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PubMed2003

Detection of antibodies to Staphylococcus aureus Toxic Shock Syndrome Toxin-1 using a competitive agglutination inhibition assay.

AIMS: To develop a competitive agglutination inhibition assay (CAIA) for the detection of anti-Toxic Shock Syndrome Toxin-1 (TSST-1) antibody in serum samples using a commercially available reverse passive agglutination assay (RPLA) kit. METHODS AND RESULTS: TSST-1 toxin and sera were incubated together, so that anti-toxin IgG would complex with the toxin. Latex particles sensitized with rabbit IgG anti-TSST-1 were added to test for un-complexed toxin. The sensitivity and specificity of the CAIA assay was determined relative to positive and negative ELISA results. The sensitivity (proportion of positive ELISA sera which tested positive by CAIA) was 66% whilst the specificity (proportion of ELISA negative sera which tested negative by CAIA) was 75%. Seven sera (14%) were negative by ELISA but positive for CAIA and 12 (18.8%) were positive for ELISA but negative for CAIA, suggesting some interference with the assays. Statistical analysis showed no significant difference between the methods in terms of the numbers of individuals testing positive (chi2, P = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS: The CAIA assay allowed detection of anti-TSST-1 within 18 h and was simple to read visually. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: The method is a useful test for individual serum samples and a preliminary investigation for medical screening of suspected toxic shock syndrome and is applicable in situations where antibody assays are not routinely used for anti-TSST-1 and also where sophisticated equipment (e.g. microtitre plate reader) is not available.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Heterophile antibodies. Part II. An evaluation of the effect of autologous blood group substances on the natural formation of agglutinating antibodies to sheep red blood cells.

This study shows that some substances in human secretions can inhibit the agglutination of sheep red blood cells by human antibodies. When present in adequate concentrations, they can also inhibit the reaction of the donor's own sheep red blood cell antibody activity in vito. The subjects in whom this phenomenon was found almost always had low agglutinating antibody titers to sheep red blood cells. The inhibiting activity of saliva for sheep red blood cell antibodies was influenced by the ABH secretor status. Substances reacting against sheep red blood cell antibodies occur in the secretions in considerably smaller quantities than ABH substances.

ABO Blood-Group System↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The potentiation of "incomplete" mouse monoclonal anti-Lea agglutination with colloids.

Mouse monoclonal anti-Lea produced in this center was found to agglutinate only Le(a+) red cells which had been modified with proteases. In order to provide a stable medium in which the monoclonal anti-Lea would directly agglutinate unmodified red cells, the potentiating effect of a variety of colloids was assessed. Satisfactory results were obtained when 10 percent (wt/vol) dextran and 2 percent (wt/vol) bovine serum albumin were added to the culture supernatant containing anti-Lea. It is suggested that direct hemagglutination mediated by these colloids resulted from a combination of increased antibody uptake by Le(a+) red cells and change in the shape of these red cells induced by dextran.

Antibodies, Monoclonal↗
PubMed1999

Transfusion-related acute lung injury due to granulocyte-agglutinating antibody in a patient with paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria.

BACKGROUND: Transfusion-related acute lung injury (TRALI) is usually reported after the transfusion of blood components from donors with white cell (WBC) antibodies, but only very rarely if the patient has these antibodies. The pathogenesis of TRALI is not fully understood. Not all transfusion recipients develop TRALI, even though WBC antibodies are present in the donor or the recipient. CASE REPORT: A patient with paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) who developed TRALI after the transfusion of non-WBC-reduced red cells is described. Granulocyte-agglutinating anti-5b was detected in his serum, and the crossmatch with the donor granulocytes was positive. The patient also developed a severe exacerbation of hemolysis with renal failure; serologic results excluded an immune hemolytic posttransfusion reaction. The patient recovered from both events after about 1 week. CONCLUSION: Granulocyte-agglutinating antibodies present in the recipient play an important role in TRALI, and also other factors may contribute to its pathogenesis. The reaction between the PNH patient's antibody (anti-5b) and transfused WBCs was found not only to be responsible for the respiratory distress but also to have triggered, through the innocent-bystander mechanism of complement activation, an intensive hemolysis, which was very likely a contributing factor in the development of TRALI.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1976

[A new immunochemical tube test for pregnancy using the latex-agglutination inhibition reaction. II. Clinical results (author's transl)].

