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PubMed1994

Pasteurella multocida produces heat shock proteins in turkeys.

Pasteurella multocida produces an acute septicemic disease of turkeys. Since turkeys have a normal body temperature of 42 degrees C, it follows that P. multocida would produce heat shock proteins during the course of the infectious process. We show here that P. multocida produces several proteins at 42 degrees C, but not at 32 degrees C, and vice versa. Four of these proteins (70, 60, 40, and 35 kDa in molecular mass) were recognized by serum obtained from a turkey infected with P. multocida, suggesting that they were produced in vivo.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

A carAB mutant of avian pathogenic Escherichia coli serogroup O2 is attenuated and effective as a live oral vaccine against colibacillosis in turkeys.

Colibacillosis is a serious and economically important disease of the respiratory tract of chickens and turkeys. The serogroups of Escherichia coli commonly associated with colibacillosis in poultry are O1, O2, and O78. Although previous attempts to develop a vaccine have not been very successful, vaccination is still considered the most effective way of controlling the disease. Therefore, our laboratory has been involved in the development of an attenuated live vaccine that will be effective in the prevention of colibacillosis. The carAB operon coding for carbamoyl-phosphate synthetase, an essential enzyme in arginine and pyrimidine metabolism, was selected for study. Generalized transduction was used to transfer a Tn10-generated mutation from a laboratory strain to virulent avian field isolates of E. coli. Molecular techniques were used to determine the point of Tn10 insertion within the carAB operon. The insertion mutants were then cured of the tetracycline resistance gene of the transposon to select for antibiotic-sensitive and stable carAB mutants. The degree of attenuation obtained by the mutation was determined in day-old chickens. Typically, when 100-fold the 50% lethal dose (for the wild type) was given, no more than 50% mortality in the day-old chickens was observed. The deletion mutant of serotype O2 was also found to be avirulent in turkeys rendered susceptible to infection with hemorrhagic enteritis virus A. Turkey poults vaccinated orally at 4 weeks old with either the wild-type E. coli EC317 strain or its carAB mutant EC751 were completely protected from infection following challenge with the homologous wild-type strain. Our data indicate that carAB mutants of virulent avian strains of E. coli will be effective and safe as live oral vaccines for prevention of colibacillosis in poultry.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1993

Time to loss of somatosensory evoked potentials and onset of changes in the spontaneous electroencephalogram of turkeys during gas stunning.

The times to the loss of somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs) and the onset of suppressed and isoelectric electroencephalogram (EEG) were investigated in turkeys as they were stunned with gas mixtures consisting of one of three mixtures: (A) 30 per cent carbon dioxide and 60 per cent argon in air (2 per cent residual oxygen and 8 per cent residual nitrogen); (B) 90 per cent argon in air (2 per cent residual oxygen and 8 per cent residual nitrogen); (C) 65 per cent carbon dioxide in air (7 per cent residual oxygen and 28 per cent residual nitrogen). The time to the loss of SEPs, EEG suppression and the onset of an isoelectric EEG, respectively, were 22, 16 and 35 seconds in mixture A, 44, 41 and 101 seconds in mixture B, and 15, 15 and 67 seconds in mixture C. Stunning turkeys with mixture A or B would be suitable under commercial conditions. Mixture C, containing 65 per cent carbon dioxide in air, is considered on humanitarian grounds to be unacceptable for stunning turkeys owing to the pungency of the carbon dioxide at this concentration.

Abattoirs↗
PubMed1994

Effect of the method of stunning and the interval between stunning and neck cutting on blood loss in turkeys.

Turkey hens were stunned by inducing anoxia with either argon (with approximately 2 per cent residual oxygen) or 30 per cent carbon dioxide in argon with 2 per cent residual oxygen, and the carcases were bled either immediately or five or 10 minutes after they had been stunned. A control group of turkeys was stunned electrically (250 mA for about four seconds) and had their necks cut immediately after stunning. The amount of blood lost was measured and expressed as a percentage of liveweight. The results showed that the necks of gas-stunned turkeys can be cut up to 10 minutes after they have been stunned without reducing the total blood loss significantly.

