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There is an increase of thyroid carcinoma incidence in regions contaminated after the Chernobyl accident as well as in Russia on the whole. The most considerable increase occurred in younger age groups of population. No difference in thyroid tumors structure was found in polluted with radionuclides and non-polluted regions.
10 years after the Chernobyl disaster gamma radioactivity from Cs-137 was determined in 53 breast milk samples from Tyrol, as well as 9 samples from Tibet and 2 from Nepal by means of a gamma-spectrometer with a germanium detector. In contrast to the values obtained within a few days, and again 1 year after the nuclear plant catastrophe, all samples from Tyrol showed gamma radioactivity levels (median 0.07 nCi/l; range 0.02-0.20 nCi/l) which were now below the limit laid down for baby food in Austria (0.3 nCi/l-11.1 Bq). The samples from Tibet and Nepal registered a slightly higher level of gamma radioactivity (median 0.16 nCi/l; range 0.16-0.41 nCi/l).
The study of the micromammalian parasite complexes in the Belorussian part of the evacuation zone of the Chernobyl nuclear station revealed 13 species of Coccidia and 30 species of ectoparasitic Arthropoda. Total increase of abundance and biodiversity of both parasites and their hosts was observed. The part of ectoparasites being epidemically hazardous was significantly increased. An analysis of a long-term dynamics of parasite abundance reveals their adaptation to new conditions in the Belorussia.
Causes of death were analysed for two groups of subjects exposed to radiation in 1986 because of the Chernobyl accident. 27 victims were exposed to external gamma-radiation (4.3-13.7 Gy) in the moment of or few hours after the accident. Most of these subjects had radiation sickness of different severity in combination with local radiation lesions. 2 victims had severe thermal burns. 405 victims worked as wreckers or emergency teams members in the contaminated area in different time after the accident. They died most frequently of traumas, accidents, cancer, cardiovascular diseases. Most of deaths in this group were attributed to general somatic causes unrelated to the hazards of the ionizing radiation.
A total of 107 patients (81 males, 26 females), their age ranging between 34 to 45 years, diagnosed as having discirculatory encephalopathy with underlying cerebrasthenic syndrome, were examined. All the examinees took part in the elimination of the Chernobyl accident effects in 1986. It was found out, that cerebrasthenia which is present in the structure of all clinical variants of organic affection of the brain is the most mobile (functional) link of the morbid process when a disorder sets in rather than the failure of the organ to perform its function. It ranks among other asthenic syndromes reflecting a specific character of exogenous radiation effect on the organism, being a result of a characteristic interaction between the organism and a health hazard. Measures to dispel the asthenic component at the initial stages of development of the disorder will make for reduction or arrest of progression of organic symptomatology.
We studied the main values of ultrasonic scanning of patients with thyroid nodes depending on the dose, conditions of irradiation and sex. A total of 281 patients who had received a dose of irradiation of 0.01 to 2.0 Gr were evaluated; of these, 82 took part in the elimination of the effects of the Chernobyl accident (EEA) after evacuation, and 190 subjects were evacuees from the ChNPP 30-km zone, their age ranging between 20 to 68 years. In 43.6% of those having taken part in EEA, thyroid nodes did not exceed 1 cm across, in 44% node diameter was in the range 1 to 2 cm, in 12.4% it exceeded 2 cm. A screening examination revealed volume formations up to 1 cm in 79.5% of the evacuees, 1 to 2 cm across (9.4%), and in 13.02% node diameter exceeded 2 cm. In a major proportion of the examined patients the nodes were hypoechogenous. Distribution of echogenicity of nodes in male subjects does not depend on the dose and period of irradiation. A suggestion is made to the effect that ChNPP accident factors are not involved in the development of nodular forms of goiter in the immediate 7 years following irradiation.
A clinical study was made of rate of elimination of radiocaesium in 137 adult subjects and 4700 children residing in the territory affected by radioactive contamination caused by the Chernobyl accident, undergoing rehabilitative treatment at the Truskavets health resort. A complex of therapeutic measures involving the use of the mineral water "Naftusia" containing few mineral substances, and, in addition, enterosorbents (Silard-P, Enterosgel, Ferrocin), the concentrated product "Vin-Vita" were associated with moderate stimulation of elimination of 137Cs from the organism. Supplementary ferrocin over six days had the best effect in the above series, with the activity of radiocaesium having been decreased by 40% whereas a complex of therapeutic measures over 20 days with no such supplement led to 17% reduction in 137Cs. It is suggested that ferrocin be included into the complex of therapeutic measures designed to eliminate 137Cs from the organism.
Erythropoesis activation, realizing by microenvironmental cells, was noted in hepar of the tailless amphibians R. Lessonae and R. Ridibunda, living in the Chernobyl AES alienation zone. Destructive changes, and the ribosome-protein complexes, fibrillar structures synthesis intensification was revealed in hepatocytes. Ribosome-protein complexes and fibrillar-granular material of hepatocytes enter the blood stream, where they incorporate into the erythroblasts cytoplasm. Focal hyperplasia and macrophages hypertrophy were revealed. Macrophages, transporting the hepatocytes cytoplasm components into erythroblasts and supplementing them with their cytoplasm synthesis products, take an active part in supply of differentiating red blood cells with different materials.
