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PubMed2005

On the use of multi-objective evolutionary algorithms for the induction of fuzzy classification rule systems.

Extracting comprehensible and general classifiers from data in the form of rule systems is an important task in many problem domains. This study investigates the utility of a multi-objective evolutionary algorithm (MOEA) for this task. Multi-objective evolutionary algorithms are capable of finding several trade-off solutions between different objectives in a single run. In the context of the present study, the objectives to be optimised are the complexity of the rule systems, and their fit to the data. Complex rule systems are required to fit the data well. However, overly complex rule systems often generalise poorly on new data. In addition they tend to be incomprehensible. It is, therefore, important to obtain trade-off solutions that achieve the best possible fit to the data with the lowest possible complexity. The rule systems produced by the proposed multi-objective evolutionary algorithm are compared with those produced by several other existing approaches for a number of benchmark datasets. It is shown that the algorithm produces less complex classifiers that perform well on unseen data.

Algorithms↗
PubMed1992

Attention deficits in school-aged children and adolescents. Current issues and practice.

Attention deficits in school-aged children and adolescents pose unique diagnostic and management challenges for the practitioner. While this symptom reflects a heterogeneous spectrum of disorders with varying etiologies, clinical manifestation, treatment needs, and outcomes, there are sufficient common attributes to enable identification and treatment. Accurate diagnosis relies on synthesis of information from history, rating scales, direct observations, and psychometric testing. Close attention must be paid to potential underlying or associated medical, processing, emotional, and psychosocial problems. Multimodal treatment is essential with close collaboration between the child, parents, and professionals. While there is a risk of negative outcomes if the symptoms are left unattended, many of these children also harbor strengths that need to be identified and nurtured.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Qualitative process modeling of cell-cell-pathogen interactions in the immune system.

We present a general cell behavior modelling system for immune functions, based on qualitative process theory. Model system heuristics integrate known characteristics and processes of cells, pathogens, antibodies, antigens, and cytokines. The system generates qualitative simulations of primary immune responses to bacterial and viral infections. Model heuristics can be mapped to a free-running cellular automata-like simulation that demonstrates quantitative behaviors of actor populations. This system serves as a tool for testing assumptions about cellular functions in immunity, as well the basis for a qualitative discovery system that may infer new process heuristics based on evaluation of experimental data.

Artificial Intelligence↗
PubMed2004

Risk taking during decision-making in normal volunteers changes with age.

Risk taking in a large cohort of adults (N = 177; ages 17-73) decreased with age, demonstrated by performance on a computer based gambling task, which has previously been shown to be sensitive to certain pharmacological manipulations including tryptophan depletion, lesions of the orbitofrontal cortex and neuropsychiatric disorders such as mania. Aging was also associated with longer deliberation times, poorer decision making, reduced risk taking, but no significant change in delay aversion. Subjects with a higher (NART-estimated) IQ were faster to make decisions and showed a greater modulation of risk-taking. Both sexes showed similar patterns of decision making, although male participants exhibited a greater modulation of risk-taking in response to the probability of winning. The Decision-Gamble task provides a variety of behavioral measures, corresponding to different aspects of impulsivity. Factor analysis of these measures suggested that two independent traits underlies performance on the task in normal individuals: one associated with risk tolerance, and a second associated with delay aversion. Age was related to decreases in the risk tolerance factor, but unrelated to the delay aversion; neither factor was significantly related to verbal IQ. This study thus provides support for the concept that impulsivity can be fractionated into 2 or more components.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Are the cognitive effects of atypical antipsychotics influenced by their affinity to 5HT-2A receptors?

It is well documented that atypical antipsychotics have an influence on cognitive function in patients with schizophrenia, although the neurochemical basis for this effect is not well understood. One suggestion is that the effects are exerted through action on 5HT-2A receptors, which leads to changes in the level of dopamine in the prefrontal cortex. The following study explored this hypothesis by comparing the cognitive effects of the atypical antipsychotics which have a high affinity for 5HT-2A receptors, with those that have little or no affinity to these receptors. Forty-four patients with a DSM-IV diagnosis of schizophrenia were recruited within 6 weeks of starting one of the atypical antipsychotics: clozapine, olanzapine, risperidone, quetiapine, or amisulpride. The patients were divided into two groups according to the 5HT-2A affinity of the individual medications (high 5HT-2A affinity--clozapine, olanzapine, risperidone vs. low 5HT-2A affinity--quetiapine, amisulpride). Patients were tested on a broad range of neuropsychological measures after 9 months and 18 months of treatment. The high 5HT-2A affinity group showed a decrement in performance on tests of visual recognition memory and planning ability. In contrast, the low-5HT-2A affinity group showed improvements on these measures in addition to others. The 5HT-2A affinity of the atypical antipsychotics is an important determinant of their cognitive effects.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Influence of data resolution and interpolation method on assessment of secondary brain insults in neurocritical care.

