Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Caloric Intake”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 1,279 records · Page 71Linked to original sources
PubMed1994

Factors influencing compensatory feeding during parenteral nutrition in rats.

During parenteral nutrition (PN) there is an incomplete compensatory decrease in oral caloric intake. The effects of two factors influencing nutrient utilization, diurnal timing of PN infusion and composition of available diet, on compensatory feeding were investigated in male rats receiving 100% of daily caloric need as PN (PN-100). Compensation for infused calories increased from 70 to 80% (P < 0.05) when the timing of infused kilocalories more closely matched diurnal pattern of oral kilocalories intake (e.g., 75% kcal daily during the dark phase, 25% during the light phase). There was a similar degree of compensation when the diet and PN-100 had the same caloric distribution (50% kcal from carbohydrate, 30% from fat, and 20% from protein). Adjusting the diurnal timing of infused calories and diet composition concurrently further increased compensation for infused calories from 70 to 90% (P < 0.05). In the rat PN-100 model, compensation for infused calories is improved by adjusting the temporal pattern of infusions and diet composition.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed1984

Augmented gastric inhibitory polypeptide and insulin responses to a meal after an increase in carbohydrate (sucrose) intake.

The gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) response to certain stimuli may be exaggerated in patients with obesity and noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. To explore the effects of increased caloric intake and dietary composition on GIP secretion, 20 normal lean volunteers underwent a 4-week ambulatory study. A baseline week (usual diet) was followed by 3 weeks in which the usual diet was supplemented with 45 g fat (diet A), 100 g carbohydrate in the form of sucrose (diet B), or 50 g protein (diet C) for 1 week each. Almost equal numbers of subjects followed sequence ABC, BCA, or CAB in this cross-over study. At the end of the baseline week and each study week, serum glucose, insulin, and GIP were measured in response to a 500-cal liquid test meal. Daily intake of carbohydrate, protein, or fat, as monitored by food records, increased significantly (P less than 0.01) during the appropriate dietary periods, whereas body weight changed slightly, but not significantly, during the 3 study periods. No changes occurred in the total integrated serum glucose concentrations, whereas integrated insulin concentrations changed significantly (P less than 0.05), being 32.5 +/- 3.1 (+/- SEM), 37.2 +/- 4.0, and 30.3 +/- 3.1 microU/ml min-1 during periods A, B, and C, respectively. Insulin secretion was greatest during period B, the carbohydrate week, when insulin concentrations 15-60 min after the test meal were significantly greater (P less than 0.05 to P less than 0.01) than after the baseline period. Total integrated incremental serum GIP concentrations were also significantly different (P less than 0.01) during the 3 study periods, being 1.93 +/- 0.13, 2.53 +/- 0.24, and 1.90 +/- 0.11 ng/ml min-1 during A, B, and C, respectively. Serum GIP was highest during period B (carbohydrate), when average concentrations were significantly higher (P less than 0.01) 15-60 min after the meal compared to those during the baseline study. Similar changes did not occur with the other diets. Thus, GIP and insulin secretion were substantially altered by an acute increase in sucrose intake. The exaggerated GIP response to a meal in some patients with obesity may possibly be the result of adaptation of intestinal GIP cells to diet, particularly one rich in sucrose.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Gastric emptying in cats using foods varying in fiber content and kibble shapes.

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the influence of kibble shape and fiber content of commercial dry foods on gastric emptying in healthy cats. Eight healthy cats were used to evaluate four different diets which varied in shape of kibble (round versus triangle) or fiber content (low versus high). Diets were labeled with 99mTc-mebrofenin and gastric emptying was evaluated with nuclear scintigraphy. There was a significant difference between the kibble shapes at both T50 and T20. The triangle shaped kibble required significantly longer time than the round kibble to reach T50 (P = 0.02) and T20 (P = 0.001). Diet fiber content did not have a significant influence on T50, and T20. The influence of caloric and water intake was assessed with division of cats into high, medium, and low intake groups. The caloric intake had its main effect at T50 with the lowest quartile of caloric intake requiring significantly less time to reach T50 than the middle group and upper quartile (P = 0.05). Water intake did not have a significant effect on gastric emptying in this study. There was no relationship or correlation between the surface area of the food (cm2/kg) and T90, T50, and T20.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1977

Nutritional implications of renal disease. IV. Nutritional aspects of chronic renal insufficiency in childhood.

