Biogenic amine metabolism in Biomphalaria glabrata-II. Monoamine oxidase activity.
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Animals↗
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Actions of noradrenaline and some other biogenic amines on the body-wall muscles of an echiuroid, Urechis unicinctus.
1. Noradrenaline inhibited contractions of the body-wall strips of U. unicinctus in response to electrical pulse of stimulation and L-proline, while serotonin enhanced them. In addition, serotonin increased the rate of relaxation of twitch contraction. Octopamine enhanced the contractions but was less potent than serotonin. 2. Acetylcholine-contraction of the isolated inner circular body-wall muscle was also inhibited by noradrenaline and enhanced by serotonin. 3. Phentolamine, an alpha-adrenoreceptor blocker, potentiated tetanic contraction of the strip, though it did not alter twitch contraction. The inhibitory action of noradrenaline was blocked by phentolamine. 4. Noradrenaline hyperpolarized the fibre membrane of the inner circular muscle, while serotonin did not alter the membrane potential. The action of noradrenaline was blocked by phentolamine. 5. Bioassay of the body-wall extract and the ventral nerve-cord extract suggests that these extracts contain serotonin-like and noradrenaline-like substances, respectively. 6. These results suggest that noradrenaline and serotonin may be neurotransmitters or neurohormones modulating muscle contraction in the body wall of U. unicinctus.
Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists↗
Selective changes in the metabolism of biogenic amines after successive discrimination training in cats.
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Animals↗
Studies on the influence of biogenic amines and psychoactive drugs on the prognostic value of the TRH stimulation test in endogenous depression.
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5-Hydroxytryptophan↗
Evaluation of role of the biogenic amines in affective illness: a clinical strategy.
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Antidepressive Agents↗
Biogenic amine localization in cardiac ganglion intrinsic neurons: electron microscopic histochemistry of SIF cells.
The parasympathetic cardiac ganglion in the mudpuppy, N. maculosus, contains postganglionic nerve cells and intrinsic neurons, many of which are small intensely fluorescent (SIF) cells. Several bioactive substances have been localized in the intrinsic nerve cells which may have integrative effects at synapses within the ganglion. Ganglionic intrinsic neurons can be identified electron microscopically by the presence of numerous cytoplasmic granular vesicles 80-120 nm in diameter. Throughout the ganglion there are bundles of unmyelinated fibers some of which are filled with granular and agranular vesicles and axosomatic terminals with similar vesicles synapsing on principal parasympathetic nerve cells. To understand the aminergic contribution to ganglionic synaptic circuitry the chromaffin reaction was used. The intrinsic neurons (i.e., SIF cells) were readily identified by their characteristic intracellular granule population. All intrinsic nerve cells identified showed granules which were positively labelled by the chromaffin reaction. Granular vesicles in synaptic profiles on principal cells (P cells) were also labelled indicating a direct aminergic synaptic innervation to these cells. The cell bodies of intrinsic neurons, ensheathed with supportive glial-like cellular processes, rarely received synapses. Elemental microanalysis was used to verify the chromium content of the electron dense product within the granular vesicles. These studies demonstrated direct aminergic synaptic input to at least a subpopulation of principal parasympathetic cells in the cardiac ganglion of mudpuppy.
Animals↗
The effect of alcoholism on salsolinol and biogenic amines in human brain.
Chronic alcoholics with a well documented history of alcohol abuse were divided at autopsy into two groups, intoxicated alcoholics (IA, with blood ethanol levels) and sober alcoholics (SA, without blood ethanol levels). Norepinephrine (NE), 4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl-glycol (HMPG), 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA), dopamine (DA), salsolinol (SAL) and methylated salsolinol (M-SAL) in caudate nucleus and putamen from the two groups of alcoholics and an age-matched control group were analysed with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. HMPG was significantly increased in the brains of the alcoholics compared to controls (IA, P less than 0.001 and SA, P less than 0.05) indicating an increased NE turnover in the brains of alcoholics. 5-HIAA, the major 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HT) metabolite, was increased in the caudate nucleus from SA (P less than 0.05) compared to controls and IA. This could be interpreted as an increased turnover of 5-HT at abstinence. SAL can be formed from DA and acetaldehyde and/or pyruvate. SAL was found in all brains studied. The levels were about 1% of the dopamine concentrations. SAL had a tendency to be increased in brains of IA compared to control brains. The most remarkable finding was that SAL was significantly decreased in both the caudate nucleus and putamen from SA compared to controls and IA. M-SAL showed tendencies in the same directions as SAL. DA did not show any significant changes, but tended to be lower in SA.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Alcoholism↗
Ethanol-induced hypothermia and biogenic amine metabolites.
