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PubMedDate not supplied

Variability of two methods of measuring absorbed dose in dental radiography.

Thermoluminescence dosimetry (TLD) has been widely used in the monitoring of radiation exposure in healthcare workers operating radiation devices. This study compared the reliability of TLD to an electronic dosimeter. The absorbed dose registered by the TLD chips was found to be higher than that by the electronic dosimeter. Variability was found to be significantly higher and the variance component attributed to the variability of the method of measurement was more than twice as much in TLD when compared to the electronic dosimeter. It is concluded that TLD is a more variable method of measuring absorbed dose than the electronic dosimeter.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1975

[Provision for the radiation protection of medical personnel in a radiogynecologic department (according to the experience of the Research Institute of Oncology and Medical Radiology of the Ministry of Health of the Belorussian SSR)].

Some aids of collective and individual radioprotection of the medical personnel during a conduction of intracavitary gammatherapy are evaluated. The characteristics of the production equipment (a semi-automatic protection line, a set for radiation following the principle of simple afterloading, remote afterloading) are given, and their operation principles are described. The materials concerning the radiation-hygienic analysis of the medical personnel labour conditions are reported. Measures providing their reliable protection during manipulations with radioactive sources are delineated.

Female↗
PubMed2003

[Chromosomal instability parameters in the population affected by nuclear explosions at the Semipalatinsk nuclear test site].

A population genetic survey of 149 persons who were born and have permanently lived in the contaminated zones of the Semipalatinsk region has been performed. A cytogenetic study has demonstrated that the frequency of aberrant cells is 1.7-3 times higher than control parameters. The total frequencies of chromosome aberrations are 3.43 +/- 0.48, 3.1 +/- 0.3, 1.8 +/- 0.2, and 1.15 +/- 0.17 aberrations per 100 cells in the populations of the extreme radiation risk (ERR), maximum radiation risk (MaxRR), minimum radiation risk (MinRR), and control zones, respectively. The high chromosome aberration rate in all three zones of radiation risk has been detected mainly due to radiation-induced chromosome markers, including paired fragments (1.2 +/- 0.2, 0.94 +/- 0.13, and 0.43 +/- 0.06 per 100 cells, respectively), dicentric and ring chromosomes (0.44 +/- 0.04, 0.45 +/- 0.07, and 0.11 +/- 0.02 per 100 cells, respectively), and stable chromosome aberrations (0.74 +/- 0.16, 0.8 +/- 0.1, and 0.63 +/- 0.13 per 100 cells, respectively). The qualitative spectra of the cytogenetic lesions observed in these groups indicate a mutagenic effect of ionizing radiation on chromosomes in the populations studied.

Chromosome Aberrations↗
PubMed2003

[Limitations of occupational exposure to electromagnetic fields adopted by Polish law from the perspectives of international documents with particular reference to fields of low and medium frequencies].

Following the provisions of the decree on maximum admissible strength (MAS) values, issued by the Minister of Labour and Social Policy, comprehensive and homogeneous principles of workers' protection against excessive exposure to 0-300 GHz electromagnetic fields have been in force since 2001. Different mechanisms responsible for interactions between electromagnetic field and human body, as well as the need to limit their harmful effects were taken into account while setting permissible exposure conditions. Owing to the fact that both the strength of electric and magnetic fields and exposure duration have been considered, Polish regulations facilitate a parallel harmonisation of the prohibited exposure levels with so-called "basic restriction" values adopted as a minimum protection level in many international guidelines and to implement a significantly higher level of workers' protection in case of long-duration per shift exposure (equivalent of "precautionary principle" applied in the evaluation of general public exposure). The approaches adopted in Polish regulations coincide in many points with a drafted EU directive. Amendments being introduced into Polish legal regulations on the environmental protection should maintain cohesion principle with legal regulations on occupational exposure to electromagnetic fields, and should take into account additional restrictions concerning the protection of residential areas, as practiced in many European countries.

Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation↗
PubMed2003

[Measurements of electromagnetic fields and evaluation of occupational exposure: PN-T-06580:2002 requirements and principles adopted in the European Union].

