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At least 1,261 records · Page 70Linked to original sources
PubMed2002

Specific aspects of contemporary triathlon: implications for physiological analysis and performance.

Triathlon competitions are performed over markedly different distances and under a variety of technical constraints. In 'standard-distance' triathlons involving 1.5km swim, 40km cycling and 10km running, a World Cup series as well as a World Championship race is available for 'elite' competitors. In contrast, 'age-group' triathletes may compete in 5-year age categories at a World Championship level, but not against the elite competitors. The difference between elite and age-group races is that during the cycle stage elite competitors may 'draft' or cycle in a sheltered position; age-group athletes complete the cycle stage as an individual time trial. Within triathlons there are a number of specific aspects that make the physiological demands different from the individual sports of swimming, cycling and running. The physiological demands of the cycle stage in elite races may also differ compared with the age-group format. This in turn may influence performance during the cycle leg and subsequent running stage. Wetsuit use and drafting during swimming (in both elite and age-group races) result in improved buoyancy and a reduction in frontal resistance, respectively. Both of these factors will result in improved performance and efficiency relative to normal pool-based swimming efforts. Overall cycling performance after swimming in a triathlon is not typically affected. However, it is possible that during the initial stages of the cycle leg the ability of an athlete to generate the high power outputs necessary for tactical position changes may be impeded. Drafting during cycling results in a reduction in frontal resistance and reduced energy cost at a given submaximal intensity. The reduced energy expenditure during the cycle stage results in an improvement in running, so an athlete may exercise at a higher percentage of maximal oxygen uptake. In elite triathlon races, the cycle courses offer specific physiological demands that may result in different fatigue responses when compared with standard time-trial courses. Furthermore, it is possible that different physical and physiological characteristics may make some athletes more suited to races where the cycle course is either flat or has undulating sections. An athlete's ability to perform running activity after cycling, during a triathlon, may be influenced by the pedalling frequency and also the physiological demands of the cycle stage. The technical features of elite and age-group triathlons together with the physiological demands of longer distance events should be considered in experimental design, training practice and also performance diagnosis of triathletes.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Absence of an interaction between navigational strategies based on local and distal landmarks.

In 3 experiments, rats were required to escape from a Morris pool by swimming to a submerged platform that was located at the apex of a notional, equilateral triangle with 2 different landmarks occupying the corners at the base. Training for 1 group was always conducted in view of the landmarks surrounding the pool and with the triangular array in a fixed orientation. Subjects could therefore identify the direction of the platform from a single landmark within the pool by reference to cues outside the pool or to the other landmark within the pool. Both strategies were used, and the results from additional groups revealed that the first of these strategies did not affect the acquisition of the second one.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

An "above ground" pool hazard.

A previously unrecognized pool hazard is described in this article. The entrapment of an adolescent female by the filtration system of an above-ground pool and the difficulty in disarming the equipment was significant enough to be potentially quite dangerous.

Back Injuries↗
PubMed1997

Preventing wading pool suction-drain injuries.

Wading pools with displaced drain covers and single drain outlets can lead to life-threatening injuries. This is a case of a Maryland child who sustained transanal suction which resulted in prolapse and avulsion of the small intestine from its blood supply. Because the injury would likely have been prevented if at least one of three safety precautions had been followed, standards for pool operation and pool design are reviewed.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed1998

Surveillance for waterborne-disease outbreaks--United States, 1995-1996.