Nutritional treatment of children with renal insufficiency presents special problems related to undernutrition, i.e., insufficient caloric intake to permit normal growth, vitamin D intake, and protein needs, as well as depressed appetite. With regard to energy, it is suggested that uremia may lead to increased caloric requirements, thus exacerbating growth depression. Protein requirements, which actually may not be as important as caloric needs, have not been determined for uremic children. Another factor in growth failure in such children involves vitamin D metabolism and its role in renal osteodystrophy. Successful dietary management of these various interrelated aspects of childhood renal disease requires sensitive, knowledgeable personnel.

Acidosis↗
PubMed1996

Dietary lipids and antioxidants in Parkinson's disease: a population-based, case-control study.

Oxidative stress plays an important role in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD). In a population-based, case-control study we examined whether dietary intake of antioxidants and other oxidative compounds was associated with PD. Dietary intake was assessed by a semiquantitative food-frequency questionnaire in 110 PD case patients and 287 control subjects. A higher caloric intake was observed in patients with PD and did not vary with increasing duration of symptoms. Energy-adjusted fat intake was significantly higher among patients with PD than control subjects (p for trend = 0.007). Intake of protein (p for trend = 0.17) and carbohydrates (p for trend = 0.46) did not differ in patients and control subjects. Analyses of the primary sources of fat indicated that increasing intake of animal fats were strongly related to PD (odds ratio, 5.3; 95% confidence interval, 1.8-15.5; p for trend = 0.001). No significant differences were observed for intake of vitamins with antioxidant activity. An increase in the consumption of animal fats among patients with PD is consistent with the hypothesis that oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation are important in the pathogenesis of this disease. No effect of vitamins with antioxidant activity, either from food or supplements, was observed.

Aged↗
PubMed1988

The effect of nutritional factors on sex hormone levels in male twins.

Dietary intake has been hypothesized as being associated with several hormonally related cancers including prostate, breast, ovarian, and endometrial cancer. Because diet may affect hormones directly, it is logical to examine the effects of dietary factors on hormone production and levels. Therefore, a set of 72 male MZ and 83 male DZ twin pairs was ascertained from the Utah birth certificates. A quantitative food frequency questionnaire was administered and blood samples were drawn for hormonal assays. Heritability estimates for hormonal levels were calculated indicating a range from no heritability for sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG), estrone, and testosterone glucuronide to 70% for androstanediol glucuronide and luteinizing hormone. To examine nutritional factors, the difference in hormone and SHBG levels between each MZ twin and his co-twin were correlated with the difference in nutrient intake. Weight and obesity were significantly correlated with plasma testosterone and follicle stimulating hormone. Fat intake showed a significant association with testosterone. Androstanediol glucuronide, a steroid that reflects tissue formation of dihydrotestosterone, was inversely correlated with caloric intake, theobromine and caffeine. Testosterone glucuronide exhibited significant correlations with calories and vitamin A. This study suggests that dietary intake affects plasma sex-steroid levels in men.

Diet↗
PubMed1985

Sucrose intake unaffected by fenfluramine but suppressed by amphetamine administration.

The present study examined the acute effects of the anorectic agents, fenfluramine and amphetamine, on nutrient selection in male Sprague-Dawley rats. One group of animals received continuous access to both granulated sucrose and Purina chow (presented in separate cups), while the other group received only Purina chow. Four doses of fenfluramine (0, 1.5, 3.0, 6.0 mg/kg) and four doses of amphetamine (0, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 mg/kg) were tested. Injections were given at the beginning of the feeding period, and nutrient intakes were measured at 2, 4, and 8 h postinjection. While both fenfluramine and amphetamine resulted in similar overall decreases in caloric intakes, the two drugs produced different effects on nutrient selection. Following fenfluramine administration, sucrose intakes remained relatively unaffected, while Purina chow intakes showed pronounced suppression. In contrast, amphetamine administration resulted in a more equal suppression of both sucrose and Purina chow intakes. While the overall decreases in food intake seen with fenfluramine and amphetamine may be linked to changes in central neurotransmitter levels, the sparing of sucrose consumption observed with fenfluramine may also involve drug-induced changes in peripheral metabolism.

Amphetamine↗
PubMed1997

The effect of moderate exercise on postprandial glucose homeostasis in NIDDM patients.

