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PubMed1990

[A space to construct desire...].

It is a matter of being woman or simply of being? Is there actually a feminine way to be? Here, women put psychoanalysis into question. This article suggests a return to the notion of castration and to the developments surrounding the significance of the phallus. The castration experience is presented as being closely likely to the process of sexualization and to the individual's self-realization. The authors advance the woman's point of view, which questions castration. They find that psychoanalysis does not provide an answer, but imposes a limit: that of a symbolic order in which the individual must fit. Within the limiting phenomenon of castration, there remains the need for every man and woman in contemporary Québec society to share a sense of desire.

Anxiety, Castration↗

PubMed1983

[Does slight brain damage in early childhood have significance for adult psychiatry? Results of a catamnestic study].

Does mild brain damage sustained during early childhood represent a predisposition to particular forms of abnormal mental and/or social development during early adulthood? Selected results yielded by a longitudinal study on 96 former patients who had been diagnosed as suffering from slight brain damage sustained during early childhood are presented. The psychological aspects (intelligence and concentration) and sociological aspects (formal and vocational education, criminality) investigated were found to have been determined to a decisive degree by milieu and social factors. The results are discussed in the theoretical context provided by the acquisition concept with a view to therapeutic considerations.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1986

Sexual development and life of psychiatric female patients.

Using a structured interview and four questionnaires we examined the sexual development and life in the following groups of psychiatric female patients: 51 with schizophrenia, 50 with manic-depressive psychoses, 50 with neuroses, 30 with hysterical psychopathic personality, and 20 with anorexia nervosa. The results were compared with a control group of 101 gynecological spa patients. The sexual development of the schizophrenic patients was found to be retarded, whereas that of the patients with anorexia nervosa accelerated in the initial stages. The sexual development of patients with hysterical personality was found to be disharmonious. No differences were found between patients with manic-depressive psychoses and the control group as far as the sex life in adulthood is concerned. However, all the other groups of psychiatric patients showed decreased sexual activity and/or reactivity. Sexual dysfunctions in the female psychiatric population are frequent, especially with schizophrenic patients, females with anorexia nervosa, and with hysterical personality. The etiological factors responsible for these sex disturbances are different in the individual groups of psychiatric patients.

Adult↗

PubMed1999

Sexual identity development among ethnic sexual-minority male youths.

The current research explores how ethnicity influences sexual identity development. Among 139 sexual-minority male youths, measures of sexual identity development assessed the timing and sequencing of developmental milestones, disclosure of sexual identity to others, internalized homophobia, and same- and opposite-sex relationship histories. Findings demonstrated that participants, regardless of ethnicity, experienced most identity milestones at developmentally appropriate ages, had moderately low levels of internalized homophobia, and became romantically and sexually involved with other males during adolescence. Differences across ethnic groups were found in the timing and sequencing of certain milestones, disclosure of sexual identity to family members, and romantic and sexual involvement with females.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed1997

Metaphor and the theory of libidinal development.

The author argues that ongoing work in cognitive linguistics affords a better understanding of how metaphor functions, both in psychic life and in the formulation of psychoanalytic theory. Lakoff and Johnson have shown that a great deal of our thought and perception depends on mainly unconscious metaphors, drawn in large part from basic bodily experience. Their findings can be most immediately related to psychoanalysis via the theory of libidinal development. There are two reasons for this. Firstly, the theory of libidinal development was itself generated in part by a metaphor--a misleading embryological one, which, historically, has tended to encourage reification. Secondly, the links that the theory points out between experience of cathected zones and later character traits are essentially metaphorical (or metonymic) in nature. The author considers that it should be possible to re-express the classical theory in language that both avoids reification and gives due importance to metaphor, and that such a re-expression would offer a number of advantages, including that of clarifying the relationship between possession of a penis and 'phallic' character traits.

Cognitive Science↗

PubMed1982

Cognitive and social aspects of sexual dysfunction: sexual scripts in sex therapy.

The formulation and treatment of sexual dysfunction are conceptualized within a framework of sexual scripts. This approach places particular emphasis on the cognitive and interpersonal dimensions of sexual interaction and provides greater continuity in our understanding of the development of sexual conduct in general. Clinical assessment of sexual scripts begins with a comparison of performative and cognitive scripts, which are then elaborated in terms of key script attributes such as complexity, rigidity, conventionality and satisfaction. Sex therapy is viewed as a process of script modification, in which particular attention is payed to the integration of covert and overt aspects of the script. Two case illustrations are provided. The discussion contrast the present use of script analysis with the way the term is used in transactional analysis and research in artificial intelligence.

Adult↗

PubMed1989

Adolescents with cancer. Sexual and reproductive issues.