AIM: Study of the immunity and nonspecific defense factors in subjects living at a territory contaminated with radionuclides at a density of 1-5 Ci/km2 after the Chernobyl accident. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 144 subjects aged 18 to 82 years living in the Sasovo region of the Ryazan district were examined. Three groups were distinguished with different density of contamination: 1) n = 54, 1-5 Ci/km2; 2) n = 36, conditionally pure territory; and 3) n = 54, living at the interface of the two territories. Blood analysis was carried out, nonspecific defense factors studied in the NBT test, and cellular and humoral immunity parameters investigated. RESULTS: Values of the NBT test, levels of the natural inhibitory factor and IgA, counts and functional activities of T lymphocytes and their subpopulations differed but negligibly from those in subjects living at pure territories. On the other hand, the counts of large granular lymphocytes were decreased and the incidence of autoimmune reactions to thyroid hormone antigens increased in the population exposed to low-dose ionizing radiation, which might be due to incorporation of radioactive iodine. CONCLUSION: The detected changes in the population exposed to low-dose radiation indicate that the history of exposure cannot be neglected, for such an exposure causes development of some diseases or alters their course.
In result of own researches and analysis of the literature? the information about high sensitivity of neutrophils of peripheric blood to infringements of constancy of internal state of body, arising as reply to radiating influence, are received. Ionized radiation modulates greatly properties and functions of neutrophilic granulocytes, which are the most sensitive and high-modulated cells of non-specific resistance system. The changes of the functional-metabolic status of neutrophils in participants of liquidation of consequences of Chernobyl disaster have been saving during 10 years after influence of the extreme, including radiating, factors of failure.
Ten years after the Chernobyl fall-out, a significant increase was found in the number of childhood and adolescent papillary thyroid carcinomas (p < 0.05) and Hashimoto thyroiditis (p < 0.01) among the 1226 thyroid patients operated on at the 1st Department of Surgery of the University Medical School of Debrecen.
Antioxidant complex including flacumine, glutamic acid, and sodium thiosulfate was used to treat pathological changes in the organ of vision in the liquidators of the Chernobyl accident. The treatment stabilized vision acuity and improved some hormonal and immunological parameters of the blood. Hence, this therapeutic complex can be used for the prevention and treatment of ocular abnormalities in subjects exposed to radionuclides.
As many as 119 subjects who took part in the elimination of the aftermath of the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant breakdown were studied for their neurological status 7-8 years following the accident. Changes were revealed at all levels of the brain, such as cortex, subcortex, truncus cerebri. Parameters characterizing blood were studied in the examinees together with results of radiometry of brain tissue of deceased liquidators, that suggested cause-and-effect relationship between cerebral symptomatology and radiation.
Dynamics of cytogenetic anomalies in liquidators of the Chernobyl accident has been studied. Dicentric and ring frequencies appeared to be the most informative criteria of radio-induced chromosome aberrations. The rate of cell elimination with dicentrics and rings was higher in liquidators exposed to more than 25 cGy of radiation that in those exposed to less than 25 cGy of radiation. The rate of elimination of chromatid-type aberrations and genomic mutations was very low in the group of liquidators exposed to higher dose of radiation.
The influence of Chernobyl NPP outburst on cattle from farms in Russia and Belorussia was examined since 1988 to 1996. Changes in the level of thyroid hormones and imbalance in cAMP/cGMP ratio with increased cAMP concentration in blood were found. The content of cAMP and E, F2a prostaglandins was varied because of the disturbances in the rate of their metabolism. Two critical periods of pregnancy in cows were revealed. In the first half of pregnancy (the 4th-5th month) disorders in thyroid prevailed. In the second half (7th-9th month) changes in testosterone, progesterone, estradiol and estriol concentration were the most actual.
The radioadaptive response and antimutagenic action of lymphoblastoid interferon in the human blood lymphocytes of the children from polluted after Chernobyl accident Bryansk region were studied. Cells pretreated with tritiated thymidine with 2 Gy of gamma-rays at 20 h of culture after PHA-stimulation on seven of the ten donors result in lack of radioadaptive response. On testing some of them (4 donors) no protective adaptive response was found, others (3 donors) pretreated with tritiated thymidine gave sensibilization. Significant decrease in interferon antimutagenic activity in lymphocytes with disturbed adaptive response was also found. It has been proposed that there is similarity or identity of mechanism of radioadaptive response and of non-repair component of interferons antimutagenic action.
Genetic effects were studied in house mice caught from 1986 to 1994 in regions polluted by radionuclides as a result of the Chernobyl disaster. The dose rates of gamma-radiation on the soil surface ranged from 0.02 to 200 mR/h. The frequency of reciprocal translocations in mouse spermatocytes was relatively low, but increased with the dose rate. Embryo mortality was increased only in the progeny of male mice caught in 1987 in the area with maximum contamination. The frequency of mice heterozygous for recessive lethal mutations decreased with the time after the accident.
The effect of forests on the radionuclide primary distribution in different components of the contaminated ecosystems is considered by the example of Chernobyl accident. A basic mathematical model is developed describing 137Cs biogeochemical cycling under conditions of quasi-steady state radionuclide redistribution in the ecosystem. The radionuclide fluxes between different ecosystem components are estimated. Forest ecosystems are proved to diminish radionuclide migration in the environment, and forest should be regarded as an important sanitary factor. The contribution of contaminated forests and forest products to the total irradiation dose to local population is estimated. Special countermeasures are elaborated in order to diminish unfavorable consequences of forest radioactive contamination. A long-term dynamics of radioactive situation in the forest ecosystems is forecasted and further studies on the subject are drafted.