Abattoirs↗
PubMed2000

Duration of cross-protection between subtypes A and B avian pneumovirus in turkeys.

The degree and duration of clinical and virological cross-protection between avian pneumovirus subtypes A and B were examined in two-week-old pneumovirus antibody-free turkeys. The turkeys were inoculated with either a virulent subtype A (Belgian isolate A/T6/96), a virulent subtype B (Belgian isolate B/T9/96), an attenuated subtype A or an attenuated subtype B, and challenged homologously and heterologously with virulent avian pneumovirus two, five and 11 weeks after inoculation. Birds inoculated with virulent A or B virus showed typical respiratory signs from three to seven days after inoculation. After challenge, no clinical signs were observed in any of the groups, and no virus was isolated from the turkeys that had been initially inoculated with a virulent strain. Virulent virus was recovered from the birds that had been initially inoculated with attenuated subtypes and challenged five and/or 11 weeks later with a heterologous virulent strain. Birds challenged after five weeks showed a serological booster reaction only when they had been inoculated initially with a virulent or attenuated subtype B and challenged with subtype A. Seroconversion was observed in all the groups challenged after 11 weeks except when they had been inoculated initially with attenuated subtype B and challenged with subtype B.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Efficacy of avian pneumovirus vaccines against an avian pneumovirus/Escherichia coli O2:K1 dual infection in turkeys.

The clinical, pathological and microbiological outcome of a challenge with avian pneumovirus (APV) and Escherichia coli O2:K1 was evaluated in turkeys vaccinated with an attenuated APV vaccine and with or without maternally derived antibodies. Two groups of two-week-old poults, one with and one without maternally derived antibodies against APV, were vaccinated oculonasally with attenuated APV subtype A or B. A third group remained unvaccinated. Eleven weeks later, the turkeys were inoculated intranasally with either virulent APV subtype A, or E. coli O2:K1, or with both agents three days apart. After the dual infection, birds vaccinated with attenuated subtype A or B, and with or without maternally derived antibodies, had lower mean clinical scores than the unvaccinated birds. In the vaccinated birds, virus replication was significantly reduced and no bacteria were isolated, except from the birds vaccinated with attenuated subtype B. In the unvaccinated turkeys, large numbers of E. coli O2:K1 were isolated from the turbinates of the dually infected birds between one-and-a-half and seven days after they were inoculated.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Static space requirements of male meat turkeys.

The area covered by standing male meat turkeys between 11 and 21 weeks of age was measured by planimetry on photographs taken from directly above the birds. There was a strong relationship (r = 0.86) between their liveweight and the area covered, and a formula was derived for the calculation of the area covered by turkeys weighing between 7.6 and 21.8 kg. A comparison with the formula developed on theoretical grounds in 1995 by the Farm Animal Welfare Council (FAWC) showed that for heavy turkeys the FAWC formula is not valid, because it yields values which are about 50 per cent too low.

Animal Welfare↗
PubMed2003

A first-generation map of the turkey genome.

A primary linkage map of the domestic turkey (Meleagris gallopavo) was developed by segregation analysis of genetic markers within a backcross family. This reference family includes 84 offspring from one F1 sire mated to two dams. Genomic DNA was digested using one of five restriction enzymes, and restriction fragment length polymorphisms were detected on Southern blots using probes prepared from 135 random clones isolated from a whole-embryo cDNA library. DNA sequence was subsequently determined for 114 of these cDNA clones. Sequence comparisons were done using BLAST searches of the GenBank database, and redundant sequences were eliminated. High similarity was found between 23% of the turkey sequences and mRNA sequences reported for the chicken. The current map, based on expressed genes, includes 138 loci, encompassing 113 loci arranged into 22 linkage groups and an additional 25 loci that remain unlinked. The average distance between linked markers is 6 cM and the longest linkage group (17 loci) measures 131 cM. The total map distance contained within linkage groups is 651 cM. The present map provides an important framework for future genome mapping in the turkey.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

An opioid pathway in the hypothalamus of the turkey that stimulates prolactin secretion.

