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At least 1,261 records · Page 70Linked to original sources
PubMed1994

Tarsal joint contracture in dogs with golden retriever muscular dystrophy.

Golden retriever muscular dystrophy (GRMD) is an X-linked myopathy homologous with Duchenne muscular dystrophy of human beings. Affected dogs have progressive clinical dysfunction due to muscle wasting and contractures. Deficits progress particularly rapidly between 3 and 6 months of age. To better characterize the role of contractures in this deterioration, the flexor surface, nonweight-bearing tarsal joint angle was measured in GRMD-affected dogs and clinically normal littermates at both ages. The mean +/- SD tarsal joint angle for clinically normal dogs decreased from 164.6 +/- 6.09 degrees to 145.6 +/- 8.80 degrees between 3 and 6 months (P < 0.0005). The value for GRMD-affected dogs decreased from 153.3 +/- 11.44 degrees to 117.6 +/- 24.55 degrees (P < 0.005). The angle for clinically normal dogs was greater than that for GRMD-affected dogs at both ages (P < 0.05 at 3 months and P < 0.01 at 6 months). The decrease in tarsal joint angle, at times to less than 90 degrees, correlated well with other phenotypic features of GRMD, such as loss of the ability to walk.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Postoperative racing performance in standardbreds and thoroughbreds with osteochondrosis of the tarsocrural joint: 109 cases (1984-1990).

Medical records for 64 Thoroughbred and 45 Standardbred horses with osteochondrosis dissecans (OCD) of the tarsocrural joint that were treated by means of arthroscopic removal of the fragments before 2 years of age and before beginning racing were reviewed. Lesion site was recorded for all horses. The other foals from the dams of these surgically treated horses (siblings) were identified from mare progeny records. Racing data, including number of starts and money won during the 2- and 3-year-old racing years were obtained from the Jockey Club and the United States Trotting Association for affected horses and their siblings. Statistical analysis was performed to test the hypothesis that there was no difference between the racing performance of horses with OCD of the tarsocrural joint that were surgically treated by means of arthroscopic removal of the fragments prior to racing and that of their siblings. One hundred and seventy-four lesions were recorded in 109 horses. The distribution of lesions was similar to that previously reported. For the Standardbreds, 22% of those that had surgery raced as 2 year olds and 43% raced as 3 year olds, compared with 42 and 50% of the siblings that raced as 2 year olds and 3 year olds, respectively. For the Thoroughbreds, 43% of those that had surgery raced as 2 year olds and 78% raced as 3 year olds, compared with 48% and 73% of the siblings that raced as 2 year olds and 3 year olds, respectively.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Comparative studies of Ca(2+)-ATPase activity in epiphysis of tibiatarsus of quail lines selected for body weight.

1. Ca2+ concentration in blood plasma and Ca(2+)-ATPase activity in epiphysis of tibia at 3 and 15 weeks of age were compared among three quail lines (LL, RR and SS) selected for body weight. 2. The Ca2+ concentrations in blood plasma were higher in order of LL, RR and SS at 3 and 15 weeks of age in both sexes. Ca2+ concentrations in blood plasma at 3 weeks of age were lower than those of 15 weeks of age in both sexes. 3. At 15 weeks of age, the concentration of females was significantly higher than that of males in all lines. 4. The activities of Ca(2+)-ATPase in epiphysis of tibia was higher in order of SS, RR and LL at both ages and in both sexes. 5. The activities of Ca(2+)-ATPase at 3 weeks of age were significantly higher than those of 15 weeks of age in all lines. 6. These results suggest that the selection for body weight changed the concentration of Ca2+ in blood plasma and the activities of Ca(2+)-ATPase in epiphysis of tibia, parallel to the change of tibia length.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

The incidence of tibiotarsal rotation in the ostrich (Struthio camelus).

Abnormal lateral tibiotarsal rotation has been reported as one of many abnormalities affecting the pelvic appendicular skeleton of birds. In this study, lateral rotation of the tibiotarsus affected 89 out of 1,407 ostrich chicks between 2 weeks and 6 months of age raised at the Oudtshoorn Experimental Farm. There was no sexual preference, but the lesion affected the right pelvic limb almost exclusively and very rarely the left limb. Pelvic appendicular skeletal abnormalities make a significant contribution to mortalities in ostrich chicks.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Heritability estimations of osteochondrosis in the tibiotarsal joint and of bony fragments in the palmar/plantar portion of the metacarpo- and metatarsophalangeal joints of horses.