PROBLEM/CONDITION: Since 1971, CDC and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency have maintained a collaborative surveillance system for collecting and periodically reporting data that relate to occurrences and causes of waterborne-disease outbreaks (WBDOs). REPORTING PERIOD COVERED: This summary includes data for January 1995 through December 1996 and previously unreported outbreaks in 1994. DESCRIPTION OF THE SYSTEM: The surveillance system includes data about outbreaks associated with drinking water and recreational water. State, territorial, and local public health departments are primarily responsible for detecting and investigating WBDOs and for voluntarily reporting them to CDC on a standard form. RESULTS: For the period 1995-1996, 13 states reported a total of 22 outbreaks associated with drinking water. These outbreaks caused an estimated total of 2,567 persons to become ill. No deaths were reported. The microbe or chemical that caused the outbreak was identified for 14 (63.6%) of the 22 outbreaks. Giardia lamblia and Shigella sonnei each caused two (9.1%) of the 22 outbreaks; Escherichia coli O157:H7, Plesiomonas shigelloides, and a small round structured virus were implicated for one outbreak (4.5%) each. One of the two outbreaks of giardiasis involved the largest number of cases, with an estimated 1,449 ill persons. Seven outbreaks (31.8% of 22) of chemical poisoning, which involved a total of 90 persons, were reported. Copper and nitrite were associated with two outbreaks (9.1% of 22) each and sodium hydroxide, chlorine, and concentrated liquid soap with one outbreak (4.5%) each. Eleven (50.0%) of the 22 outbreaks were linked to well water, eight in noncommunity and three in community systems. Only three of the 10 outbreaks associated with community water systems were caused by problems at water treatment plants; the other seven resulted from problems in the water distribution systems and plumbing of individual facilities (e.g., a restaurant). Six of the seven outbreaks were associated with chemical contamination of the drinking water; the seventh outbreak was attributed to a small round structured virus. Four of the seven outbreaks occurred because of backflow or backsiphonage through a cross-connection, and two occurred because of high levels of copper that leached into water after the installation of new plumbing. For three of the four outbreaks caused by contamination from a cross-connection, an improperly installed vacuum breaker or a faulty backflow prevention device was identified; no protection against backsiphonage was found for the fourth outbreak. Thirty-seven outbreaks from 17 states were attributed to recreational water exposure and affected an estimated 9,129 persons, including 8,449 persons in two large outbreaks of cryptosporidiosis. Twenty-two (59.5%) of these 37 were outbreaks of gastroenteritis; nine (24.3%) were outbreaks of dermatitis; and six (16.2%) were single cases of primary amebic meningoencephalitis caused by Naegleria fowleri, all of which were fatal. The etiologic agent was identified for 33 (89.2%) of the 37 outbreaks. Six (27.3%) of the 22 outbreaks of gastroenteritis were caused by Cryptosporidium parvum and six (27.3%) by E. coli O157:H7. All of the latter were associated with unchlorinated water (i.e., in lakes) or inadequately chlorinated water (i.e., in a pool). Thirteen (59.1%) of these 22 outbreaks were associated with lake water, eight (36.4%) with swimming or wading pools, and one(4.5%) with a hot spring. Of the nine outbreaks of dermatitis, seven (77.8%) were outbreaks of Pseudomonas dermatitis associated with hot tubs, and two (22.2%) were lake-associated outbreaks of swimmer's itch caused by Schistosoma species. INTERPRETATION: WBDOs caused by E. coli O157:H7 were reported more frequently than in previous years and were associated primarily with recreational lake water. This finding suggests the need for better monitoring of water quality and identification of sources of

Communicable Disease Control↗
PubMed2001

Influence of a beacon on spatial learning based on the shape of the test environment.

In 5 experiments rats were required to escape from a triangular shaped pool by swimming to a submerged platform. The principal group of interest in each experiment received training with a beacon attached to the platform. The purpose of the experiments was to assess if the beacon overshadowed (Experiments 1-4) or blocked (Experiment 5) learning about the position of the platform with reference to the shape of the pool. The platform was located in the center of the pool for the first 2 experiments and in a corner for the remaining experiments. Although there was an overshadowing effect in Experiment 1, the remaining experiments failed to reveal any disruptive influence of the beacon on learning based on the shape of the pool. Moreover, in Experiments 3-5 there was an indication that the beacon facilitated such learning. The results suggest that spatial learning based on the shape of a test environment may not take place in the same way as that based on more discrete landmarks.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Shigellosis outbreak associated with an unchlorinated fill-and-drain wading pool--Iowa, 2001.

On June 15, 2001, local physicians reported 11 cases of diarrhea to a county health department. Stool samples from two of these persons were culture confirmed as Shigella sonnei, one person was hospitalized. A preliminary investigation found that nine of these persons recently had visited a large city park with a wading pool. The Iowa Department of Public Health was asked to assist in an investigation of this outbreak. This report summarizes the results of the investigation, which implicated the inadequately disinfected wading pool as the source of the outbreak and presents strategies for preventing such outbreaks.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

The pseudomonas hot-foot syndrome.

BACKGROUND: Between March and May 1998, there was an outbreak of a clinically distinct skin eruption on the soles of the feet of children who used a community wading pool. METHODS: We reviewed the medical records of 40 children in whom this syndrome developed between March and May 1998. We treated 17 children and advised the attending physicians on the care of the other 23. Follow-up data were obtained for up to one year. RESULTS: Exquisitely painful erythematous plantar nodules developed in 40 children (age, 2 to 15 years) within 40 hours after they had used a wading pool whose floor was coated with abrasive grit. Culture of the plantar pustules from one child yielded Pseudomonas aeruginosa with a pattern on pulsed-field gel electrophoresis that was identical to that of a strain of P. aeruginosa cultured from the pool water. A skin-biopsy specimen from this patient showed a perivascular and perieccrine neutrophilic infiltrate, and a specimen from another patient showed a dermal microabscess. Thirty-seven patients were treated symptomatically; three others were treated with cephalexin. All patients recovered within 14 days, but three children had recurrences of the painful plantar nodules within 24 hours after using the pool again. Folliculitis developed in one patient. CONCLUSIONS: The "pseudomonas hot-foot syndrome" is characterized by the acute onset in children of exquisitely tender plantar nodules and a benign, self-limited course. This community outbreak developed after exposure to pool water containing high concentrations of P. aeruginosa.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Hydrostatic pressure-induced colon trauma from a pool whip.

