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PubMedDate not supplied

[Serum cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL and LDL in aggressive elderly patients with dementia].

Associations were analysed between serum concentrations of cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL and LDL measured after hospital admission, and physical aggression in a sample of elderly patients with dementia (210 women and 160 men). A significant lower serum cholesterol and LDL concentration were found in aggressive patients of both sexes and a significant lower serum triglycerides only in aggressive women. In the subgroups of Alzheimer type dementia, women showed significant lower serum triglycerides, and aggressive men significant lower LDL concentration compared with non-aggressive controls. There were no significant differences in serum HDL between aggressive and non-aggressive patients.

Aged↗
PubMed1996

[Aggression in children and adolescents].

The author defines the terms aggression and aggressiveness. She discusses the relationships between aggressiveness and neurotransmitters, organic change, aggression and punishment. Aggression as a feature of developmental change, aggression and social ethology, development of violence. She describes the problem of self-damage and self-injuring behaviour. The author analyzes comprehensive therapy of aggressive behaviour-preventive, family, behavioural and psychopharmacological treatment (neuroleptics, incl. atypical ones-doses used in children and adolescents, antidepressants, incl. AD of the third generation, anxiolytics, incl. atypical ones, antiepileptics and lithium). Psychopharmaceutical preparations in self-injuring behaviour are reviewed and problems of external stimulation are analyzed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Influence of owner personality type on expression and treatment outcome of dominance aggression in dogs.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the success rate of positive training methods and behavioral modification techniques in dogs with dominance aggression and to compare personality profiles between owners of dominant-aggressive and nondominant dogs. DESIGN: Prospective clinical study. ANIMALS: 10 dominant-aggressive dogs and 10 non-dominant, nonaggressive control dogs. PROCEDURE: Dominance aggression was quantified, using an aggression score, in the 10 dominant dogs before and after a nonconfrontational behavior modification program. The personality profile of the owners of dominant and control dogs, assessed by means of a Keirsey temperament sorter, was compared, as was the influence of owner personality on the outcome of behavioral modification in the dominant dogs. RESULTS: 9 of 10 dominant dogs responded to the nonconfrontational treatment program by a decrease in aggressive response to similar eliciting stimuli. Significant differences were not found between the personality of the owners of dominant versus control dogs, and owner personality did not significantly affect the outcome of behavior modification treatment. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: Nonconfrontational behavior modification programs are effective in reducing owner-directed dominance aggression in dogs. Owner personality does not necessarily predispose certain individuals to assaults by dominant dogs or profoundly affect their ability to engage in a successful behavioral modification program.

Aggression↗
PubMed1997

Vasopressin/serotonin interactions in the anterior hypothalamus control aggressive behavior in golden hamsters.

Studies in several species of rodents show that arginine vasopressin (AVP) acting through a V1A receptor facilitates offensive aggression, i.e., the initiation of attacks and bites, whereas serotonin (5-HT) acting through a 5-HT1B receptor inhibits aggressive responding. One area of the CNS that seems critical for the organization of aggressive behavior is the basolateral hypothalamus, particularly the anterior hypothalamic region. The present studies examine the neuroanatomical and neurochemical interaction between AVP and 5-HT at the level of the anterior hypothalamus (AH) in the control of offensive aggression in Syrian golden hamsters. First, specific V1A and 5-HT1B binding sites in the AH are shown by in vitro receptor autoradiography. The binding for each neurotransmitter colocalizes with a dense field of immunoreactive AVP and 5-HT fibers and putative terminals. Putative 5-HT synapses on AVP neurons in the area of the AH are identified by double-staining immunocytochemistry and laser scanning confocal microscopy. These morphological data predispose a functional interaction between AVP and 5-HT at the level of the AH. When tested for offensive aggression in a resident/intruder paradigm, resident hamsters treated with fluoxetine, a selective 5-HT reuptake inhibitor, have significantly longer latencies to bite and bite fewer times than vehicle-treated controls. Conversely, AVP microinjections into the AH significantly shorten the latency to bite and increase biting attacks. The action of microinjected AVP to increase offensive aggression is blocked by the pretreatment of hamsters with fluoxetine. These data suggest that 5-HT inhibits fighting, in part, by antagonizing the aggression-promoting action of the AVP system.