Radiography of the tibiotarsal and metacarpo- and metatarsophalangeal joints was performed on 753 Standardbred trotters (6 to 21 months old) born in 1988. The surveyed population was drawn at random from all parts of Norway and represented about 60% of Standardbred trotters born the same year. Osteochondrosis in the tibiotarsal joint was diagnosed in 108 (14.3%) horses, and the prevalence of disease in progeny groups > 10 ranged from 0 to 69%. Bony fragments in the palmar/plantar portion of the metacarpo- and metatarsophalangeal joints were diagnosed in 89 (11.8%) horses, and the prevalence of disease in progeny groups > 10 ranged from 0 to 41%. Heritability analysis was restricted to 644 horses, comprising groups of 5 or more progeny, from 39 stallions. The heritabilities of osteochondrosis in the tibiotarsal joint and of bony fragments in the palmar/plantar portion of the metacarpo- and metatarsophalangeal joints were estimated to be 0.52 and 0.21, respectively, using a nonlinear model.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Studies on the pathogeneis of tibial dyschondroplasia in chickens. IV. Some features of the vascular supply to the growth plates of the tibiotarsus.

Several features of the vascular supply to the growth plates of the tibiotarsus were compared in two strains of broiler chickens selected for a high and low incidence of tibial dyschondroplasia. No difference was found between the two strains in the area of the proximal growth plate of the tibiotarsus or in the distance of the nutrient foramen from the same growth plate. Vascular tunnels invading the zone of hypertrophy were significantly fewer in the proximal growth plate than in the distal growth plate, and tunnels invading the zone of hypertrophy of each growth plate were also fewer in the high-incidence chickens than in the low-incidence chickens.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Effects of potentiated chlorhexidine on bacteria and tarsocrural joints in ponies.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the bactericidal properties of chlorhexidine diacetate (CHD) after potentiation with EDTA and Tris buffer (EDTA-Tris), and to find a potentiated CHD concentration that would achieve 90 to 100% killing for all bacteria tested. ANIMALS: 6 adult ponies. PROCEDURES: Serial dilutions of CHD, CHD in EDTA-Tris and EDTA-Tris alone were evaluated for bactericidal activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Streptococcus zooepidemicus. The tarsocrural joints of 6 ponies were lavaged with either 1 L phosphate-buffered saline solution (control) or 1 L of 0.0005% CHD in EDTA-Tris. Synovial fluid was collected before lavage and on days 1,4, and 8. Synovia, cartilage, and bone with cartilage were collected on day 8 when the ponies were euthanatized. RESULTS: In vitro results indicated that 0.0005% CHD in EDTA-Tris was 90% lethal to all bacteria tested. Results of synovial fluid analysis, glycosaminoglycan analysis, and histologic examination of the synovial membrane and articular cartilage indicated that joint lavage with 0.0005% CHD in EDTA-Tris was not detrimental to the synovium or the articular cartilage of pony tarsocrural joints. Changes observed were a result of the actual lavage process, the phosphate-buffered saline solution, and hemarthrosis. CONCLUSIONS: A concentration of 0.0005% CHD in EDTA-Tris was 90% lethal to all bacteria tested. Pony tarsocrural joint lavage with 0.0005% CHD in EDTA-Tris was not detrimental to the synovium or the articular cartilage. The efficacy of 0.0005% CHD potentiated with EDTA-Tris as a potential joint lavage fluid for treatment of infectious arthritis needs to be evaluated in clinical patients.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Apparent viscosity of the synovial fluid from mid-carpal, tibiotarsal, and distal interphalangeal joints of horses.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the apparent viscosity of normal synovial fluid of the mid-carpal, tibiotarsal, and interphalangeal joints of horses. DESIGN: Viscosity evaluation over a range of shear rates was used to characterize the apparent viscosity of synovial fluids from the 3 joints. ANIMALS: 60 clinically normal adult horses. PROCEDURE: Viscosity data for synovial fluid samples were obtained over a shear rate range of 10 to 250/s and apparent viscosity was calculated at 50, 100, 150, 200, and 250/s. Effect of shear rate on apparent viscosity was determined, using a two-way ANOVA, with significant differences tested, using a Tukey's test at a significance level of P < 0.05. RESULTS: Synovial fluid from all these joints indicated shear thinning behavior: decreased apparent viscosity with increased shear rate. Apparent viscosity of synovial fluid from the 3 joints was not significantly different over the shear rate range of 50 to 250/s. CONCLUSION: Results of this study indicate that the apparent viscosity of the distal interphalangeal joint is not less than that of other joints, as has been reported. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The observation of decreased synovial fluid viscosity of distal interphalangeal joint fluid should be considered as suggestive of joint disease.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1996