The influence of exercise on glycaemia in the post-prandial state was studied for the first time in non-insulin-dependent diabetic (NIDDM) patients. Meal-induced glucose responses were followed for 8 h in 9 diet-treated patients with NIDDM. Subjects consumed a standardized breakfast and 4 h later a standardized lunch. They were studied in the resting state (control day (CD)) and on another day 45 min of bicycle exercise (53 +/- 2% VO2max (mean +/- SEM)) was performed 45 min after breakfast (exercise day (ED)). On day 3 (diet day (DD)), the breakfast meal was reduced corresponding to the extra energy expenditure during the exercise period on ED. Responses were calculated as areas under the plasma concentration curve (AUC) during 4 h after either breakfast (B-AUC) or lunch (L-AUC). B-AUC for glucose was identical on ED (215 +/- 63 mmol/l.240 min) and DD (219 +/- 60 mmol/l.240 min) and on these days lower (p < 0.05) than on CD (453 +/- 78 mmol/l.240 min). L-AUC for glucose on CD, ED and DD did not differ significantly. B-AUCs for both insulin and C-peptide were also significantly lower on ED and DD as compared to CD (Insulin: 31337 +/- 8682, 26092 +/- 6457 and 47649 +/- 15046 mmol/l.240 min, respectively. C-peptide: 99 +/- 19, 104 +/- 26 and 195 +/- 31 pmol/ml.240 min, respectively). Rate of appearance (Ra) for glucose was unaffected by exercise whereas rate of disappearance (Rd) increased significantly. No differences in Ra or Rd were observed after lunch. In conclusion, post-prandial exercise of moderate intensity decreases glycaemia and plasma insulin levels after breakfast in NIDDM patients, but this effect does not persist during and after the following lunch meal. Reduction of breakfast caloric intake has the same effect on post-prandial glycaemia and insulin secretion as an equivalent exercise-induced increase in caloric expenditure.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2005

Management of burn injuries in the horse.

Extensive thermal injuries in horses can be difficult to manage. The large surface of the burn dramatically increases the potential for loss of fluids,electrolytes, and calories. Burns are classified by the depth of injury: first-degree burns involve only the most superficial layers of the epidermis;second-degree burns involve the entire epidermis and can be superficial or deep; third-degree burns are characterized by loss of the epidermal and dermal components; and fourth-degree burns involve all the skin and underlying muscle, bone, and ligaments. Burns cause local and systemic effects. Routine use of systemic antibiotics is not recommended in burn patients. Topical medications should be water based, be easily applied and removed, not interfere with wound healing, and be readily excreted or metabolized. Weight loss of 10% to 15% during the course of illness is indicative of inadequate nutritional intake. Gradually increasing the grain,adding fat in the form of vegetable oil, and offering free-choice alfalfa hay increase caloric intake.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Amphetamine tolerance and body weight set point: a dose-response analysis.

The theory that amphetamine anorexia and tolerance reflect the lowering of a set point for body weight regulation was evaluated. In the first experiment, rats given either 2 or 4 mg/kg d-amphetamine and access to milk ultimately achieved comparable levels of tolerance and maintained their weight at 94%-96% of control levels. Thus, the level of maintained body weight was not dose-dependent. In the second experiment, increasing the doses resulted in renewed anorexia and weight loss, and the appearance of behavioral stereotypies. Whereas mean intake then recovered, body weight remained at 79%-82% of control levels. However, milk intake for individual rats was extremely variable. Such variability is inconsistent with the notion that body weight was actively regulated by caloric intake. Drug withdrawal had little further effect on intake, and it led to weight "rebound" in only one group. When subsequently retested with the original doses, both groups were again anorexic and showed more intense stereotypy. This finding suggests that drug withdrawal caused a general increase in sensitivity to amphetamine, rather than a set-point-related change in feeding. Taken together, the data do not support the set point theory of amphetamine tolerance.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

Effects of betel nut and fermented fish on the thiamin status of northeastern Thais.