In a multi-centre study 1117 morning urine samples were tested using the new immunochemical pregnancy tube test (Roche), based on the principle of indirect latex-agglutination inhibition. The test proved to be both qualitatively and semi-guantitatively suitable for demonstration of HCG in urine. There was only one false-negative result among 320 pregnancy tests (after 50th postmenstrual day). In 94 early pregnancies (test done before the 50th day) there were only two false-negative results. No false-positive result were seen. In the prognosis of threatened abortion, diagnosis of incomplete abortion, hydatid cyst, or chorionepithelioma the semiquantitative performance of the test was clinically useful and especially suitable because the result of the agglutination-inhibition reaction is unequivocal.

Abortion, Incomplete↗
PubMed1984

Mucormycotic infection in mice following prolonged incubation of spores in vivo and the role of spore agglutinating antibodies on spore germination.

Following intranasal inoculation of mice, Rhizomucor pusillus spores are gradually cleared from the lung, with the clearance complete at 30 days. Incubation of R. pusillus spores in vivo for up to 14 days after intranasal inoculation resulted in pulmonary mucormycosis when the mice were then treated with cortisone. Spore-agglutinating IgM antibodies were detected in normal adult mice and R. pusillus-inoculated but not cortisone-treated mice. There was no correlation between antispore antibody titers and spore germination in vitro. The absence of germinated R. pusillus in inoculated but non-cortisone-treated mice appears to be due to a reversible inhibition of spore germination rather than destruction of spores by the host. The factor(s) that restrict spore germination are reversible and do not appear to be spore agglutinating antibodies.

Agglutinins↗
PubMed1987

Bovine leptospirosis: the effects of vaccination on serological responses as determined by complement fixation and microscopic agglutination tests.

Fifty-one calves were divided into six trial groups of seven to eleven animals and vaccinated with a commercial leptospiral vaccine containing serovars pomona and hardjo. Vaccinations were given at 6,7,14 or 21 months of age and animals in various groups were vaccinated on one to four occasions. Antibody responses were determined by the microscopic agglutination test (MAT) and the complement fixation test (CFT) at one to four weeks intervals until 66 weeks after the start of the trial. Fifty percent or greater agglutination in serum diluted 1:100 or more and 50% or greater fixation of complement in serum diluted 1:20 or more were considered positive titres in the MAT or CFI respectively. Positive titres were still present in some animals six weeks after vaccination at 21 months of age. In other cases MAT titres (range 1:100-1:3000) persisted for 7-23 weeks and CFI titres (range 1:20-1540) persisted for 1-14 weeks. Marked individual variation in serological findings occurred using either test. In general the number of animals producing a positive titre, and the magnitude and persistence of titres was related to the number of doses of vaccine given. It was concluded that for diagnostic purposes neither the CFT nor the MAT could reliably differentiate titres due to vaccination from those following natural infections.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1991

A rapid latex agglutination test for detection of antibodies in tuberculosis and Hansen's disease.

Antigens of Mycobacterium w, a saprophytic fast growing organism having antigenic epitopes cross-reactive with Mycobacterium leprae and Mycobacterium tuberculosis, were coated on to latex beads (0.33 micron Zn size), and the reactivity tested with sera of tuberculosis and Hansen's disease (HD) patients. Seventy nine percent of lepromatous leprosy (LL) and eighty five percent of pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) patients sera showed an agglutination reaction easily read by naked eye. Specificity of the test was further checked by testing sera of non-mycobacterial infection cases and all of them were found negative. Among apparently healthy controls, 4.3% were found positive from non-endemic and 8.8% from endemic area. The sensitivity of the assay is further enhanced from 78.7% to 90.4% and 85.7% to 91.6% in both LL HD and pulmonary tuberculosis respectively, by using immune complexes extracted from the patients sera. Potential of these antigen coated beads to detect the two major human mycobacterial disease, LL HD and pulmonary TB was also put evidence in a double blind study on coded sera samples obtained from various hospitals in India. The antigen coated beads are stable for upto 6 months at 4 degrees C. The latex slide agglutination test reported here, is simple, rapid, easy to perform and can be used even in rural areas of developing countries.