Under the process of developing a uniform system of protection against excessive exposure to electromagnetic fields, Polish metrological standards have been amended as an inherent complement of the modified decree on maximum admissible strength (MAS) values, issued by the Minister of Labour and Social Policy. Two parts of standard PN-T-06580:2002 were established by the Chairman of the Polish Committee for Standardisation in 2002. Of the whole range of frequencies covered by legal regulations, it laid down the principles of evaluation of occupational exposure to electromagnetic fields and radiation, providing precise definitions and rules for estimation actual dose and exposure factor in each case of exposure in real conditions. The standards also precise conditions, in which simplified principles of occupational exposure measurement and evaluation can be applied. Currently in the European countries, there are no general standards concerning methods of measuring and evaluating occupational exposure to 0-300 GHz electromagnetic fields. The provisions of numerous European (EN) and international (IEC) standards of a much narrower scope of application are similar to those formulated in standard PN-T-06580:2002.

Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation↗
PubMed2003

[Environment protection against electromagnetic fields. Legal point of view].

The author presents a concise information on the formal and legal status of the protection against the effect of electromagnetic fields in humans adopted in the European Union member states. Essential information on the Polish legal basis of the environmental protection against the effect of electromagnetic fields is provided. The most important, in the author's opinion, provisions of the Environmental Protection Law and executory provisions are discussed.

Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Radiation protection of the environment: anthropocentric and eco-centric principles].

The second half of the XX century was dominated in the field of radiation protection of the environment by the anthropocentric concept stated by the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP). According to this concept "if man is adequately protected by radiological standards then biota are also adequately protected". At the end of the XX--beginning of the XXI centuries in the area of area of radiation protection of nature an ecocentric strategy is beginning to develop where emphasis has swung to the protection of biota in their environment. Inadequacy of ICRP's anthroposentric concept is reported. Issues are discussed such as ecological dosimetry, nonequidosal irradiation of man and biota, criteria for estimating radiation induced changes in biota and man, as well as the need to harmonize permissible exposure doses to man and biota. An urgent need is stressed to develop a single (synthetic) concept of radiation protection which simultaneously ensures protection of human health and biota well-being in their environment. This concept is to be based on the recognition of the integrity of socio-natural ecosystems where man and biota are considered as a unity.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Development of a strategy for countermeasures application aimed at remediation of consequences of radioactive contamination of forest ecosystems].

The radiation situation has been assessed in forest ecosystems of the most affected by the Chernobyl accident region of the Russian Federation--Novozybkov district of the Bryansk region. Using a set of migration models and methods for estimating doses of external and internal irradiation of the population, predictive calculations have been made that demonstrated a need to implement countermeasures in forest ecosystems of the region. A strategy of countermeasures application was developed based on a conservative approach, which postulates priority of observance of the sanitary-hygienic standard--permissible exposure level for the population and need for invoking the economic indicators to optimize countermeasure option. The effectiveness of countermeasures has been assessed based on a multicriterium approach using a system of decision making PRIME Decisions. The derived results have been formalized as indices of countermeasures effectiveness for different combinations of criteria.

Cesium Radioisotopes↗
PubMed2004

[Examination of occupational exposure to medical staff (primarily nurses) during 131I medical treatments].

Recently, a new amendment to protect against radiation damage to humans has been enacted based on a 1990 recommendation by the ICRP. Consequently, the dose limits of occupational exposure to medical staff were cut down sharply compared with conventional readjustments. This amended bill, however, may be triggering a reduction in the number of applicants, which hope to engage in radiotherapy. This being the case, we measured the dose levels of the occupational exposure to medical staff (doctor's group, nuclear medicine technologist's group, nurse's group and pharmacist's group) from 1999 to 2002. Moreover, we investigated what the main factor is in nurse's occupational exposure to 131I. The highest doses of occupational exposure were 3.640 mSv to doctors, 7.060 mSv to nuclear medicine technologists, 1.486 mSv to nurses and 0.552 mSv to pharmacists. According to our results, it was clear that the highest doses in each group were far below the legally mandated upper limits of exposure doses. Although we investigated the correlations between the factors of nurse's occupational exposure to 131I with the number of inpatients, the amount of 131I and the number of servicing times for patients, there were no correlations found. Furthermore, to analyzing the factors in detail, it became clear that the main factor in the nurse's occupational exposure was due to the existence of patients who needed many more servicing times for their care than ordinary patients.