Ethanol is known to cause hypothermia. The rectal temperature of rats receiving ethanol, 4 g/kg i.p., at an ambient temperature of 23 degrees C decreased by 2 degrees C. This body temperature decrease could be prevented by keeping the animals at an ambient temperature of 34 degrees C. Irrespective of the body temperature it was found that the concentration of the major metabolites of dopamine and serotonin in brain tissue was significantly increased. Thus, the change in brain monoamine metabolite levels in rats after administration of ethanol are not due to ethanol-induced hypothermia.
3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic Acid↗
Biochemical resistance to development of morphine-dependence in rats: biogenic amines, its receptors and antibodies.
The level of norepinephrine (NE), epinephrine (E) and dopamine (DA) in hypothalamus and blood plasma along with antibodies to NE, DA and serotonin (5-HT) and characteristics of alpha 1-, alpha 2-adrenergic, D2-dopaminergic and S2-serotoninergic receptors in synaptic brain membranes were studied in two groups of rats predisposed or resistant to the formation of physical morphine dependence. The resistant animals were characterized by a significant elevation of DA levels in blood plasma, elevation of antibodies to NE, and by higher concentration of alpha 2-adrenergic receptors in the brain cortex and of D2-receptors in striatum. The affinity of D2-receptors to dopamine in resistant rats also was higher than in predisposed animals. The other parameters studied did not differ significantly between the two groups. These findings suggest that the increased activity of DA and NE neurotransmitter systems can be a cause for the genetic resistance of some individuals among Wistar rats to the formation of physical dependence on morphine.
Animals↗
Alteration in biogenic amine levels in the snail Lymnaea acuminata by the latex of Euphorbia royleana.
The latex of Euphorbia royleana which has high molluscicidal and anti-cholinesterase activity against Lymnaea acuminata reduced the levels of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5HT) and dopamine (DA) in the nervous tissue of L. acuminata. There was, however, no significant change in the level of 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid (5HIAA). The changes were found to be dependent on concentration of the latex extract. Similar changes were produced by both water and organic solvent extracts of the latex. The latex of E. royleana thus affects all the known neurotransmission mechanisms in the snail either separately or through a complex interaction between the different neurotransmitters. This may account for its high toxicity to snails.
Animals↗
Effects of a secondary and a tertiary amine tricyclic antidepressant on cerebral biogenic amines as a function of mouse strain: a comparative neurotoxicological evaluation.
The effect of equal-dose regimens of amitriptyline and nortriptyline on the concentrations of serotonin, dopamine and major acidic metabolites was compared in 5 distinct brain regions as a function of inbred mouse strain. Amitriptyline increased to a greater extent the regional brain serotonin levels in the albino BALB/c mouse than did nortriptyline. Both drugs increased serotonin levels but decreased cerebral 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid levels in some distinct brain regions of the black C57BL/6 mouse strain. The results suggest a strain-dependent differential increase in brain serotonin turnover in specific mouse strain brain regions which may account for the greater incidence of amitriptyline-induced sedation and seizures. The BALB/c mouse was also found to be more sensitive than the C57BL/6 strain to the action of both drugs on dopamine and major acidic metabolites with amitriptyline showing more regional brain potency than nortriptyline. The data suggest an increase in dopamine turnover particularly in brain areas associated with motor function and posture which may account for tricyclic-antidepressant-induced extrapyramidal disorders. The results also indicate that the C57BL/6 mouse strain may be of experimental value for studying the mechanism underlying tricyclic-induced adverse reactions relevant to sedation and movement disorders as a function of genetic predisposition.
3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic Acid↗
Chronic oral administration of methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl altered brain biogenic amines in the mouse: comparison with inorganic manganese.
This study was conducted to investigate the effects associated with high dose administration of organic manganese to mice and to compare these effects with those of inorganic manganese. The disposition and toxicity of methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl (MMT; a potential substitute for lead in gasoline) in the brains of ddY mice was studied after 12-months administration (at 0.5 g/kg of MMT) in food. Mice exposed to inorganic manganese received 2.0 g/kg of MnCl2 in food for the same period. There was no significant difference in food intake between the control mice and the MMT-exposed mice or MnCl2-exposed mice. Normetanephrine level in the cerebellum of the MMT-exposed group was significantly increased compared with the control, and correlated with the manganese concentration. The manganese concentration was significantly increased in the cerebellum of the MMT-exposed group compared with the control and MnCl2-exposed groups. On the whole, methoxylation from the 3-hydroxyl of catecholamine tended to be promoted by manganese.
Animals↗
Rapid automated analysis of biogenic amines and their metabolites using reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection.
A method is described for the rapid automated analysis of: dopamine and norepinephrine; the major dopamine metabolites 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid and homovanillic acid; and the indoles tryptophan, serotonin, and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid in less than 0.5 mg of brain tissue. Samples are deproteinized, injected directly onto a reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography column, and quantitated using an electrochemical detector with a glassy carbon electrode. High sample stability permits the use of an automatic sample injector at ambient temperatures. Depending upon the column particle size, sample run times are less than 7-12 min. Thus, over 50 duplicate samples can readily be measured in a single day with very little operator attention. The chromatographic system used also resolves epinephrine, and the catecholamine metabolites: 3-methoxytyramine, normetanephrine, and 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol; and with very little modification this assay also could be used to measure these compounds.