Influence of methylprednisolone acetate on osteochondral healing in exercised tarsocrural joints of horses.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate joint function and healing of surgically created full-thickness articular cartilage defects in exercised horses after intra-articular administration of methylprednisolone acetate (MPA; 120 mg) and sterile saline solution in the contralateral limb. DESIGN: Experimental investigation. SAMPLE POPULATION: 12 healthy, sound, radiographically normal horses with induced full-thickness osteochondral lesions on the medial and lateral trochlear ridges of the tali. PROCEDURE: Two 8.4-mm-diameter full-thickness articular cartilage lesions were created in each tarsocrural joint (12 horses [24 tarsocrural joints]); 1 was in a weight-bearing (WB) position and the other in a less weight-bearing (LWB) position. Each horse was maintained on a standardized exercise protocol (stall rest, days 0-6; walking, days 7-12; and treadmill, days 13-42) and evaluated throughout the study for changes in joint circumferences, synovial fluid, radiographs, lameness, and scintigraphy. 6 horses were euthanatized on day 42, and 6 on day 180. Gross morphometric assessment was performed, using an image analysis system on a projected color slide of the defect. The type of repair tissue, based on gross appearance, was expressed as a percentage of the total defect for each osteochondral defect. Histochemical assessment was performed, using safranin-O staining for proteoglycans and an image analysis system to express the area of stain uptake. Histomorphometric assessment was performed on H&E-stained sections, using an image analysis system. The repair tissue filling the defect was categorized as to tissue type and expressed as a percentage of the total defect area. Synovial membrane specimens were assessed semiquantitatively on H&E-stained sections for changes in character. Significance was established at P < 0.05. RESULTS: Joint circumference was significantly increased in the saline, compared with the MPA-treated, limbs on days 7, 12, and 42. Synovial fluid WBC counts were significantly increased in the MPA-treated limbs on day 42. Gross osteochondral defects had a greater percentage of mature repair tissue in saline-treated joints (30.8% LWB, 23% WB), compared with MPA-treated joints (0% LWB, 0% WB) at 42 days Histomorphometric assessment of the repair tissue indicated significant differences with regard to the quality of repair in the saline-treated (34% fibrous tissue LWB, 19.4% fibrous tissue WB) versus MPA-treated (2.5% fibrous tissue in LWB and WB) joints at 42 days. Microscopically, the percentage of fibrocartilage in the LWB (MPA, 23.7%; saline, 24.8%) was significantly greater than that in the WB (MPA, 14.6%; saline, 15.4%) site at day 180. The MPA-treated limbs had greater villous hyperplasia, edema, and extent of inflammation within the synovial membrane than did saline-treated limbs (days 42 and 180). CONCLUSION: MPA inhibits the development and maturation of repair tissue at 42 days and incites potential long-term (180 days) detrimental synovial membrane inflammation. Furthermore, a single dose of MPA does not cause long-term detrimental effects (180 days) in quality of repair-tissue.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Are kinematics of the walk related to the locomotion of a warmblood horse at the trot?

In purchase examinations or at studbook selection sales the locomotor apparatus of horses is judged both at walk and trot. To evaluate whether kinematics of the walk are related to the locomotion at the trot, fore and hind limb movements of a group of 24 26-month-old warmbloods were recorded at walk and trot on a treadmill (1.6 and 4 m/s) using a modified CODA-3 gait analysis system. The intralimb coordination patterns at walk and trot were compared, and temporal and spatial variables of these gaits were related. Stride and stance durations (s) were shorter at the trot, while the stance distance (m) and swing duration (s) remained the same. Moreover, the pattern of the joint angle-time curves at walk and trot looked rather similar, though shifted to the left at trot because of the shorter relative stance duration. During the stance phase, the shoulder, stifle and tarsal joints were more flexed throughout, while the carpal and fetlock joints were more maximally extended in the trot than in the walk. In the swing phase, the elbow, carpal, stifle, and tarsal joints were more flexed because of the higher 'operating' speed at the trot compared to the walk. All other kinematic variables at the trot could be predicted from the mean +/- lsd of the values recorded at the walk. Moreover, nearly all kinematic variables at the walk correlated well with those at the trot, while variables indicating gait quality of the walk were similar to the ones identified previously for the trot. In conclusion, kinematics recorded at the walk in a group of horses were similar to and thus predictive for locomotion at the trot providing the decreased stance duration and the increased speed of the trot are taken into consideration.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Chronic localized osteomyelitis caused by atypical infection with Blastomyces dermatitidis in a dog.