Continuous monitoring of physiologic vital signs is routine in neurocritical care. However, this patient information is usually only recorded intermittently (most often hourly) in the medical record. It is unclear whether this is sufficient to represent the occurrence of secondary brain insults (SBIs) or whether more frequent data collection will provide more comprehensive information for patient care. In 16 patients, physiologic data were acquired concurrently via two methods: per clinical routine, usually hourly, in the medical record (MR) and every minute via a custom data acquisition system (DA). SBIs were defined as a mean arterial pressure<90 mmHg, an intracranial pressure>20 mmHg or a temperature>37.5 degrees C. Number of events, cumulative duration of events and area under the curve (AUC) were compared between the two methods and 95% limits of agreement were assessed for various methods of MR data interpolation. For all three parameters, analysis of the DA and MR data frequently differed with regard to number of events, total duration of events and AUC. MR data tended to underestimate the number of total events. 95% limits of agreement were most narrow for trapezoidal interpolation of MR data, but even these limits were fairly broad. Assessment of secondary brain insults is highly dependent on (1) the temporal resolution of the method used to acquire patient data and on (2) the interpolation method if data are acquired intermittently. High frequency data acquisition may be necessary for more precise evaluation of secondary brain injury in neurocritical care.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Age differences in letter and color matching: selective attention or internal noise?

We tested healthy young and older adults on a letter-matching task that varied letter identity and letter color (Experiment 1) and on a color matching task that varied letter color and letter identity (Experiment 2). The goal of this investigation was to empirically disentangle the theoretical concepts of internal noise and selective attention. The results from Experiment 1 indicated that both young and older adults exhibited "fast-same" effects for reaction time and "false-different" effects for errors, and older adults exhibited a relatively larger "false-different" effect. However, letter color did not affect performance. The data from Experiment 2 indicated that older adults, compared with young adults, evidenced greater interference from "different-similar" letter pairs than "different-dissimilar" letter pairs even though the task was color matching. These data suggest that older adults evidenced greater levels of internal noise, and that this factor may modulate age differences in selective attention.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Computer-aided diagnosis of solid breast nodules: use of an artificial neural network based on multiple sonographic features.

A computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) algorithm identifying breast nodule malignancy using multiple ultrasonography (US) features and artificial neural network (ANN) classifier was developed from a database of 584 histologically confirmed cases containing 300 benign and 284 malignant breast nodules. The features determining whether a breast nodule is benign or malignant were extracted from US images through digital image processing with a relatively simple segmentation algorithm applied to the manually preselected region of interest. An ANN then distinguished malignant nodules in US images based on five morphological features representing the shape, edge characteristics, and darkness of a nodule. The structure of ANN was selected using k-fold cross-validation method with k = 10. The ANN trained with randomly selected half of breast nodule images showed the normalized area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.95. With the trained ANN, 53.3% of biopsies on benign nodules can be avoided with 99.3% sensitivity. Performance of the developed classifier was reexamined with new US mass images in the generalized patient population of total 266 (167 benign and 99 malignant) cases. The developed CAD algorithm has the potential to increase the specificity of US for characterization of breast lesions.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

A general framework for learning rules from data.

With the aim of getting understandable symbolic rules to explain a given phenomenon, we split the task of learning these rules from sensory data in two phases: a multilayer perceptron maps features into propositional variables and a set of subsequent layers operated by a PAC-like algorithm learns Boolean expressions on these variables. The special features of this procedure are that: i) the neural network is trained to produce a Boolean output having the principal task of discriminating between classes of inputs; ii) the symbolic part is directed to compute rules within a family that is not known a priori; iii) the welding point between the two learning systems is represented by a feedback based on a suitability evaluation of the computed rules. The procedure we propose is based on a computational learning paradigm set up recently in some papers in the fields of theoretical computer science, artificial intelligence and cognitive systems. The present article focuses on information management aspects of the procedure. We deal with the lack of prior information about the rules through learning strategies that affect both the meaning of the variables and the description length of the rules into which they combine. The paper uses the task of learning to formally discriminate among several emotional states as both a working example and a test bench for a comparison with previous symbolic and subsymbolic methods in the field.

Algorithms↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Review: neurotoxicity of lead.

'Lead and its compounds are potentially toxic; the element has no known physiological function; it is widely distributed in nature and as a result of man's activities' (Lawther Report: DHSS 1980). Concern grew in the late 1970s that even low levels of exposure to lead caused adverse changes in children's adjustment and academic attainment. This paper traces the rapid developments of the past decade in investigating the relationship between body lead burden and relevant outcome measures. Research strategies moved from small-scale, clinical-descriptive studies to large-scale epidemiological studies; from cross-sectional studies to longitudinal ones. Agreement had to be reached on how to measure body lead burden. Decisions had to be made on which outcome measures to use. Measures of global intelligence were complemented by measures of academic attainment, emotional adjustment and hyperactivity, as well as by experimental measures of more basic psychophysiological functioning. Ways had to be found of dealing experimentally and statistically with socioeconomic factors which acted as confounds. The investigations were marked by tremendous collaboration between investigators, between national agencies and across countries. The methodological issues are relevant to the investigation of other toxins and they define a field of developmental behavioural toxicology. This case study can act as a model for investigating the effects of other environmental toxins and hazards.