Antibodies, Bacterial↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Highly sensitive detection of fungal antigens by ultrasound-enhanced latex agglutination.

Treatment with ultrasound has been employed to greatly enhance the sensitivity of commercially available latex agglutination tests for fungal antigens. This 5 min procedure detects 40 pg ml-1 of Candida albicans mannan and 70 pg ml-1 of Aspergillus fumigatus galactomannan, a 250 and 500-fold improvement respectively over conventional agglutination test sensitivities. The ultrasound-enhanced test offers the possibility of improved diagnosis and management of patients with systemical candidosis or invasive aspergillosis.

Antigens, Fungal↗
PubMed1985

Latex agglutination: an appropriate technology for the diagnosis of bacterial meningitis in developing countries.

We evaluated prospectively the utility of a latex agglutination technique for the diagnosis of Haemophilus influenzae type b meningitis in a paediatric ward in India. Eight of 44 children had H. influenzae grown from cerebrospinal fluid. These proven cases plus four additional cases of H. influenzae meningitis were detected by the latex agglutination test. There were no cross reactions with other organisms. The high degree of sensitivity and specificity, combined with the speed and simplicity of this technique make it an appropriate method for developing countries.

Child↗
PubMed2005

A rapid assay for detecting antibody against leucocytozoonosis in chickens with a latex agglutination test using recombinant R7 antigen.

A method for detecting antibody against leucocytozoonosis in chickens by latex agglutination (LA) was developed using latex beads coated with recombinant R7 (rR7), an outer membrane antigen of second-generation schizonts of Leucocytozoon caulleryi. Compared with the agar gel precipitation test, which is widely used in Japan, LA could detect antibody induced by L. caulleryi infection with greater sensitivity. No agglutination was detected with sera from specific pathogen free or layer chickens that had not been vaccinated with oil-adjuvanted rR7 antigen, or infected with L. caulleryi, nor with sera from chickens inoculated with other pathogens, establishing the specificity of the assay. The LA test was also able to be used to quantify serum antibody induced by vaccination, which is not possible with the agar gel precipitation test. This study has shown that LA using the rR7 antigen is a simple, quick, and useful method for detecting antibody against L. caulleryi.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Histoplasma capsulatum yeast cells attach and agglutinate human erythrocytes.

The ability of yeast cells of Histoplasma capsulatum to attach and agglutinate human erythrocytes has been described. This is the first report involving these yeasts in the hemagglutination phenomenon. Results revealed that the yeast cells were able to bind to erythrocytes irrespective of blood groups and to agglutinate them when a high density of yeast cells was used. Assays on the inhibition of yeast attachment to erythrocytes were also performed, using sugar-treated yeast cells. Results indicate that galactose (Gal), mainly the beta-anomer, specially inhibited yeast attachment. Disaccharides (Gal-derivatives) and glycosaminoglycans containing Gal residues, mainly chondroitin sulfate C, promote this type of inhibition. In addition, preliminary data of inhibition assays also involved a probable ionic strength driven mechanism mediated by sialic acid and heparan sulfate, suggesting that yeast binding to erythrocytes could be associated with negative charges of both molecules.

Blood Group Antigens↗
PubMed2003

Phenotypic analysis of human BM T-cell depleted by soybean lectin agglutination and E rosetting with sheep RBC: relative enrichment of NK cells and a CD3(+),CD2(-dim) population.