Thiamin deficiency could result either from inadequate intake of thiamin or consumption of food containing antithiamin factors. Dietary surveys conducted in northeastern Thailand indicated that both thiamin and caloric intake of subjects under studies were sufficient. In Thailand, correlation exists between the consumption of food containing antithiamin factors and the prevalence of thiamin deficiency. Betel nuts and raw fermented fish possess antithiamin activity. Abstention from both betel nut chewing and raw fermented fish consumption resulted in a significant reduction of thiamin pyrophosphate effect. The thiamin pyrophosphate effect again increased significantly when the subjects resume their chewing habits. Cooking of fermented fish destroyed thiaminase, resulted in a significant decrease of thiamin pyrophosphate effect of the subjects. Thiamin supplementation (10 mg/day) could further reduce their thiamin pyrophosphate effect. This amount of thiamin could counteract the effect of raw fermented fish consumption but was not sufficient to neutralize the effect of betel nut chewing.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

Alcohol consumption, nutrient intake and relative body weight among US adults.

Data from the first National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (HANES I) were analyzed for differences in nutrient intakes based on the amounts of alcohol consumed by US adults, and for relationships between alcohol consumption, calorie intake, and relative body weight. Drinkers had significantly higher intakes of total calories than nondrinkers, but only because of their intakes of alcoholic calories. Among drinkers, the intakes of nonalcoholic calories decreased as alcohol intakes increased, and it was estimated that between 15 and 41% of the alcoholic calories replaced nonalcoholic calories. Despite their higher caloric intakes, drinkers were not more obese than nondrinkers, suggesting that alcoholic calories may be less efficiently utilized than nonalcoholic calories, or may interfere with utilization of nonalcoholic calories. The most salient difference in nutrient intake between drinkers and nondrinkers was the substantially lower carbohydrate intake of drinkers.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Interval nitrogen excretion and maintenance nitrogen requirements for parenteral nutrition in primates.

This paper discusses a regression technique for determining maintenance nitrogen requirements in well-nourished primates (M fascicularis) on total parenteral nutrition. Animals were administered a continuous glucose infusion, and parenteral nitrogen intake was varied at constant time intervals in a random order (from 0 to 1 g nitrogen/kg/day). Interval nitrogen balance (intake minus urinary nitrogen output) was plotted against interval nitrogen intake. The x-intercept was defined as the maintenance nitrogen requirement. First, 24-h intervals were used at a nonprotein caloric intake of 85 kcal/kg/day (approximately 175% of primate resting energy expenditure) and the nutritional adequacy of the estimated requirement evaluated prospectively. Next, 8-h balance intervals were used and the maintenance nitrogen requirements predicted by this abbreviated technique were compared to those obtained using the longer method. Finally, the short-interval technique was repeated at two other levels of continuous glucose infusion (60 kcal/kg/day and 8 kcal/kg/day) and the effect on predicted nitrogen requirement examined. Maintenance parenteral nitrogen requirements for primates may be determined in 48 h using the abbreviated techniques.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Resting energy expenditure and body composition of Labrador Retrievers fed high fat and low fat diets.

A high dietary fat intake may be an important environmental factor leading to obesity in some animals. The mechanism could be either an increase in caloric intake and/or a decrease in energy expenditure. To test the hypothesis that high fat diets result in decreased resting energy expenditure (REE), we measured REE using indirect calorimetry in 10-adult intact male Labrador Retrievers, eating weight-maintenance high-fat (HF, 41% energy, average daily intake: 8018 +/- 1247 kJ/day, mean +/- SD) and low-fat (LF, 14% energy, average daily intake: 7331 +/- 771 kJ/day) diets for a 30-day period. At the end of each dietary treatment, body composition measurements were performed using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. The mean +/- SD REE was not different between diets (4940 +/- 361 vs. 4861 +/- 413 kJ/day on HF and LF diets respectively). Measurements of fat-free mass (FFM) and fat mass (FM) also did not differ between diets (FFM: 26.8 +/- 2.3 kg vs. 26.3 +/- 2.5 kg; FM: 3.0 +/- 2.3 vs. 3.1 +/- 1.5 kg on HF and LF diets respectively). In summary, using a whole body calorimeter, we found no evidence of a decrease in REE or a change in body composition on a HF diet compared with LF diet.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗
PubMed2000

Suppression of food intake, body weight, and body fat by jejunal fatty acid infusions.

