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PubMed2006

Oral behaviors checklist: reliability of performance in targeted waking-state behaviors.

AIMS: To assess the consistency of intentional behavioral performance as an index of whether individuals understood the meanings of the behavioral terms of the Oral Behaviors Checklist, which is a self-report scale for identifying and quantifying the frequency of jaw overuse behaviors. METHODS: Surface electromyography was used to measure bilaterally the activity of the masseter, temporalis, and suprahyoid muscles (for assessment of oral behaviors) and the biceps muscles (reference task of biceps curl) in 27 temporomandibular disorder (TMD) cases and 27 controls. Subjects were asked to perform (1) biceps curls to lift 5 weights, with explanation, and (2) 10 oral behaviors (e.g., "clench", "yawn") without explanation. RESULTS: Biceps-curl performance resulted in assignments of excellent or very good for linearity-reliability based on inspection and correlation. Test-retest reliability of the 10 performed oral behaviors generally ranged from 0.6 to 0.98 for all 3 muscle groups, and many tasks had reliability coefficients comparable to those for the biceps curl. Across tasks, elevator muscle reliability of cases was 0.87, compared to 0.75 for controls; group values for opening muscles were similar. CONCLUSION: Individual subjects performed each task at a high level of consistency. Performance was not appreciably altered by being a TMD case versus a control and was not significantly different from the performance level of a reference task, indicating that each individual understood well the meaning of each oral behavior-related word.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

[Orthodontic and maxillofacial confrontation of a hemifacial microsomic mandible, comprising electromyographic check].

A rare case of hemifacial microsomia of the mandible whose etiological entity is delineated from the bad posture of the foetus in the womb during the foetal period, is described. In this case, the combination of orthodontic and maxillofacial treatment, gave satisfactory results as regards the aesthetic problem of the person, the occlusal disturbances and the function, of the masseter and the temporalis-muscles. These functions were checked before, during and after the treatment by means of electromyograms, and a more balanced activity of these muscles could be detected after the combined treatment.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

[Experimental study of oral hyperactivity caused by mental stress, in particular by aggression].

18 patients without stomatognathic symptoms were examined by three psychological tests (Foto-Hand test, Freiburg personal inventory, and Giessen Test). Aggression had had the strongest effect upon masticatory muscles. Various other effects were studied, like ECG, respiration, pulse, tremor, skin resistance, masseter, biceps and triceps. Because of the visible effect upon the stomatognathic system it is plausible that disease in this organic system is to be expected at an early stage.

Aggression↗
PubMed1995

Alterations to mandibular form following motor denervation of the masseter muscle. An experimental study in the rat.

The form of the mandible in young rats was studied following denervation of the masseter muscle. Wistar-derived male rats aged 27 d were randomly assigned either to experimental, sham-operated or control groups. The main trunk and initial branches of the masseteric nerve were resected on one side in each experimental animal. The nerve was exposed, but not resected, in the sham-operated group. No surgery was performed on the control group. All animals were killed at 69 d of age, examined and standardised contact radiographs taken of the cleaned and dried mandibles. Radiographic measurements describing the form and size of the mandibles were compared. On the operated side in the experimental animals the masseter muscle was smaller and the temporalis muscle larger as compared with the unoperated side. The angular process and the subcondylar incisure were also smaller and the coronoid process was positioned more rostrally. The most striking feature was that relatively little change accompanied denervation of masseter in the growing experimental rats. It is concluded that some of the changes previously attributed to muscle denervation may be due to other causes.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2005

The use of composite lid graft and the adjacent temporal myocutaneous tissue with orbicularis muscle mobilization for full-thickness total and subtotal upper lid reconstruction.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the use of a lateral full-thickness upper eyelid graft and the adjacent myocutaneous tissue in the temporal area with mobilization of the orbicularis muscle as a single-stage procedure for reconstruction of full-thickness total and subtotal upper eyelid defects. METHODS: Twelve patients with extensive basal cell carcinoma were included. In seven patients, the tumor involved the inner canthus and at least the medial one-fourth of both upper and lower eyelids. In five patients, the tumor involved more than two-thirds of the upper eyelid. Following resection of the tumor with a safety margin, a 16-mm graft from the normal upper eyelid and its adjacent myocutaneous tissue in the temporal area was used in reconstruction of the defect in the upper eyelid, without affecting the function or the esthetic appearance of the donor upper eyelid. In all cases, the remaining orbicularis in the recipient bed was mobilized as a bipedicle flap, advanced inferiorly and sutured to the graft. RESULTS: All the grafts have taken. The functional and esthetic results in both donor and recipient upper eyelids were acceptable during a follow-up period of 6-50 months. In 8 patients (67%), the cilia of the composite lid portion of the graft have only partially taken. CONCLUSION: This single-stage procedure with a single donor site may represent a simple alternative to more complicated procedures described for total full-thickness upper eyelid reconstruction or subtotal reconstruction associated with medial lower eyelid defects.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

[A clinical study on the relationship between chewing movements and masticatory muscle activities].