Aggression↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The effect of the repeated experience of aggression in daily confrontations on the individual and social behavior of male mice].

The influence of repeated experience of aggression in daily intermale confrontations on individual and social behaviour was studied in male mice of C57BL/6J (C57) and CBA/Lac (CBA) strains. Repeated experience of aggression led to a decrease of emotionality in males of highly emotional CBA strain and increase in exploratory activity in the open field and exploratory activity tests, decrease of immobility time in Porsolt's test and pain sensitivity estimated by the "hot plate" test. Low emotional C57 males did not change their individual behaviour in different situations under the influence of repeated experience of aggression. However, aggressive C57 mice demonstrated anxiety-like behaviour estimated in the plus-maze test. In the partition test aggressive mice of both strains showed an increase in communicative level (as a reaction to a familiar male) in comparison with their behaviour before aggressive confrontations. Behavioural reaction to a receptive female under unfamiliar conditions decreased which testified to a decrease in sexual motivation. It is concluded that formation of the aggressive type of social behaviour is accompanied by changes in the individual and social behaviour of male mice. Characteristics of these changes are genetically determined and depend on the duration of confrontations.

Aggression↗
PubMed1997

[Aggressiveness and social status in the class social structure].

Both aggressive behavior and an outsider position in the peer group can be regarded as risk factors for the social development and long-term adjustment of children. The aim of the present investigation was to analyze the influence of these two factors on the social experiences of students in secondary school. The presence of aggressive behavior was determined by means of peer ratings and self-ratings. Classroom climate, i.e. the quality of the sense of community in a class, was considered as a modifying factor. In a first step, from 96 classes in the first and third grades of secondary school two extreme groups of 24 classes each were formed on the basis of student evaluations of the cohesion in the class and the frequency of aggressive arguments between students. At this time the students also rated other aspects of their social experiences at school. In a second step, sociometric data were obtained in the selected classes on the most liked and least liked classmates and on certain behaviors to determine the social position of the students in their peer group and their involvement in aggressive arguments. The social experiences attitudes and values of the students were highly correlated with the frequency of their involvement in aggressive arguments. There were some marked discrepancies between peer ratings and self-ratings of behavior, but both types of rating appear to have some clinical relevance. Beside the social status in the peer group the classroom climate had considerable impact on the social experiences of aggressive children. In addition, there were indications that the classroom climate plays a role in the social status of aggressive students in the class.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

The effect of an educational intervention package about aggressive behaviour directed at the nursing staff on a continuing care psychogeriatric ward.

INTRODUCTION: Levels of aggressive behaviour on continuing care wards are high. Various staffing factors, potentially amenable to improvement by training, are important in reducing and preventing aggressive behaviour. METHOD: The efficacy of an educational package, directed at the nursing staff, in reducing aggressive behaviour on a psychogeriatric continuing care ward was prospectively evaluated over an 18-week period. The package was administered during the middle 6-week period. Aggressive behaviour was measured using the RAGE and SOAS scales. RESULTS: Aggressive behaviour on both these scales was reduced after the educational package, and the educational intervention package may explain this reduction. CONCLUSIONS: The educational package may have genuinely reduced aggressive behaviour or improved the nursing staffs tolerance and reporting threshold for aggressive behaviour. Studies with improved methodology in several different settings are suggested.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Clozapine reduces violence and persistent aggression in schizophrenia.

Violence and persistent aggression are serious problems in the general population and among certain psychiatric patients. Violence and persistent aggression have been associated with suicidal ideation and substance abuse, characteristics of chronically ill, and in many instances, treatment-resistant schizophrenia individuals. Assessment of dangerousness in psychiatric patients involves evaluation of sociodemographic and clinical factors. A substantial number of neurologic and psychiatric disorders are associated with pathologic anger and aggression; of these, the association between schizophrenia and violence/aggression is the best described. Neurotransmitters that have been implicated in aggressive and violent behavior include serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine. Current pharmacotherapy of pathologic aggression involves the use of multiple agents on a trial-and-error basis, with varying degrees of response. Unfortunately, this approach subjects patients to numerous side effects, including the extrapyramidal symptoms associated with the use of conventional antipsychotics. This paper will review evidence for the efficacy of clozapine in the treatment of aggression and violence in the treatment-refractory patient. The reduction in violence and persistent aggression with clozapine treatment should improve the chances for integration of the schizophrenia patient into the community and provide cost savings to society.