Three experiments investigated effects of jejunal lipid infusions given on 4 or 21 consecutive days in adult, male Sprague-Dawley rats. In experiment 1, 7-h infusions of linoleic or oleic acid (0.2 ml/h for 7 h; total load = 11.5 kcal) on 4 consecutive days reduced total intake (ad libitum consumption of the liquid diet Boost, Mead Johnson, plus load) by approximately 15% and decreased weight gain compared with 4-day tests with saline administration. In experiment 2, linoleic acid at 0.1 ml/h for 7 h (5.7 kcal) was ineffective, whereas the same load delivered in 3.5 h produced effects similar in magnitude to those in the first experiment. In experiment 3, jejunal infusions of linoleic acid (0.2 ml/h for 7 h) on 21 consecutive days reduced mean total intake by 16%, body weight by 10%, and carcass fat by 48% compared with controls receiving saline. The net decrease in caloric intake may reflect the combined activation of pre- and postabsorptive mechanisms, and it suggests a possible treatment for obesity.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed2005

Diet induced weight loss accelerates onset of negative alliesthesia in obese women.

BACKGROUND: The physiological and behavioral responses to hypocaloric diet are to increase energy intake to defend a steady body weight. We utilized the method of "negative alliesthesia" for measuring the hedonic reponse to sweet stimulus before (Initial session) and 3 months after entering a weight loss program. The negative alliesthesia test is known by physiologists but few clinical data exist. It is based on the observation that repeated pleasant gustatory stimuli turn into unpleasantness in the process of alliesthesia. At first visit participants repeatedly ingested sweet stimuli until they found them unpleasant and rated quantitatively on a linear analogue scale their hedonic experience. This procedure was repeated every 3 min until participants felt displeasure to end the session. The same protocol was followed after three months of following a weight loss diet. Dieting energy intake was from 1400 - 2000 kcal/d for 8 wk. Energy composition was 50% carb:25% prot: 25% lipid. After 8 wk caloric intake increased by 50 kcal/wk, to reach daily intake of 1800 - 2400 kcal/d. Energy composition was 50% carb:22% prot: 27% lipid. We report results on the effect of slow weight loss on negative alliesthesia in ten obese female participants enrolled in a commercial diet program based on Canada's Food Guide (Mincavi). RESULTS: Results showed that diet lowered the mean BMI (Initial session 36.8 +/- 1.8 vs. 3 mo 34.9 +/- 1.8 kg/m2). At 3 mo the onset of negative alliesthesia, time to abandon experimental session, was shortened (Initial session 33 vs. 3 mo 24 min). The same trend was observed in the time to reach indifference (Initial session 21.9 +/- 3.8 vs. 3 mo 16.2 +/-2.4 min). There was no observed difference in maximum (Initial session +79.5 +/- 11.7; 3 mo +94.5 +/- 9.9 mm) and minimum (Initial session -90.0 +/- 14.4; 3 mo -106 +/- 11.1 mm) hedonic rating. CONCLUSION: Earlier onset of negative alliesthesia, as seen in our participants, is not consistent with previous hedonic studies that showed delayed or absent negative alliesthesia in participants when below their initial body weight. Therefore, it is hypothesized that the accelerated onset of negative alliesthesia observed in our obese participants after weight loss is suggestive of a lowered body weight set-point. Factors inherent to the weight loss diet studied here, such as mild energetic restriction, lowered palatability, and diet composition, may have played a role in this experimental outcome.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Lipid profile disorders induced by long-term cessation of physical activity in previously highly endurance-trained subjects.

The objective of this study was to describe long-term detraining effects on lipid profile in previously highly endurance-trained athletes. The study design was longitudinal, with a 2-yr follow-up study of changes in lipid profile during hard training and detraining. Ten subjects trained for 2 yr (22 h/wk; two 47-wk training periods with a 5-wk recovery period), and the 10 others stopped training after wk 47. Main blood lipid profile parameters, energy intake, and body composition were measured at baseline (wk 1) and at wk 24, 47, 52, 76, and 99. Although food caloric intake was reduced (2411 +/- 256 vs. 5697 +/- 455 kcal/d, detraining vs. training), detraining induced a decrease in high density lipoprotein cholesterol and increases in fat mass (by 6.5 +/- 1.1 kg), body mass index, leptin, low density lipoprotein cholesterol, low density lipoprotein/high density lipoprotein ratio, and apolipoprotein B, although insulin resistance (determined by homeostasis model assessment) stabilization had previously occurred. Further disorders appeared in triglycerides (TG) metabolism during detraining, with a persistent increase in TG (from 1.0 +/- 0.3 to 1.4 +/- 0.3 mmol/liter), whereas glycerol decreased (from 88 +/- 9 to 73 +/- 8 micromol/liter), and very low density lipoprotein-TG, chylomicrons, and apolipoprotein C(3) remained stable. Plasma lipoprotein lipase activity decreased whereas hepatic lipase activity remained stable. As well as a rapid loss of endurance-training benefits for the cholesterolemic profile, detraining also induced disorders in TG metabolism, possibly as a result of the elevated TG turnover acquired with long-term hard training.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1997