Chewing movement is one of the most important functional and physiological jaw movements, and it is coordinated by the three elements of the functional occlusion system (teeth, TMJs and masticatory muscles). However, the relationship between chewing movement and these elements has not been clarified. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between chewing movement and the activity of the masticatory muscles which directly control jaw movements. 25 subjects with normal stomatognathic function, 5 patients with MPD syndrome (muscle dysfunction group) and 5 patients with unilateral TMJ internal derangement (TMJ dysfunction group) were selected. 6 gums with different hardness were used as the test bolus. Sirognathograph Electromyograph Analysing System was used to simultaneously record chewing movements and electromyograms of the right and left masseter, anterior temporal, posterior temporal and anterior belly of digastric muscles. Using the analysing software which was developed for this study, chewing movements and muscle activities were analysed. The results were as follow; A. In normal subjects 1. Gum hardness influenced durations of the closing and occluding phases, maximum opening and closing speed, opening degree and deviation of opening and closing path. 2. Gum hardness influenced muscle activities except of the time factors of digastric bursts. 3. Durations of the closing and occluding phases were found to be related with the elevator muscle activities. Maximum closing speed was related with the masseter and anterior temporal muscle activities. Deviation of closing path was related with the anterior and posterior temporal muscle activities. B. In abnormal subjects 1. The changes mainly observed in the muscle activities were found to be significantly different between the muscle dysfunction group and normal group. Similarly, the changes mainly observed in the chewing movements were different between the TMJ dysfunction group and normal group. 2. When compared with the relationships in normal subjects, changes were observed in the relationships for closing movement in the muscle dysfunction group. In contrast, changes were observed in the relationships for opening movement in the TMJ dysfunction group. From the results, close relationships were found between chewing movements and muscle activities, and were characteristically influenced by stomatognathic dysfunction.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

No posterior mandibular displacement in Angle Class II, division 2 malocclusion as revealed with electromyography and sirognathography.

The activity of the anterior and posterior temporal, and of the masseter muscles was studied by electromyography and the position of the mandible by sirognathography. The recordings were made in 22 children, aged 8-13 years, with Angle Class II, division 2 malocclusion before and during treatment of their malocclusion. The treatment comprised two phases: proclination of the upper incisors and bite raising with a removable plate, and the subsequent correction of the distal occlusion with an activator. The aim of the study was to reveal signs of anterior mandibular positioning during the treatment. The electromyographic recordings were made in the rest position of the mandible, and during maximal biting, chewing, and swallowing. The sirognathographic recordings comprised the positions of the mandible at rest, at intercuspation, and during tooth contact during chewing and maximal mandibular movements. The muscle activity at rest was unchanged during the period of observation. The activity during maximal biting, chewing, and swallowing decreased during the phase of proclination, which was interpreted as a result of occlusal instability. The positions of the mandible at rest, at intercuspation, and during chewing were stable during the treatment. Neither the electromyographic recordings nor the recordings of mandibular positions revealed any signs of anterior mandibular positioning during the treatment of the Class II, division 2 malocclusion.

Child↗
PubMed1997

[A study on tapping movements of patients with cerebral palsy].

The purpose of this study was to examine the deviation of tapping points and electromyographic activity in patients with cerebral palsy. The subjects in this study were 6 normal subjects as the control group and 4 subjects with cerebral palsy as the patient group. Twenty tapping movements and electromyographic activities in the bilateral masseter, anterior temporal, anterior digastric, and sternocleidomastoid muscles were recorded simultaneously with Gnatho-Hexagraph. The results were as follows: 1. The differences of the opening distance and the cycle of tapping movements between the patient group and the control group were not significant, but coefficients of variation of the patient group were greater than those of the control group. 2. The deviations of tapping points in the patient group were significantly greater anteroposteriorly, laterally, and vertically than those in the control group. 3. In the patient group, electromyographic activities of masseter and sternocleidomastoid muscles during tapping movements were significantly greater than those in the control group. 4. In the patient group, electromyographic activities of the anterior temporal muscles were significantly less symmetric than those in the control group.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Occlusal force and craniofacial biomechanics during growth in rhesus monkeys.