Aggression↗
PubMed1998

Aggression classification and treatment response.

This preliminary study investigated whether the aggression subtypes derived from the Aggression Questionnaire (AQ) are related to treatment response. The subjects were 28 aggressive conduct-disordered children (25 males, 3 females), ranging in age from 9.8 to 17.0 years (mean age = 12.69 years), who participated in a double-blind, placebo-controlled study of lithium as a treatment for reducing aggression. We used the Predatory-Affective Index of the AQ to classify subjects into "predatory" (planned) or "affective" (explosive) subtypes of aggression and then related this classification to treatment response. This index did not differentiate placebo baseline responders from nonresponders. However, the Index did significantly differentiate responders and nonresponders during the experimental treatment period, regardless of whether they received lithium or placebo. Treatment response was associated with a more affective and less predatory subtype of aggression. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study in children to show an association between the aggression subtype and treatment response.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Differences in the effects of naltrexone on the communicative and aggressive behaviors of subjects with different experiences of social conquests].

The authors studied the effect of naltrexone (0.25 and 1.0 mg/kg, intraperitoneal injection) on the communicative and aggressive behavior of male C57BL/6J mice with experience in triumphs in 20 tests (victors) and of mice without such experience (novices). The level of communicativeness and aggression at the first confrontation was more marked in novices than in victors. In the novices 0.25 mg/kg naltrexone selectively reduced communicativeness and in a dose of 1.0 mg/kg shortened the sum time of the aggressive attacks, increasing in this case the time of aggressive grooming. In the victors naltrexone in both doses had no effect on the communicative behavior and period of aggressive grooming but increased the duration of the attacks depending on the dose. In both groups naltrexone increased the number of subjects which demonstrated aggressive attacks and reduced the frequency of aggressive grooming. It is concluded that the state of opiate receptors changes under the effect of repeated experience in the triumph of social confrontations.

Aggression↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Aggressive behavior of psychiatric patients among geriatric population].

Medical documentation of 674 elderly patients of gerontopsychiatric department was studied in order to estimate the frequency of physical aggression in relation to sex, diagnosis of dementia and other psychiatric disorders. This form of aggression was found significantly more often in men (52%) than in women (32%). The prevalence of aggression in men was even more evident in the dementia group (67% men and 39% women). Aggressive acts, with the use of objects as weapons, were aimed mainly against other patients when carried out by women, while male patients more often used the objects to attack the staff. None of the 118 aggressive women injured the attacked person, but 7% of the 160 aggressive men did. The aggression of sexual nature was observed in men (5%) only.

Aged↗
PubMed2004

The importance of aggressive lipid management in patients at risk: evidence from recent clinical trials.

Clinical trials that evaluate more aggressive cholesterol reduction in a broader range of patients at high risk for coronary heart disease (CHD) are needed to fill gaps in our understanding of the impact of lipid-lowering therapy on risks for clinical events and mortality. This paper briefly reviews results from recent landmark studies that have evaluated the benefits of aggressive lipid-lowering therapy in patients with, or at risk for, CHD. The Reversing Atherosclerosis with Aggressive Lipid Lowering (REVERSAL) study demonstrated that aggressive treatment with atorvastatin was significantly more effective than less aggressive therapy with pravastatin in slowing the progression of atherosclerosis in patients with symptomatic CHD. Results from two large-scale clinical end-point trials, the Heart Protection Study (HPS) and the Anglo-Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes Trial-Lipid Lowering Arm (ASCOT-LLA), have shown that aggressive lipid-lowering treatment in patients with relatively low baseline levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) significantly reduces CHD risk. Taken together, the results of these landmark trials not only support aggressive lipid lowering in patients at risk for CHD, but also suggest that greater LDL-C reductions may improve outcomes across a wide range of patients.