Circulating prolactin (PRL) levels increase when dynorphin is infused into the turkey brain. This study tested the hypothesis that centrally infused dynorphin requires an intact vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) system in order to stimulate turkey PRL secretion. It also investigated the roles of the dopaminergic and serotonergic systems in dynorphin-induced PRL release. Drugs were infused into the third ventricle of anesthetized laying turkeys via stereotaxically guided cannulae and circulating blood was assayed for changes in PRL levels. When a highly selective kappa opioid receptor antagonist was given prior to dynorphin injection, the PRL response to dynorphin was almost totally blocked. The coinfusion of either a serotonin (5-HT) or a D(1) dopamine (DA) receptor antagonist with dynorphin prevented the increase in PRL observed in birds when dynorphin was infused alone. On the other hand, the kappa opioid receptor antagonist failed to prevent the 5-HT-induced release of PRL. In hens actively immunized against VIP, infused dynorphin was unable to increase plasma PRL levels and infused VIP gave a muted PRL rise, while large increases in PRL were seen in nonimmunized birds receiving the same infusions. These data show that: (1) dynorphin stimulates PRL secretion by activating kappa opioid receptors in the avian hypothalamus, and (2) dynorphin, 5-HT, DA, and VIP stimulate avian PRL secretion via a common pathway expressing kappa opioid, serotonergic, dopaminergic, and VIPergic receptors at synapses arranged serially in that functional order, with the VIPergic system as the final mediator (releasing factor).

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Pattern of lung cancer in Turkey, 1994-1998.

BACKGROUND: Lung cancer is the most common neoplasm in Turkey, but there is not enough data on the characteristics of this mortal illness in our country. OBJECTIVES AND METHODS: The Turkish Thoracic Society, Lung and Pleural Malignancies Study Group (TTS-LPMSG) conducted a national retrospective hospital-based study to determine the pattern of lung cancer in Turkey. RESULTS: A total of 11,849 lung cancer patients were studied between 1994 and 1998, 90.4% were male and 9.6% were female. The majority of patients were smokers (77.9%) or ex-smokers (10.8%). The mean age at the time of diagnosis was 58.4 years (20-84) and 56.7% of the patients were aged between 46 and 65 years. The most common histological types were squamous cell (45.4%), small cell (SCLC; 20.5%) and adenocarcinoma (20.2%). The majority of patients with non-small-cell lung cancer were diagnosed with metastatic disease (40.4%). Of the patients with SCLC patients, 37.9% had limited stage disease and 62.7% extensive stage disease at diagnosis. CONCLUSION: The results of the largest data so far collected in Turkey show that the vast majority of patients with lung cancer are male, squamous cell is the most common histological type, and only a small proportion of patients are diagnosed at an early stage.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed2006

Prevalence of multiple sclerosis door-to-door survey in Maltepe, Istanbul, Turkey.

BACKGROUND: The prevalence of multiple sclerosis (MS) in Istanbul, Turkey, is unknown. We investigated the prevalence of MS in the district of Maltepe, Istanbul, Turkey. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional field research study using door-to-door sampling. Maltepe is a district of Istanbul beside the sea of Marmara (population 359,298 from 2000 census). The two-phase study screened 32,531 subjects using the Poser criteria for clinical diagnosis. The chi(2) test was used for analyses of frequency distributions. RESULTS: 33 of 32,531 people were diagnosed with MS. Their average age was 41 +/- 12.0 years (43 +/- 12.7 years for females and 37 +/- 9.6 years for males). The prevalence of MS in Maltepe was 101.4/100,000 within the total population (118.7/100,000 in the female and 76.0/100,000 in the male populations). CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence rates of MS in the Turkish population living in a district of Istanbul are considerably higher than we thought. And the prevalence rate is much higher than neighboring countries. They are similar to those recently recorded in Sicily and Germany. These figures suggest that the prevalence rate of MS is not totally dependent upon geographical variation. However, the research of our results needs to be confirmed with further investigations in order to determine the prevalence of MS in Turkey with confidence.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Ovarian involvement in the suppression of luteinizing hormone in the incubating turkey (Meleagris gallopavo).