A 4-year-old male Golden Retriever was evaluated because of chronic non-weight-bearing lameness of the right hind limb associated with penetrating tarsal wounds. Arthritis of the tarsal joint and osteomyelitis of the talus were initially evident. Tarsal arthrodesis was performed 7 months after initial injury, but the lameness persisted. Ten months later, blastomycosis was diagnosed on the basis of results of histologic examination of bone biopsy specimens and serologic tests. No other site of involvement was detected. The limb was amputated, and Blastomyces dermatitidis was isolated from the affected bone. Adjuvant antifungal treatment was not given. Ten months after amputation, the dog was in good health, and the antibody titer for B dermatitidis was low, indicating resolution of the infection. Localized bone infection with B dermatitidis is rare in dogs. In this dog, it was believed that blastomycosis was contracted through direct inoculation of the organism, because the lesion was associated with puncture wounds and other sites of involvement were not found.

Amputation, Surgical↗
PubMed1996

A parametric model of muscle moment arm as a function of joint angle: application to the dorsiflexor muscle group in mice.

A parametric model was developed to describe the relationship between muscle moment arm and joint angle. The model was applied to the dorsiflexor muscle group in mice, for which the moment arm was determined as a function of ankle angle. The moment arm was calculated from the torque measured about the ankle upon application of a known force along the line of action of the dorsiflexor muscle group. The dependence of the dorsiflexor moment arm on ankle angle was modeled as r = R sin(a + delta), where r is the moment arm calculated from the measured torque and a is the joint angle. A least-squares curve fit yielded values for R, the maximum moment arm, and delta, the angle at which the maximum moment arm occurs as offset from 90 degrees. Parametric models were developed for two strains of mice, and no differences were found between the moment arms determined for each strain. Values for the maximum moment arm, R, for the two different strains were 0.99 and 1.14 mm, in agreement with the limited data available from the literature. While in some cases moment arm data may be better fitted by a polynomial, use of the parametric model provides a moment arm relationship with meaningful anatomical constants, allowing for the direct comparison of moment arm characteristics between different strains and species.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Velocity-dependent ankle torque in the normal rat.

We evaluated the velocity-dependent ankle torque and associated activity of the ankle extensor muscle stretch reflexes in normal rats. A 287% increase in velocity-dependent ankle torque was observed at the highest velocity tested compared with the lowest velocity. Low velocity torques were minimally altered during general anesthesia that depressed EMG activity by up to 90%. However, velocity-dependent torque during higher velocity ankle rotations (306-612 degrees s-1 correlated with parallel increases in EMG magnitude recorded from the triceps surae muscles. General anesthesia (pentobarbital) abolished 61% of the velocity-dependent ankle torque at 612 degrees s-1. We conclude that ankle torque and ankle extensor muscle activity display velocity enhancement over a broad range. These observations indicate that protocols designed to assess ankle torque in the rat should use instrumentation to produce a broad range of velocities up to at least 600 degrees s-1.

Anesthesia, General↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Proximal tibiotarsal infarcts in turkeys.

Necrotic lesions in the proximal tibiotarsal bones of turkeys were evaluated by pathologic and bacteriologic examinations. Lesions were compatible with infarcts and were grossly visible as focal, gray-black, red-black, or entirely black triangular areas in the growth plate and proximal metaphysis at the posterior-medial angle of the tibial head. The lesions were detected in 408 of 1000 (41%) tibias that were collected at seven processing plants. Histologic lesions were characterized by thrombosed blood vessels and a well-demarcated focal area of necrosis primarily in the growth plate. No inflammatory cells were present. Massive hemorrhage and cellular debris were common in the necrotic zone, and extensive, fibrin-lined clefts were often seen nearby. Staphylococci and Escherichia coli were frequently isolated from the lesions either in pure cultures or in combination with other bacteria. Histologic evidence suggests that the infarcts were probably traumatic in origin and that the bacterial infection was secondary.

Animals↗