Clinical Trials as Topic↗
PubMed1999

Within-litter sibling aggression in spotted hyaenas: effect of maternal nursing, sex and age.

Models that address facultative siblicide in avian species predict that the costs and benefits of sibling aggression will change in relation to the level of food provisioning by parents. In spotted hyaenas, Crocuta crocuta, one of the few mammalian species in which facultative siblicide occurs, aggression rates between siblings were highest when cubs competed for access to maternal milk. In the Serengeti National Park, Tanzania, nursing of cubs by spotted hyaena mothers was influenced by the migratory movements of herbivores and the social status of the mother. Consistent with predictions from avian models, rates of sibling aggression among spotted hyaena littermates were inversely related to levels of maternal input in terms of lactation. Long-distance foraging trips by mothers (commuting trips) resulted in low cub growth. Rates of aggression were higher in years when cub growth rates were low than in years when cub growth rates were medium or high. Rates of aggression between littermates belonging to high-ranking mothers, who nursed their cubs more frequently than low-ranking mothers, were lower than those between siblings of low-ranking mothers. Aggression rates in all-female and all-male litters were higher than in mixed-sex litters. Identical payoff expectations of same-sex litters may provide an explanation for this result. In accordance with predictions from life history theory, aggression rates declined with age and increasing reproductive value of siblings. Copyright 1999 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2000

Female-female aggression and female mate choice on black grouse leks.

We studied female-female aggression in relation to female mate choice in black grouse, Tetrao tetrix, in central Finland, in 1994-1998. Aggression occurred on average every other minute when there was more than one female on a territory, and aggressive behaviour was most prominent when several females attended the lek. Interactions tended to be proportionally most frequent on the territories of the highest-ranking males, although not significantly so. Females that were chased by other females did not mate with lower-ranking males than their aggressors did. Furthermore, chased females were only rarely (6% of cases) forced to move off the territory by agonistic interactions and copulations were disrupted by other females even less often (3% of cases). The choice of a mating territory did not depend on the outcome of aggression even though the aggressors were more likely to mate on the territory where aggression occurred than elsewhere. There was a marginally significant tendency for aggressors to mate earlier in the season. Females placed themselves further away from other females on the territory when soliciting a copulation than just before aggression. Our results suggest that aggression between females does not effectively constrain female choice in black grouse. Its function may be to aid females to secure undisturbed mating opportunities for themselves rather than to prevent others from mating with a particular male. Copyright 2000 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2000

Aggressiveness in king penguins in relation to reproductive status and territory location.

King penguins, Aptenodytes patagonicus, vigorously defend small territories in very dense colonies. The egg-laying season lasts approximately 4 months, but only pairs that reproduce during the first half of the period succeed in fledging a chick. I examined various factors affecting aggressiveness of king penguins during the breeding season and focused on the differences between central and peripheral territories. Pairs on peripheral territories experienced twice as many encounters with avian predators as did central birds. The vast majority of peripheral birds were late breeders, indicating that reproductive success was very low among penguins defending a territory on the edge of the colony. Time invested in territory defence and rate of agonistic encounters between breeding neighbours increased from the incubation to the brooding period. Parents gave most threat displays to territorial neighbours when the chick was very young and just before crèche formation. Distance to colony edge was not related to aggressiveness in incubating birds, however, the rate of pecking and flipper blows increased from the edge to the centre during brooding. In addition, aggressiveness of breeding penguins towards travelling birds trespassing into their territory increased with distance to edge. Early breeders were not more aggressive than late breeders but the proportion of time spent in territory defence increased with the number of days a bird had spent incubating. As expected, I did not detect any sex difference in aggressive behaviour. Birds occupying territories on the beach were generally more aggressive during the incubation period than those located on the valley sides. Reproductive status (incubating versus brooding) and territory location were the main factors explaining the various levels of aggressiveness observed in breeding king penguins. Copyright 2000 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2006

A parent questionnaire for distinguishing between reactive and proactive aggression in children.