Adolescents with cancer are confronted with sexual and reproductive issues at diagnosis, during the entire treatment period, and as long-term survivors. To help the patient cope effectively with his/her concerns, the nurse must understand normal sexual growth and development, current trends in adolescent sexuality, and specific problems arising from diagnosis and treatment. This article discusses an overview of sexuality in the well adolescent, using research findings and anecdotal accounts. The impact of the diagnosis on the adolescent's emerging sexual identity is explored in depth. Information is given on the impact of long-term effects on both sexuality and reproduction. Finally, nursing interventions for helping adolescent cancer patients cope with both the impact of diagnosis and late effects are given. These interventions include collaboration with parents, relationship building, assessment, anticipatory guidance, education, and counseling.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1995

The concept of psychic homosexuality.

The author examines the concept of psychic homosexuality, as it is used by French authors, based on Freud's ideas in The Ego and the Id (1923). Being intimately bound up with the organisation and development of psychic bisexuality in both sexes, psychic homosexuality is a concept that proves to have many meanings conceptually and in clinical use. In particular there is the question as to whether it is of the same kind and performs the same function in men as in women. Arguing that the primary relationship with the mother is crucial to the psychic organisation of the feminine and the masculine and that their fate is different in the development of the girl and the boy through to the structured identifications that result from the Oedipus complex, the author describes the case histories of a man and a woman. He concludes that psychic homosexuality might most usefully be considered not as a singular entity but as a set of plural entities. The advantage of this way of conceptualising things is illustrated in the way certain fantasy configurations connected with infantile sexual theories were able to be more richly understood. The author ends by drawing out some implications of these distinctions for technique.

Adult↗

PubMed2004

Sexual identity development in the context of compulsory heterosexuality.

This study analyzed the implications of sexual identity development for global, political, religious, and occupational identity development in 358 college students. Participants completed a written survey packet including the Extended Objective Measure of Ego Identity Status (EOM-EIS) and measures of sexual identity, physical/sexual preference, and emotional/affective preference. Data from the EOM-EIS suggest that having a sexual minority identity (lesbian, gay, bisexual, or "other" nonheterosexual identity) and reporting strong same-sex sexual or physical preferences are linked with more advanced global, political, religious, and occupational identity development. Heterosexual-identified participants were more likely to score high on identity foreclosure, moratorium, and diffusion, while sexual-minority-identified individuals scored higher on identity achievement. Individuals with strong same-sex physical/sexual preferences showed a pattern of results similar to those of sexual-minority-identified participants. Themes coded from a free-response question highlighted the finding that sexual-minority-identified participants more often viewed their sexual identity as salient and involving an effortful process. These individuals also stressed the importance of having support or modeling for their sexual identity.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1987

Cognitive development and adolescent contraception: integrating theory and practice.

The cognitive skills that develop during adolescence are crucial to successful contraceptive practice because most birth control methods require at least a minimal ability to plan for, acquire, and utilize them at the appropriate time. Consequently, we must understand the special developmental setting in which adolescent sexual growth and experimentation occurs in order to have an impact on their contraceptive use. To provide optimal service to adolescents, the developmental and medical aspects should be taken into account in order to determine the best choice for each patient. This article demonstrates how mental health and medical providers can work together to better serve the adolescent population.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1983

Family correlates of male childhood gender disturbance.

In the context of a review of adult cases of gender disturbance, a clinical study was pursued on the status of fathers, father-substitutes, and older male siblings for 46 boys with deviations in male role development. Significantly fewer male role models were found in the family backgrounds of the severely gender-disturbed boys as compared to the mild-to-moderately gender-disturbed boys. Male childhood gender disturbance was also found to be correlated with a high incidence of psychiatric problems in both the mothers and fathers and with atypical patterns of the boys' involvement with their mothers and fathers, as measured by the Bene-Anthony Family Relations Test and the Rekers Behavior Checklist for Childhood Gender Problems.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1988

Sex-role attributes, perceived competence and the development of depression in adolescence.

Studies are described which investigated the relationship of sex-role traits to age trends and sex differences in depression in adolescents. Psychological masculinity was negatively related to the level of depression in males and females, and evidence which indicates that this relationship is mediated by a link between masculinity and perceived competence is presented. The level of masculinity was stable across the age ranges studied, but was related to an increasingly higher rate of depression in females than males. It is therefore argued that a sex difference in masculinity arises prior to adolescence, but interacts with other factors which influence vulnerability to depression during the teenage years, thus bringing about the sex difference in depression.

Achievement↗

PubMed1992

Sexoanalysis: a new insight-oriented treatment approach for sexual disorders.

Sexoanalysis is an innovative therapeutic approach for the treatment of complex sexual disorders. This approach integrates current knowledge on sexual/erotic development pathology within a psychodynamic framework to help patients gain insight on the secondary gains, anxieties, and intrapsychic issues that are at the roots of their sexual problem. The treatment process essentially focuses on the analysis of sexual fantasies and the modification of maladaptive erotic imagery. The present authors present a brief overview of sexoanalytic theory and describe how sexoanalysis can resolve sexual disorders, improve sexual/erotic functioning, and promote sexual maturity. A clinical illustration is provided to help further clarify the sexoanalytic treatment process and demonstrate the use and utility of this promising sexotherapeutic approach.