Humans↗
PubMed2004

[Treatment of intestinal insufficiency syndrome in patients with peritonitis].

Results of the treatment of 90 patients with generalized peritonitis and syndrome of intestinal insufficiency were analyzed. In the study group (45 patients) enteral administration of 1% pectin solution and glutamin solution (15-30 g/day) were included in combined therapy. Clinical and laboratory control, radiation monitoring and bacteriological studies carried out for evaluation of efficacy of therapy established. A decrease of endogenous intoxication and time of repair of functional activity of the gastrointestinal tract, immunomodulation, normalization of microbiocenosis of the small intestine. This therapy diminishes the number of complications and lethality.

Glutamine↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Anthropogenic sources of radiation hazard in the near-Earth space].

All plausible artificial radioactive sources entering the near-Earth space (NES) were systematized and consequences of various large radiation accidents and catastrophes to Earth and NES were analyzed. Aggressive "population" of near-Earth orbits by space stations with rotating crews, unmanned research platforms and observatories extends "borderlines" of the noosphere raising at the same time concerns about the noosphere radiation safety and global radioecology. Specifically, consideration is given to the facts of negative effects of space power reactor facilities on results of orbital astrophysical investigations.

Cosmic Radiation↗
PubMed2004

[Exposure of nurses to electromagnetic fields].

BACKGROUND: Devices that produce electromagnetic fields (EMF) within the range of 0-300 GHz are widely used in surgical and diagnostic procedures. As a result a large number of physicians and other groups of medical personnel may be exposed to EMF. Even if patients' exposure, sometimes quite high, is inevitable or even recommended, medical personnel should be substantially protected against EMF exposure. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Evaluation of nurses' exposure to EMF was based on an analysis of EMF magnitudes in the surrounding of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and electrosurgical units. These two kinds of apparatus are the strongest EMF sources in health service facilities. The measurements were performed according to the norms and hygiene regulations binding in Poland. Measurements performed by the Nofer Institute of Medicine in Lódź, and data collected by the Central Database on EMF Sources were used in the analysis. The Central Database is run by the Nofer Institute of Medicine at the behest of the Chief Sanitary Inspector. RESULTS: The study showed that nurses' exposure to EMF emitted by MRI and electrosurgical units complies with Polish norms and hygiene regulations and can be classified as negligible or allowable. CONCLUSIONS: It was found that work of nurses in exposure to EMF emitted by MRI and electrosurgical units can be regarded as safe, which means that their health should not be endangered by performing their job.

Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation↗
PubMed1992

[Studies on radiation exposure of personnel in endoscopy].

Some endoscopic investigations and treatments require the use of x-ray equipment. There is no specific x-ray device for endoscopic procedures. Standard x-ray apparatus is used, which is designed to give optimal protection against radiation at the standard location of the radiologist. However during special endoscopic examinations nurses and doctors are located at parts of the x-ray apparatus which are not specially protected from x-rays. For this reason measurements were performed during endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP), percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography (PTC) and schlerotherapy at those positions, where nurses and doctors are standing or sitting during these procedures. The measurements show that at the position of the radiologist there is practically no radiation detectible. However the hands, legs and the face (eye lenses) of the assisting nurse receive relatively high radiation. The values amount to 30% of the allowed maximum. By relatively simple appliances like lead lining around the lower bottom part of the x-ray apparatus or a lead apron lowered from the ceiling between head and body of the patient the radiation load can be significantly lowered to 1% of the maximal allowed radiation. With such simple additional protection frequencies and duration of x-ray related endoscopic investigations can be extended without danger for the staff.

Cholangiography↗