Hydrostatic pressure-induced colon injury is a rare occurrence in the pediatric population. We present a case of massive hydroperitoneum following a pool whip-induced injury. Although tension pneumoperitoneum or hydroperitoneum is rare, prompt recognition and surgical intervention are essential.

Cecum↗
PubMed2003

Characteristics of drowning by different age groups.

CONTEXT: While it is known that the risk of unintentional drowning varies with age, the manner in which drowning episode characteristics vary by age has not been well described. Such information might be useful for prevention. OBJECTIVE: To describe characteristics of drowning by age group. DESIGN: Retrospective review of the characteristics of drowning victims and their drowning incidents obtained from death certificates, medical examiner, pre-hospital, emergency department, and hospital records. SETTING: Three counties in Western Washington state. SUBJECTS: Residents who died (n=709) of unintentional drowning within the study region during 1980 through 1995. OUTCOMES: Age specific counts, proportions, and rates per million person years were estimated for and compared among six age groups. RESULTS: Rates varied by age group: 0-4 (30.5), 5-14 (11.6), 15-19 (29.9), 20-34 (21.5), 35-64 (12.5), and 65 years or older (21.2). Among those 0-4 years, the proportions that drowned in pools, bathtubs, and open water were nearly equal. But from age 5-64 years, over 69% of deaths were in open water. Among those 65 years and older, the deaths were almost evenly divided between bathtub and open water; bathtub drowning rates were highest in this age group, 10.9. Pre-drowning activities were divided into boating, swimming, car passenger, bathing, and fell in while doing something else. Most (64/89, 76%) victims aged 0-4 years drowned while bathing or after falling in. Among those 15-19 years, most occurred while swimming (24/79, 34%) or boating (22/79, 31%). The drowning event was least often witnessed among those 0-4 years (10/36, 28%), and most often witnessed (44/58, 76%) among those 15-19 years. Medical care (pre-hospital, emergency department, or hospital) was most often involved in drownings of those 0-4 years (70/89, 79%) and least among those over 65 years (11/86, 13%). CONCLUSION: The characteristics of drowning episodes vary greatly by age. Different prevention strategies may be needed for different age groups.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

A special pool project for rehabilitation of hip and knee arthroprosthesis.

PURPOSE: The use of ankle or knee arthroprostheses is increasing and proper rehabilitation is needed after the surgery. We have designed a special pool where normal gait can take place under partly unweighted conditions, thus improving quality of therapy and reducing the length of stay. Underwater TV recording permits daily gait analysis. DESCRIPTION: Data are provided on pool shape, length and depth of the walkway, water conditions, safety and other facilities. The cost has been compared to commercial pools of the same type. CONCLUSION: The design permits accurate definition of stride parameters during rehabilitation which enables the programme to be optimized. The pool is cheaper than commercial ones but offers many more research possibilities. The Authors are glad to share their expertise freely upon request.

Arthroplasty, Replacement, Hip↗
PubMed1996

An outbreak of Escherichia coli O157 infection linked to paddling pools.

In a one month period in the summer of 1993 a community outbreak of Escherichia coli O157 infection affected six children living within an area of 1.5 miles radius in south west London. Three children developed haemolytic uraemic syndrome, one of whom died. E. coli O157 phage type 2 was isolated from faeces in five cases and serological tests showed the sixth child had antibodies to E. coli O157 lipopolysaccharide. E. coli O157 phage type 2 was isolated from a faecal specimen from this child's mother who was a secondary case. Three of the cases, whose onset dates were within three days of each other, had all been exposed to a paddling pool where disinfection procedures were found to be inadequate. Samples of water taken from this pool contained E. coli, although not the O157 serotype. A fourth case had played at a different paddling pool in the three days before becoming ill. Action has been taken to improve disinfection procedures at municipal paddling pools in the London borough concerned.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Factors associated with seeking emergency treatment following suspected chemical contamination of a leisure pool.

A leisure pool was evacuated when children complained of breathing difficulties, cough, and eye irritation subsequently thought to be due to high chloramine levels. The duration of the suspected contamination before the evacuation was unknown: it was suggested that some subsequent attendances at accident and emergency (A&E) departments had been prompted by news reports of the incident. The extent and nature of symptoms, the cause of the incident, and the impact of media reporting were investigated with the help of a postal questionnaire. One hundred and thirty-seven people (all but six under 20 years of age) attended A&E departments after the incident, most commonly with sore eyes (79%), cough (76%), and sore throat (71%). The number of different symptoms was associated with the length of time spent at the pool, but not with being present at the time of the evacuation or with having heard about the incident on radio or television.

Adolescent↗