BACKGROUND: T-cell depletion (TCD) of BM allows transplantation across HLA barriers. Although different methods are used throughout the world, the optimal application of TCD still remains unclear, partly due to the lack of thorough analyses of the cellular fractions eliminated or retained in each method, and their possible implications regarding GvHD, GvL, or engraftment. We have analyzed the phenotype of the successive fractions of 19 BM samples depleted by soybean lectin agglutination and sheep erythrocyte rosetting (elimination of T cells that form rosettes through CD2), focusing on the final fraction infused to patients. METHODS: Analysis was performed using three-color flow cytometry and strategies for optimal staining and individualism of the subsets of interest. RESULTS: The relative composition of the lymphoid population varied significantly along the successive steps in TCD: at the agglutination step, B cells and CD4 T cells are greatly reduced, while natural killer cells (NK) and TCRgammadelta+ T are augmented. The rosetting steps imply the relative enrichment of CD2-dim T cells, together with a further rise in the proportion of NK and double-negative T cells frequently TCRgammadelta+. DISCUSSION: The presence of minor subsets of CD2- TCRgammadelta+ and CD2- TCRalphabeta T cells has already been described in the peripheral blood of normal individuals. We report that, by using this method of TCD, CD2-dim T cells, frequently TCRgammadelta+, are retained in the grafts and infused in patients, together with NK cells as the main lymphoid population. We discuss the possible implications of these populations in the biology of the graft, regarding GvHD, GvL and engraftment.

Animals↗
PubMed1974

Electrophoretic mobility and agglutinability of red blood cells: a "new" polymorphism in mice.

A quantitative method has been developed to determine agglutinability of mouse red blood cells. Tests with different inbred strains of mice revealed only two phenotypes. The same inbred strains were tested with the cytopherometer to determine the electrophoretic mobility of the corresponding red cells. Again, two phenotypes were uncovered, and faster mobility was found in the red cells that had higher agglutinability. The genetic control of this character is autosomal and codominant, and segregates independently of H-2 and coat color.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Lack of sensitivity of the latex agglutination test to detect bacterial antigen in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with culture-negative meningitis.

For culture-negative meningitis, use of the latex agglutination test for detection of bacterial antigen in the CSF has a sensitivity of only 7%. Routine use of the latex agglutination test may not contribute to the management of suspected acute bacterial meningitis, since patients are treated on the basis of their clinical presentations and CSF findings.

Antigens, Bacterial↗
PubMed1985

Agglutination of an EDTA blood sample caused by an EDTA-dependent panagglutinin.

A novel example of an EDTA-dependent panagglutinin is described. A blood sample drawn into EDTA for a routine hematologic workup demonstrated strong agglutination due to EDTA-dependent panagglutinins. Previous examples have been detected because of discrepant ABO results. This is the first report of an EDTA-dependent panagglutinin that caused agglutination in the EDTA sample collection tube and a false positive direct antiglobulin test.

Agglutinins↗
PubMed1990

A new slide latex agglutination test for the diagnosis of acute Candida vaginitis.

Two hundred two slide latex agglutination (SLA) tests were performed on 137 women attending a vaginitis clinic to evaluate the efficacy of this new test in diagnosing acute symptomatic Candida vaginitis. In 77 patients with acute Candida vaginitis, the SLA test revealed a positive reaction in 56 patients, reflecting a sensitivity of 72.7%, lower than that observed with the 10% potassium hydroxide microscopic examination (sensitivity 90%). False negative SLA reactions could not be accounted for by lower numbers of yeast cultured from the vagina or by the presence of nonalbicans strains of Candida. Following successful antimycotic therapy, the SLA test promptly became negative in all mycologically negative patients. Application of the SLA test in asymptomatic healthy control women revealed extremely few false positive reactions for Candida (5.6%). This easily performed and rapid slide latex agglutination test should provide a useful adjunct to the diagnosis of Candida vaginitis, but only for physicians who do not routinely perform microscopy on vaginal secretions.

Antigens, Fungal↗
PubMed2001

Evaluation of the Mastalex latex agglutination test for methicillin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus grown on different screening media.

The Mastalex MRSA latex agglutination method was evaluated with 52 methicillin-resistant and 27 methicillin-susceptible strains of Staphylococcus aureus grown on various media. All tests were correct with colonies grown on blood agar with or without oxacillin 2 mg/L. Tests on colonies grown on mannitol salt agar were less reliable, although addition of oxacillin 2 mg/L improved performance. One of the 26 MRSA which grew on Baird-Parker medium with 8 mg/L ciprofloxacin gave a false-negative result. Agglutination was faster when strains were grown on media with oxacillin. The method would be particularly useful for urgent confirmation of resistance.

Anti-Infective Agents↗