The masticatory muscles in 132 anesthetized male and female rhesus monkeys ranging in age from juvenile to adult were unilaterally stimulated. Muscle forces and speeds were measured with a bite force transducer positioned at the incisors, premolars, and molars during twitch and tetanic contractions. Lateral cephalographs of all animals were used to estimate the orientation and mechanical advantage of the masticatory muscles. Results showed that maximal occlusal forces increased at a greater rate than body weight during growth. However, maximal occlusal forces increased isometrically relative to mandibular length. Mean forces at the incisors ranged from 70.3 newtons (n) in juveniles up to 139.9 n in adult males. Forces at the molars were 2-2.5 times greater than at the incisors. Time-to-peak tension decreased with increasing body size from 44.1 msec in juveniles to 37.4 msec in adult females to 31.0 msec in adult males. Regression analysis showed that adult males have faster muscles than adult females or juveniles even when corrected for body size. Temporalis and masseter orientation was found to change little throughout growth. The mechanical advantage of the masseter and temporalis muscles for producing occlusal forces on the distal molars improved between juveniles and adults, which is contrary to findings of Oyen et al. (Growth 43:174-187, 1979). Among adults, females had a greater mechanical advantage of the masseter muscles than males.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2005

Temporalis function in anthropoids and strepsirrhines: an EMG study.

The major purpose of this study is to analyze anterior and posterior temporalis muscle force recruitment and firing patterns in various anthropoid and strepsirrhine primates. There are two specific goals for this project. First, we test the hypothesis that in addition to transversely directed muscle force, the evolution of symphyseal fusion in primates may also be linked to vertically directed balancing-side muscle force during chewing (Hylander et al. [2000] Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 112:469-492). Second, we test the hypothesis of whether strepsirrhines retain the hypothesized primitive mammalian condition for the firing of the anterior temporalis, whereas anthropoids have the derived condition (Weijs [1994] Biomechanics of Feeding in Vertebrates; Berlin: Springer-Verlag, p. 282-320). Electromyographic (EMG) activities of the left and right anterior and posterior temporalis muscles were recorded and analyzed in baboons, macaques, owl monkeys, thick-tailed galagos, and ring-tailed lemurs. In addition, as we used the working-side superficial masseter as a reference muscle, we also recorded and analyzed EMG activity of the left and right superficial masseter in these primates. The data for the anterior temporalis provided no support for the hypothesis that symphyseal fusion in primates is linked to vertically directed jaw muscle forces during mastication. Thus, symphyseal fusion in primates is most likely mainly linked to the timing and recruitment of transversely directed forces from the balancing-side deep masseter (Hylander et al. [2000] Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 112:469-492). In addition, our data demonstrate that the firing patterns for the working- and balancing-side anterior temporalis muscles are near identical in both strepsirrhines and anthropoids. Their working- and balancing-side anterior temporalis muscles fire asynchronously and reach peak activity during the power stroke. Similarly, their working- and balancing-side posterior temporalis muscles also fire asynchronously and reach peak activity during the power stroke. Compared to these strepsirrhines, however, the balancing-side posterior temporalis of anthropoids appears to have a relatively delayed firing pattern. Moreover, based on their smaller W/B ratios, anthropoids demonstrate a relative increase in muscle-force recruitment of the balancing-side posterior temporalis. This in turn suggests that anthropoids may emphasize the duration and magnitude of the power stroke during mastication. This hypothesis, however, requires additional testing. Furthermore, during the latter portion of the power stroke, the late activity of the balancing-side posterior temporalis of anthropoids apparently assists the balancing-side deep masseter in driving the working-side molars through the terminal portion of occlusion.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Evidence of qualitatively altered nociception in patients with fibromyalgia.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the perception of pain in tender muscles of patients with fibromyalgia. METHODS: Twenty-five women with fibromyalgia and 25 healthy women were examined. Seven different pressure intensities were used to palpate a highly tender muscle and a largely normal muscle. Subjects then recorded their response to induced pain on a visual analog scale. The examiner was blinded to each subject's response. RESULTS: The stimulus-response function for pressure versus pain recorded for normal muscle was well described by a power function. For highly tender muscle, the stimulus-response function was displaced toward lower pressures and, more importantly, it was linear, i.e., qualitatively different from that of normal muscle. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates that nociception is qualitatively altered in patients with fibromyalgia, which is consistent with recent findings in other patients with tender muscles. The data strongly indicate that fibromyalgic pain, at least in part, is due to aberrant central pain mechanisms.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

An electromyographic study of mastication in the freely-moving rat.