A series of experiments were conducted to elucidate the role of the ovary in incubation behavior-associated luteinizing hormone (LH) suppression. Ovariectomy (Ovx) increased (p < 0.05) serum LH levels in nonphotostimulated, laying and photorefractory turkeys but not in incubating birds (p > 0.05). Ovx had no effect on intramuscularly injected mammalian luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (4 micrograms/kg i.m.)-induced LH in incubating hens, but enhanced the LH response in laying hens. Serum LH and prolactin (Prl) were unaffected by Ovx, and nest deprivation (ND) decreased Prl levels (p < 0.05) with no effect on serum LH of incubating turkeys. However, serum LH increased (p < 0.05) and Prl decreased in Ovx-ND birds. Prl mRNA abundance (11.9 +/- 1.2 ng/microgram total RNA) decreased following Ovx (3.4 +/- 0.4 ng/microgram total RNA) or ND (3.6 +/- 0.5 ng/microgram total RNA). Nest deprivation increased LH beta mRNA (2.5-fold) which was further increased (4.8-fold) by Ovx. Hypothalamic GnRH-I and GnRH-II contents increased (p < 0.05) in Ovx-ND turkeys. We conclude that serum LH suppression during incubation behavior requires ovarian participation acting synergistically with elevated Prl and/or nesting stimulus on hypothalamic GnRH, and that the concentration fo LH beta mRNA may be a limiting factor in LH secretion.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Binding of adenosine diphosphate to turkey thrombocytes.

Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) caused rapid and reversible aggregation of turkey thrombocytes, as determined by optical and microscopical examination. To investigate the binding of ADP to these cells, turkey thrombocyte-rich plasma was incubated with ADP-8-14C or ADP-3-3H and with human serum albumin labeled with 125I. The thrombocytes were rapidly separated by centrifugation through silicone oil. From radioactivity determination of plasma and thrombocyte pellets the uptake of ADP radioactivity by thrombocytes was calculated. Scatchard analysis of concentration-dependent binding yielded a hyperbolic plot which indicates that turkey thrombocytes similarly to human platelets have more than one type of binding site for ADP.

Adenosine Diphosphate↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Propranolol effects on hypertension and the arterial wall beyond the treatment period in turkeys.

To determine if the effects of propranolol on hypertension and the arterial wall persisted for a significant time after the medication was discontinued, various parameters were compared at 16 weeks in control turkeys (CC), in birds on the medication from 3 days to 16 weeks (PP), and in others that were treated only from 3 days to 10 weeks (PC). At 16 weeks, arterial blood pressure, maximum rate of pressure increase (dp/dt max), and aortic intimal hyperplasia were lowest in the PP group, intermediate in the PC birds, and highest in the CC turkeys. Likewise, the vascular wall constituted 61% of the radius of the coronary arteries in the CC group, but only 52% and 45% in the PC and PP groups, respectively. At 16 weeks, heart rate was lowest and aortic tensile strength highest in the group that was treated for the entire period, at the end of which the average plasma propranolol level was 97 ng/ml. At the same age, heart rate and aortic tensile strength were approximately the same in the CC and PC groups, and propranolol was not detectable in the plasma. It is concluded that the administration of propranolol to hypertensive turkeys early in life reduced blood pressure, aortic intimal hyperplasia, and arterial wall thickness and that these effects persisted to a significant degree for at least 6 weeks after the medication was discontinued. The higher aortic tensile strength that was produced by propranolol did not persist.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Regulations and organ transplantation in Turkey.

The concrete expression of ethical values in legal arrangements may require a long period. In our experience, this period can sometimes be quite brief when it comes to bioethical issues, as it can be seen in the legal arrangement in Turkey concerning organ transplantations. Turkey can be considered a fortunate country with respect to legal arrangements for organ transplantation in that laws on organ transplantation in Turkey date back to twenty years ago. At the time this law went into effect, the ethical discussion on this issue were yet to begin. The rationale behind the law was to prevent physicians from legal prosecution due to organ transplantation. Yet, the attempt to place organ transplantation into a certain legal framework alleviates our ethical concerns.