BACKGROUND: Evidence suggests that reactive and proactive aggression can be distinguished on the basis of teacher-rating scales. In this article a newly developed parent-rated questionnaire that aims to distinguish between reactive and proactive aggression is evaluated with regard to its structure and validity. METHOD: In study 1, a confirmatory factor analysis was performed on the data of 442 children aged 6-12 years of a general population. Study 2 examined the relations between the two forms of aggression and hostile intentions, expected outcome of aggression, ADHD symptoms and callous-unemotional traits in a sample of 40 normal and 40 disruptive behaviour disordered boys aged 8-12 years. RESULTS: The confirmatory factor analysis showed that the two-factor model, unlike a singlefactor model, produced a reasonable fit to the data. The results of study 2 showed that the correlations between the different variables and reactive aggression differed from the correlations with proactive aggression in ways that were consistent with theoretical definitions and earlier findings. CONCLUSION: These results, in addition to those of earlier studies using teacher-rating scales, suggest that it is possible to make a valid distinction between reactive and proactive aggression using this newly developed parent-rated questionnaire.

Child↗
PubMed2006

Prevention or reversal of deep venous insufficiency by aggressive treatment of superficial venous disease.

BACKGROUND: This study of patients who received either aggressive or less-aggressive treatment for superficial venous disease was undertaken to determine its effects on deep venous insufficiency (DVI). METHODS: From 1998 to 2004, we treated 1,500 consecutive patients with superficial venous disease at our outpatient care center. A total of 100 patients were available for the study; the remaining patients were not available for the complete follow-up duplex scans 6 months after therapy, irrespective of the therapeutic results. Sixty-four patients underwent aggressive therapy, which included high ligation with partial selective perforation-invagination (PIN) axial stripping of the greater saphenous vein, ambulatory stab phlebectomy of the varicose veins, and transdermal treatment of the spider veins. Thirty-six patients underwent less-aggressive treatment, which included high ligation with selective partial PIN axial stripping of the greater saphenous vein and ambulatory phlebectomy of varicose vein clusters but no spider vein treatment. RESULTS: Follow-up duplex scanning after aggressive treatment of superficial venous disease showed improvement or complete reversal of DVI in the majority of patients. This improvement was defined as a marked decrease in the size of the deep veins in 80% of patients and a decrease of the reflux closure time of the deep venous valves in 83% of patients. Only 28% of patients receiving less-aggressive treatment without transdermal laser therapy of the spider veins showed improvement in their reflux valve closure time; the remaining 72% were unchanged or deteriorated. CONCLUSIONS: Aggressive treatment of superficial venous disease can prevent or even eliminate deep vein insufficiency (DVI).

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Long-term follow-up status of patients with neuroblastoma after undergoing either aggressive surgery or chemotherapy--a single institutional study.

BACKGROUND/PURPOSE: Before adopting a national protocol of aggressive chemotherapy for patients with advanced neuroblastoma in 1985, the treatment strategies in use varied considerably among the institutions in Japan. An aggressive surgical resection was the treatment of choice at the authors' institution before 1985. To better understand treatment-related complications, the authors retrospectively investigated the long-term morbidity of patients who had reached adulthood. METHODS: Sixteen patients with neuroblastoma currently 18 years of age or older were incorporated into the study. All were non-mass screening cases, and 13 of the patients had undergone aggressive surgery, whereas the remaining 3 cases had received aggressive chemotherapy. RESULTS: In the 13 patients who had undergone aggressive surgical treatment, a unilateral atrophy of the kidney was noted in 2 cases of adrenal and retroperitoneal neuroblastomas, respectively. Dry ejaculation was noted in one case of a giant presacral neuroblastoma. A maldevelopment of the unilateral lower extremity was also noted in another case with a presacral tumor, which had been resected by abdominal and sacral approaches. In the 3 patients who had undergone aggressive chemotherapy, severe hearing loss occurred in 2 cases. However, social adaptation was well preserved in all 16 cases. CONCLUSIONS: Treatment-specific complications were found in both the aggressive surgery and chemotherapy groups. These results should, therefore, be taken into account when developing future treatment protocols.

Adrenal Gland Neoplasms↗