The EMG patterns of temporalis, masseter and digastric muscles of twenty Wistar white rats were studied as they ate large and small standard food pellets, bread and pudding. Bipolar EMG electrodes were placed in the muscles and led subcutaneously to a connector pedestal on the rat's head. Integrated records of the EMG patterns were used for analysis. The open-close chewing cycle was initiated by digastric activity to open the mouth; temporalis began the closing phase, followed soon thereafter by activity in masseter. A second burst of activity from digastric occurred during this closing phase analogous to the human lateral pterygoid muscle in stabilizing the structures of the mandibular joint.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Effect of experimental stress on masseter and temporalis muscle activity in human subjects with temporomandibular disorders.

Temporomandibular (TM) disorders have an uncertain aetiology. The purpose of this study was to replicate and extend the work of Yemm (1969) (Archs oral Biol. 14, 873-878, 1437-1439; Br. dent. J. 127, 508-510), who reported a lack of habituation to experimentally induced stress in subjects with TM disorders. In this study, 20 TM disorder patients and 20 controls, matched for age and sex, performed a timed psychomotor task while bilateral masseter and anterior temporalis electromyographic (EMG) activity, finger temperature and skin admittance were monitored. These data were sampled, stored every 4s and averaged by an Apple II Plus/ISAAC interface. A significant trials effect for finger temperature (F[4/152] = 34.99, p less than 0.001) and skin admittance (F[4/152] = 41.90, p less than 0.001) was found, suggesting that the independent variable (stress) had been successfully manipulated. A significant trials by groups effect was found for right temporalis EMG activity (F[3/144] = 3.94, p less than 0.05); the left temporalis showed a similar, but not significant, trend. The masseter muscles did not show differences or trends between groups. No significant differences were found in resting EMG levels or in the initial magnitude of EMG responses during baseline. These results provide support for the hypothesis that TM disorder and control groups respond differently to stress in terms of habituation to stressful stimuli.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Endurance and recovery from a sustained isometric contraction in human jaw-elevating muscles.

Ten males sustained maximal voluntary contractions (MVC) of the jaw elevators. Unilateral bite force and electromyographic (EMG) activity were recorded from the right masseter and temporalis. The experiment comprised three endurance trials, and each trial consisted of two sustained 100% MVC clenching tasks. Between the two tasks, the subjects took a randomly assigned rest of either 30, 120 or 300 s. Immediately after each task, they performed an additional brief 100% MVC to check for contractile failure. EMGs were taken from the beginning and end of each sustained 100% MVC and used to determine and compare the EMG centre frequency. The difference in endurance times between the first and second clenchings was greatest for the 30-s rest and progressively decreased as the rest period increased. The beginning EMG centre frequency was significantly greater than the end for each clenching. These findings strongly support the proposal that even though the jaw elevators are resistant to a contractile element failure, a contraction-induced pain is produced, which limits a sustained jaw-closing effort. Recovery from this effort pain is related to the post-contraction blood flow.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Differences in monosynaptic EPSPs elicited by masseter and temporalis spindle afferents in anaesthetised rats.

We have used the intracellular variant of the spike triggered averaging method to examine the monosynaptic connexions of masseter and temporalis spindle afferents on jaw-elevator motoneurones. Temporalis spindle afferents elicited larger averaged EPSPs in motoneurones than masseter spindle afferents, in part because transmission at synapses of temporalis afferents was associated with lower incidences of failures. We conclude that EPSP amplitude in this motor system in governed, at least in part, by the presynaptic neurone rather than the identity of the postsynaptic neurone.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Comparison of muscle activity between conventional and neuromuscular splints.

The muscle relaxation appliance (MRA) has been used in the treatment of myofascial pain dysfunction (MPD) patients. The neuromuscular orthotic is a version of the MRA and is constructed from a three-dimensional mandibular position when muscles are in a state of minimal electromyographic (EMG) activity. The purpose of this study was to investigate the affect of two muscle relaxation appliances and a placebo (cotton rolls) on EMG activity of the functional masseter and anterior temporalis muscles. A centric relation mandibular MRA and a neuromuscular orthotic were constructed under controlled protocols for 12 women MPD patients with a mean age of 38 years. EMG measurements were taken during a 10-second clench of both appliance and placebo. No statistical difference was found between the centric relation mandibular MRA and neuromuscular orthotic. A statistically significant difference was found between the mean EMG values of the placebo and two treatment appliances.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Reconstruction of the palate using bilateral temporalis muscle flaps: a case report.

The functional deformity following removal of the maxilla is considerable. Rehabilitation used to be very difficult with prostheses or traditional flaps. Temporalis muscle flaps have been described for reconstruction following hemi-maxillectomy, but not total maxillectomy. A case is now presented to illustrate the use of bilateral temporalis muscle flaps following almost total removal of the maxilla at a Le Fort I level.

Aged↗