Child↗
PubMed1983

Selection and outcome in in-patient psychotherapy.

In a retrospective study of 28 successive admissions for in-patient psychotherapy, the following characteristics have been identified as predictors of favourable outcome: a diagnosis of neurotic psychopathology; superior intelligence; considerable depression; and minimal previous out-patient treatment. Two alternative sets of decision rules are presented which might be used as a guide in deciding whether to admit patients. More rigorous selection criteria are suggested in the common situation where the demand for treatment greatly exceeds the supply of facilities, but such criteria would result in the exclusion of a small proportion of borderline patients who might respond to in-patient psychotherapy and might otherwise prove untreatable.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Conduct problems in adolescence: three domains of inhibition and effect of gender.

Behavioral and neuropsychological evidence has often shown that children with conduct disorder drawn from clinical populations show problems with impulsivity and are impaired in motor tasks of inhibitory control. We explored the relation between conduct problems and inhibitory deficits in a community sample. Three domains of inhibition were explored in 54 adolescents with conduct problems compared to 53 age, IQ, sex, school, and ethnicity matched controls in 2 geographical areas. Motor response inhibition was assessed using the Stop task, verbal inhibition using the Hayling Sentence Completion test, and cognitive interference inhibition using the Stroop task. Adolescents with conduct problems showed deficits in executive and inhibitory processes of the motor response inhibition task, but were unimpaired in cognitive or verbal inhibitory control. No sex differences were observed and impairments were independent of IQ or geographical location. Findings suggest that motor deficits, rather than higher cognitive forms of inhibitory control, are a specific deficit in children with conduct problems, that girls are as affected as boys, and that motor impulsiveness is a dimensional trait associated with conduct problems, as it is also observed in the community.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Cellular automata modeling of pedestrian's crossing dynamics.

Cellular automata modeling techniques and the characteristics of mixed traffic flow were used to derive the 2-dimensional model presented here for simulation of pedestrian's crossing dynamics. A conception of "stop point" is introduced to deal with traffic obstacles and resolve conflicts among pedestrians or between pedestrians and the other vehicles on the crosswalk. The model can be easily extended, is very efficient for simulation of pedestrian's crossing dynamics, can be integrated into traffic simulation software, and has been proved feasible by simulation experiments.

Accidents, Traffic↗
PubMed2006

Toxicogenomics strategies for predicting drug toxicity.

INTRODUCTION: The failure of pharmaceutical drug candidates due to toxicity, especially hepatotoxicity, is an important and continuing problem for drug development. The current manuscript explores new toxicogenomics approaches to better understand the hepatotoxic potential of human pharmaceutical compounds and to assess their toxicity earlier in the drug development process by means of a toxicity screen. RESOURCES: Data consisted of two commercial knowledgebases that employed a hybrid experimental design in which human drug toxicity information was extracted from the literature, dichotomized and merged with rat-based gene expression measures. One knowledgebase used gene expression from rat primary hepatocytes while the other employed whole rats. Approximately 100 compounds were used in each. METHODS: Toxicity classification rules were built using a stochastic gradient boosting machine learner, with classification error estimated using a modified bootstrap estimate of true error. Several types of clustering methods were also applied, some based on sets of compounds and others based on sets of genes. RESULTS: Robust classification rules were constructed for both in vitro (hepatocytes) and in vivo (liver) data, based on a high dose, 24-hour design. There appeared to be little overlap between the two classifiers, at least in terms of their gene lists. Robust classifiers could not be fitted when earlier timepoints and/or low dose data were included, indicating that experimental design is important for these systems. CONCLUSIONS: In light of these findings, a working compound screen based on these toxicity classifiers appears feasible, with classifier operating characteristics used to tune a screen for a specific implementation. To ensure robust and optimal performance, issues such as site variability of microarrays and generalizability of findings should be addressed as indicated.

Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal↗
PubMed2005

An exploratory study of cognitive style in performance on matched and mismatched tasks.

Researchers have suggested that task performance is often dependent upon the congruence of cognitive style and task. To explore this suggestion, 44 female and 4 male undergraduates were administered the Cognitive Style Analysis, the Closure Flexibility, the Composite Gestalt Completion Test, and the Vocabulary subtest from the WAIS. Specifically, four hypotheses were tested: (1) that participants with an analytic style will perform better than those with a wholistic style on the Closure Flexibility; (2) that participants with a wholistic style will perform better than those with an analytic style on the Composite Gestalt Completion Test; (3) that participants with an intermediate style will outperform persons with an analytic style on the Composite Gestalt Completion Test; and (4) that intermediate scorers would perform better than those with a wholistic style on Closure Flexibility. Only the second hypothesis was supported, so results provide only minimal support for the effect of match or mismatch of cognitive style and task performance.

Adolescent↗