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At least 1,261 records · Page 70Linked to original sources
PubMed2000

Effect of short-duration spaceflight on thigh and leg muscle volume.

PURPOSE: Human skeletal muscle probably atrophies as a result of spaceflight, but few studies have examined this issue. Thus, little is known about the influence of microgravity upon human skeletal muscle, nor is it possible to assess the validity of ground based models of spaceflight. This study tested the hypothesis that the magnitude of spaceflight induced muscle atrophy would be a function of flight duration and greater than that of bed rest. METHODS: Three astronauts flew 9, 15, and 16 d in space. Volume of the knee extensor (quadriceps femoris), knee flexor (hamstrings, sartorius, and gracilis), and plantar flexor (triceps surae) muscle groups was measured using magnetic resonance imaging before and after spaceflight and during recovery. The volume of each muscle group in each image was determined by multiplying cross-sectional area by slice thickness. These values were subsequently summed to calculate muscle volume. RESULTS: Volume changes in the knee extensor, knee flexor, and plantar flexor muscle groups ranged from -15.4 to -5.5, -14.1 to -5.6, and -8.8 to -15.9%, respectively. Muscle volume decreases normalized by flight duration ranged from 0.62 to 1.04% x d(-1). These relative changes appeared to be greater than those that we have reported previously for bed rest (Akima et al., J. Gravitat. Physiol. 4:15-22, 1997). CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that atrophy as a result of at least 2 wk of spaceflight varied among individuals and muscle groups and that the degree of atrophy appeared to be greater than that induced by 20 d of bed rest.

Astronauts↗
PubMed1999

Flaps and grafts revisited: cross-leg and thigh flaps for lower extremity wounds.

Soft tissue reconstruction of the lower extremity has evolved considerably over the last 25 years. We no longer have to rely only on awkward pedicle flaps, or ultimately, amputation in order to heal a leg wound. The following is a brief history of the flaps prior to the development and use of the operating microscope and an increased knowledge of the circulation distal to the knee.

History, 20th Century↗
PubMed2001

Leprosy affects the tibial nerves diffusely from the middle of the thigh to the sole of the foot, including skip lesions.

This study investigated where leprosy affects the posterior tibial nerve and whether neurolysis is beneficial. Nine patients with bilateral posterior tibial leprous neuropathy with no sensorimotor recovery were studied. Preoperative sensory-muscle and nerve conduction velocity testing revealed the tarsal tunnel to be the site of a severe lesion in all cases. During surgery, the most proximal site of the nerve lesion was detected by electrically stimulating the spinal roots from the second lumbar nerve to the fourth sacral nerve, evoking efferent mixed nerve compound action potentials that were recorded from the exposed tibial nerve. In all patients, the nerve compound action potentials became normal only proximal to the sciatic nerve bifurcation. Epineuriotomy within these seemingly unaffected segments revealed fibrosis of the interfascicular epineurium. Interfascicular neurolysis was performed on all affected segments. A 2-year follow-up showed an increase in girth of the proximal calf musculature in six of eight patients (the ninth patient had no recordable nerve conduction velocity). It was concluded that (1) leprosy affects the tibial nerves in a scattered way from the sciatic nerve main trunk distally to the exit of the tarsal tunnel; and (2) interfascicular, microsurgical neurolysis is beneficial provided that it is performed on all affected nerve segments.

Action Potentials↗