Cadaver↗
PubMed1985

Pathology of cloacal bursae of gnotobiotic turkeys orally inoculated with Escherichia coli.

Cloacal bursae from three-week-old gnotobiotic turkeys were examined by light and electron microscopy and bacteriologic techniques at 1, 2, 5, 8, 12, and 16 days after oral inoculation of highly virulent (group 1) and weakly virulent (group 2) Escherichia coli. In both groups a significant decrease in follicular volume and increase in interstitial volume were associated with infection. Follicular cortical, follicular medullary and total follicular transectional areas increased with time in inoculated and control turkeys. In group 1, granulocytic inflammation developed in bursae on day 1 and diminished by day 8 after inoculation. Microabscesses were present on days 5 and 8 after inoculation in less than 1% of follicles. Bacteria were seen in few follicular medullae on days 5 and 8 after inoculation; bacteremia was detected on days 1, 2, and 5 after inoculation. In group 2, pyogranulomatous bursitis was first seen at five days after inoculation and became progressively more severe with time. Follicular alterations in group 2 included abscessation, lymphocyte necrosis, reticuloepithelial hyperplasia and perifollicular fibroplasia. Ultrastructurally, follicular pads had degenerate and necrotic epithelial cells, intercellular edema, and cystic spaces that contained acidic mucosubstances and laminar deposits of calcium salts. Bacteria were seen within necrotic centers of follicular abscesses, in phagosomes of macrophages and multinucleate giant cells and within extracellular spaces of follicular pads and follicular medullae from day 5 to day 16 after inoculation; no bacteremia was detected. We conclude that E. coli passes through the bursal follicle-associated epithelium and replicates within follicular medullae, that extensive follicular necrosis is associated with persistence of E. coli in follicular medullae, and that E. coli of low virulence may cause severe pyogranulomatous bursitis in young turkeys without causing the respiratory or systemic diseases which are commonly associated with organisms of high virulence.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Suicide attempts in Turkey: results of the WHO-EURO Multicentre Study on Suicidal Behaviour.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the rate and method of attempted suicides in a catchment area in Turkey as part of the WHO-EURO Multicentre Study on Suicidal Behaviour. METHOD: All hospitals in the catchment area were screened to identify suicide attempts for 4 years between January 1, 1998, and December 31, 2001. RESULTS: In the 4-year period, 737 individuals attempted suicide (514 women and 223 men). The mean annual rate per 100,000 was 46.89 for men and 112.89 for women. The parasuicide rate increased by 93.59% between 1998 and 2001. The most frequent method used by both men and women was self-poisoning. CONCLUSION: Compared with the results from other European research centres, attempted suicide rates in Turkey were relatively low. However, the increase in rates was striking. This upward trend may be related to the intense economic difficulties, increasing unemployment, and rapid social change experienced in Turkey in recent years. The risk groups appeared to be younger and female.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Sexual harassment of female nurses in a hospital in Turkey.

Sexual harassment has been identified as a universal factor that can affect nursing performance and work productivity in any type of health care facility. Few studies in the area of sexual harassment have been conducted in developing countries, and this is the first study of its type to be conducted in the country of Turkey. The general purpose of this study is to examine whether the problem of sexual harassment truly is "universal' and to begin to address whether it exists among female nurses in Turkey. Translated surveys were distributed to selected nurses in Ankara, Turkey, asking about their experiences of sexual harassment during their nursing practice. With a response rate of 58% (n = 229), 75% of the respondents reported having been sexually harassed during their nursing practice. The most commonly reported forms of sexual harassment included sexual testing, jokes, remarks or questions and pressure for dates. Harassment by physicians (44%), by patients (34%), by relatives of patients (14%) and others (9%) were noted. Further, a significant relationship was found between sexual harassment of nurses who work in inpatient or outpatient clinics. In general, these findings suggest that sexual harassment of female nurses remains a disturbing problem in this developing country. Based on the findings, implications for policy and further study are suggested.

Adult↗