Randomized trial of varying mineral intake on total body bone mineral accretion during the first year of life.

OBJECTIVE: The effect of varying mineral intakes on total body bone mass accretion during the first year of life in healthy full-term infants is unknown. The purpose of this study was to determine whether total body bone mass accretion during the first year of life was influenced by the calcium and phosphorus intake of an infant and whether early differences in bone accretion persist through 1 year of age. DESIGN: This prospective, randomized trial was conducted in two phases. In phase I, 67 infants were randomized within the first 2 weeks of life into either a low (439 mg of calcium per liter and 240 mg of phosphorus per liter) or moderate (510 mg of calcium per liter and 390 mg of phosphorus per liter) mineral-containing formula feeding group. An additional group of 34 human milk-fed (low mineral) infants also was enrolled. Phase II involved an additional randomization of all infants at 6 months of age into moderate-mineral formula (see above), high-mineral formula (1350 mg of calcium per liter and 900 mg of phosphorus per liter), or cow milk (1230 mg of calcium per liter and 960 mg of phosphorus per liter) feeding group. Anthropometric measurements, nutrient intake, and total body bone mineral content (BMC) by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry were measured at 1, 3, 6, 9, and 12 months. RESULTS: During the first 6 months, the moderate-mineral group had a greater increase in weight (3.42 +/- 0.62 kg) compared with the human milk group (2.93 +/- 0.56 kg); the low-mineral group (3.19 +/- 0.62 kg) was intermediate. Bone mass accretion differed in a similar direction, with the moderate-mineral feeding group having a greater increase than the human milk group and the low-mineral group being intermediate of the two. Including weight, length, and bone area as covariates, both the low-mineral formula- and human milk-fed groups had similar BMC, which was lower than that of the moderate-mineral group at 3 and 6 months of age. Adjusted mean BMC values for the moderate-mineral formula-fed group compared with the low-mineral formula- and human milk-fed groups were 127.8 +/- 1.5 (SEM) g vs 119. 2 +/- 1.5 and 122.1 +/- 1.4 g, respectively, at 3 months of age and 168.7 +/- 2.5 g vs 157.6 +/- 2.5 and 158.7 +/- 2.4 g, respectively, at 6 months of age. The BMC at 6 months of age among the formula-fed infants was correlated with both average dietary phosphorus intake (r = .592) and average daily calcium intake (r = .620) during the first 6 months. The relationships between BMC and these minerals remained significant even after controlling for caloric intake. It was not possible to determine the independent effects of dietary calcium and phosphorus on BMC because of the strong correlation of these minerals with each other. Despite significant differences in both calcium and phosphorus intakes during the second 6 months of life, there were no differences in growth parameters or bone mass accretion. Means for BMC, adjusted for body weight, length, and bone area, were not significantly different among feeding groups at either 9 or 12 months of age. Adjusted means were 199 +/- 2 (SEM) and 237 +/- 3 g at 9 and 12 months of age for infants receiving moderate-mineral formula; 198 +/- 2 and 236 +/- 3 g at 9 and 12 months of age for infants receiving the high-mineral formulas and 202 +/- 5 and 233 +/- 5 g at 9 and 12 months of age for infants receiving cow milk. The gain in bone mass during the second 6 months differed by the first 6-month feeding group; mean changes in BMC between 6 and 12 months, adjusted for changes in weight, length, and bone area, were greater in human milk-fed infants than in either the low- or moderate-mineral-containing formula groups: 81 +/- 16 g in human milk-fed infants and 73 +/- 15 and 71 +/- 15 g in the low- and moderate-mineral formula groups, respectively. Infants fed whole cow milk during the second 6 months were excluded from this analysis because of the small number of infants completing the study. By 12 months of age t

Absorptiometry, Photon↗