Animals↗
Determination of the biogenic amines and their major metabolites in single human brain tissue samples using a combined extraction procedure and high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection.
A combined extraction system for the selective and quantitative isolation of the monoamines norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine, serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine) and their metabolites 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylethylene glycol, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid, homovanillic acid and 3-methoxytyramine from one single brain tissue sample is described. The extraction system is a combination of an ethyl acetate extraction for 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylethylene glycol, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid and homovanillic acid, and two successive ion-pair extractions. In a first step, the catecholamines are quantitatively isolated by extracting with heptane--octanol (99:1) containing 0.25% tetraoctylammonium bromide as an ion-pairing agent in the presence of 0.2% diphenylborate. In a second step, 3-methoxytyramine and 5-hydroxytryptamine are isolated from the aqueous phase with di(2-ethylhexyl)phosphoric acid as counter-ion in chloroform. Dihydroxybenzylamine, isohomovanillic acid and 5-hydroxy-N-methyltryptamine are used as the internal standards.
Biogenic Amines↗
Combined ion-pair extraction and high-performance liquid chromatography for the determination of the biogenic amines and their major metabolites in single brain tissue samples.
A combined procedure based on reversed-phase liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection has been developed for the determination in the picomole range of the monoamines dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine and serotonin, and their major metabolites 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid, homovanillic acid, 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylethylene glycol, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid, normetanephrine, metanephrine and 3-methoxytyramine. Sample pretreatment consists of the extraction of the neutral and acidic metabolites with ethyl acetate, followed by the extraction into heptane of the catecholamines with tetraoctylammonium bromide as counter-ion in the presence of diphenylborate. The residual supernatant is directly injected in the chromatographic system for quantification of serotonin, normetanephrine, metanephrine and 3-methoxytyramine.
Biogenic Amines↗
Identification and quantification of gamma-glutamyl conjugates of biogenic amines in the nervous system of the snail, Helix aspersa, by gas chromatography-negative-ion chemical ionisation mass spectrometry.
The gamma-glutamyl conjugates of p-octopamine and dopamine were identified unambiguously for the first time and quantified in a single cerebral ganglion or pleural plus pedal ganglia of the snail, Helix aspersa, by gas chromatography-negative-ion chemical ionisation mass spectrometry. A new method was used for synthesis of gamma-glutamylamine standards. The concentration of gamma-glutamyltyramine was found to be low in the tissues, therefore it was used as an internal standard. The gamma-glutamylamines were extracted with water and derivatised with pentafluoropropionic anhydride and trifluoroethanol. Under negative-ion chemical ionisation conditions, the trifluoroethyl and pentafluoropropionyl derivatives produced significant ions which were sufficiently abundant to be suitable for selective ion monitoring. The method had a limit of detection of ca. 80 pg of gamma-glutamyl conjugate per tissue and calibration curves were linear over the range examined.
Animals↗
Effects of Celastrus paniculatus on passive avoidance performance and biogenic amine turnover in albino rats.
The effects of an indigenous drug, Celastrus oil, extracted from the seeds of Celastrus paniculatus on learning and memory in a two compartment passive avoidance task was studied in albino rats. The effects on the contents of norepinephrine (NE), dopamine (DA) and serotonin (5-HT) in the brain and on the levels of their metabolites both in the brain and urine were also assessed. Significant improvement was observed in the retention ability of the drug treated rats compared with the saline administered controls. The contents of NE, DA and 5-HT and their metabolites in the brain were significantly decreased in the drug treated group. The urinary metabolite levels were also significantly decreased except for total 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenyl glycol. These data indicate that Celastrus oil causes an overall decrease in the turnover of all the three central monoamines and implicate the involvement of these aminergic systems in the learning and memory process.
Animals↗
Influence of mouse genotype on responses of central biogenic amines to alcohol intoxication and aging.
Dopamine and serotonin responses to various periods of alcohol treatment have been followed in striatum and hippocampus of two inbred strains of mice and related to the effect of aging. A striking strain dependency was noted for chronic alcohol effects and also for senescence. For both neurotransmitters studied the C57Bl strain loses tolerance to prolonged alcohol injury earlier than the Balb/c strain. This loss of tolerance accompanying aging may be indicative of more widespread changes in CNS adaptability in this strain. The unequal capacity to adapt also appears to depend on the nervous structure and the neurotransmitter considered. Alcohol and aging induced changes are not identical. In a given mouse strain, significant effects of either drug or aging induced disturbances are noted. A similar molecular process could operate in both aging and alcohol abuse, but the neurochemical effect might depend on the nervous structure or neurotransmitter involved. Such a phenomenon may be the basis of differences in behavioral changes observed in alcoholics.
Aging↗