Adult↗

PubMed1990

Gender comparisons of college students' attitudes toward sexual behavior.

Questionnaires were distributed to 641 undergraduates at a large southeastern university to elicit opinions concerning various forms of premarital sexual behavior. Hypotheses were developed to determine whether there were differences between the attitudes of males and females. Significant differences were found between males' and females' attitudes toward premarital sex when the couple is casually acquainted, and attitudes toward extramarital sex, oral-genital sex, and anal sex. However, significant differences were not found between males' and females' attitudes toward premarital sex when the couple is in love, attitudes toward premarital sex when the couple is engaged, and attitudes toward masturbation, homosexuality, and sexual fantasizing. Males' attitudes toward various forms of sexual behavior were more liberal than those of females.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1992

The influence of sphincter control and genital sensation on body image and gender identity in women.

The development of one aspect of feeling female is hypothesized to account for certain phenomena in the treatment of young women patients. Fear of loss of genital pleasure experienced as contractions of the anal and genital-urinary sphincters is seen as the central issue in conflicts manifested in genital, oral, and anal modalities. It is suggested that the female's awareness of her genital arises from the generalization of sphincter sensation in the little girl, which is then represented in the body image. The body image is postulated as a link between genital pleasure and the valuing of femininity.

Adult↗

PubMed1998

[Psychological stress factors in erectile dysfunctions. Causal models and empirical results].

In this paper the role of psychosocial factors in erectile dysfunction is examined in two different ways: (1) Current approaches to the causation of psychogenic erectile dysfunctions are reviewed and discussed. (2) Empirical results from a large unselected sample of sexually dysfunctional men are presented and compared to a sample of functional men. Concerning etiological models the traditional unidimensional dichotomous concepts (psychogenic versus organic) of erectile dysfunction have to be abandoned and replaced by two-dimensional models that are able to take the clinical reality into account that many patients have both significant psychological and organic factors in their disorder. The main causes of psychogenic erectile disorders can be divided into three groups, each belonging to a different phase of time: (i) immediate factors (performance anxiety), (ii) antecedent life events from recent history, (iii) developmental vulnerabilities from childhood and adolescence. The specific interplay as well as the importance of the different groups is different in primary and secondary erectile disorders. The empirical results presented here are based on a sample of 751 patients from our interdisciplinary outpatient unit for sexually dysfunctional men and a group of 55 sexually functional men. Both groups completed a self-developed, multidimensional questionnaire addressing a variety of psychosocial and descriptive factors concerning erectile disorders. The results prove the heterogeneity of patients and their respective erectile problems and show a number of highly significant group differences. The frequent comorbidity of erectile disorders and premature ejaculation and disorders of desire is worth mentioning as well as the high prevalence of depression and the extreme extent of performance anxiety in the patient group. The results are discussed with respect to future treatment strategies. The necessity of combined psychosomatic approaches optimizing the efficacy of all available therapeutic options is particularly stressed.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2000

Childhood sexuality: a decade of study. Part I--research and curriculum development.

OBJECTIVE: One goal of the Kempe Center's Perpetration Prevention Program has been to increase the awareness and competence of professionals and parents in understanding and responding to the sexual behaviors of children in order to reduce the risk of children developing sexually abusive patterns of behavior. A decade of exploration and the development of curricula is reviewed in this paper. METHOD: The evolving body of literature relevant to childhood sexuality and sexually abusive behaviors in childhood was reviewed. Several new sources of information and development of a teaching model for adults are described. RESULTS: Children engage in a wide range of sexual behaviors, some of which may be observed by or reported to adults. Research encompassing diverse samples and methods converges to describe what is developmentally expected and what might be problematic. Professionals need to be trained to evaluate and respond to these behaviors objectively, without relying on the personal beliefs or values of individuals. CONCLUSION: Children have a legitimate need for validation and correction of sexual learning. Adults often have not been trained to respond consistently to children's behaviors, but are eager to obtain more information.

Adult↗

PubMed1998

Development of sexual orientation among adolescent and young adult women.

Although some research suggests that sexual orientation is a stable, early appearing trait, interviews with 89 young sexual-minority women revealed that a majority of women failed to report at least one of the following: childhood indicators of sexual orientation, stability in same-sex attractions, or awareness of same-sex attractions prior to the conscious process of sexual questioning. Lesbians were not more likely to report these experiences than bisexuals, although they reported significantly greater same-sex attractions. Consistent with studies on older cohorts, few young women reported exclusive same-sex attractions. These findings suggest that recollected consistency among prior and current behavior, ideation, and attractions are not systematically associated with sexual orientation among contemporary young women.

Adolescent↗