Act of 1997.

Single-Use Internal Condom↗
PubMed2001

A mathematical treatment of AIDS and condom use.

In this paper we examine the impact of condom use on the sexual transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) amongst a homogeneously mixing male homosexual population. We first derive a multi-group SIR-type model of HIV/AIDS transmission where the homosexual population is split into subgroups according to frequency of condom use. Both susceptible and infected individuals can transfer between the different groups. We then discuss in detail an important special case of this model which includes two risk groups and perform an equilibrium and stability analysis for this special case. Our analysis shows that this model can exhibit unusual behaviour. As normal, if the basic reproduction number, R0, is greater than unity then there is a unique disease-free equilibrium which is locally unstable and a unique endemic equilibrium. However, when R0 is less than unity two endemic equilibrium solutions can also co-exist simultaneously with the disease-free solution which is locally stable. Numerical simulations using realistic parameter values confirm this and we find that in certain circumstances the disease-free solution and one of the endemic solutions are both locally asymptotically stable, while the other endemic solution is unstable. This unusual behaviour has important implications for control of the disease as reducing R0 to less than unity no longer guarantees eradication of the disease. For a restricted special case of this two-group model we show that there is only the disease-free equilibrium for R0 < or = 1 which is globally stable. For R0 > 1 the disease-free equilibrium is unstable and there is a unique endemic equilibrium which is locally stable. We then attempt to fit the model to HIV and AIDS incidence data from San Francisco, USA. The paper concludes with a brief discussion.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed2002

Protease inhibitor combination therapy and decreased condom use among gay men.

BACKGROUND: The objective of the study was to determine whether treatment with protease inhibitors is associated with unprotected sexual behavior. METHODS: A total of 592 HIV-infected persons recruited from statewide public clinics in nonurban Alabama communities completed an assessment that, among other variables, elicited information on demographics, current sexual practices, health status, and medication use. Associations of treatment with protease inhibitors and high-risk sexual behavior were estimated, adjusting for potential confounders. RESULTS: Treatment with protease inhibitors was not associated with whether a person was sexually active or with high-risk practices among sexually active heterosexual men and women. Among men who had sex with men, however, treatment with protease inhibitors was associated with never using condoms and with inconsistent use of condoms. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians treating patients with protease inhibitors should consider providing risk-reduction counseling.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Abstinence-only agenda replaces condom message. Conservative message travels around world.

Twenty years into the HIV epidemic, behavioral scientists appear to have a pretty good idea of what type of education works in preventing the spread of HIV, particularly among high-risk populations. It can be summed up in one word: condoms. So some public health officials and others are baffled by a backlash against the use of condoms and, by extension, groups that promote comprehensive sexual education for youth.

Adolescent↗