Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “PHOSPHOGLUCOMUTASE”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 1,261 records · Page 70Linked to original sources
PubMed2005

General synthesis and biological evaluation of alpha-1-C-substituted derivatives of fagomine (2-deoxynojirimycin-alpha-C-glycosides).

A general synthesis of alpha-1-C-substituted derivatives of fagomine (2-deoxynojirimycin-alpha-C-glycosides) by ring-opening reactions of an aziridine with various heteroatomic nucleophiles, including thiol, amine, alcohol, carboxylate and phosphate, is described. The nine-step reaction sequence proceeded in an overall yield of 14-28% from tri-O-benzyl-D-glucal. Biological evaluation of alpha-1-C-substituted derivatives of fagomine, of the 2-deoxy analog of alpha-homonojirimycin 19 and its 1,N-anhydro derivative 22 as glycosidase inhibitors is reported. The glycosyl phosphate mimetic 15k was found to display no inhibitory activity towards glycogen phosphorylase b and phosphoglucomutase.

1-Deoxynojirimycin↗
PubMed2004

Differentiation of chromaffin cells elicited by ELF MF modifies gene expression pattern.

Chromaffin cells exposed to extremely low frequency magnetic fields (ELF MF, 60 Hz, 0.7 mT) differentiate into sympathetic neuron-like cells. This complex process must involve both qualitative and quantitative variations in gene expression. This study looks at whether ELF MF treatment provokes changes in the global transcription profile of chromaffin cells, using the RT-Differential Display method. When the gene expression patterns of experimental groups (nerve growth factor (NGF) and ELF MF) were compared to those receiving no treatment, at least 53 transcripts showing differential expression were detected. Eight RT-PCR products, corresponding to six genes, were re-amplified, sequenced and compared with the rat gene bank. Sequence analysis showed that these genes most likely encode: phosphoglucomutase-1, neurofibromatosis-2 interacting protein, microtubule associated protein-2, thiamine pyrophosphokinase, and two unidentified hypothetical proteins (RNOR02022103 and ROR01044577), and that the presumed regulatory regions of these genes contained CTCT-clusters, which are thought to be required for electromagnetic field-dependent gene expression.

Adrenal Medulla↗
PubMed2006

Testicular expression of synaptonemal complex protein 3 (SYCP3) messenger ribonucleic acid in 110 patients with nonobstructive azoospermia.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the expression of the synaptonemal complex protein-3 (SYCP3) gene in men with nonobstructive azoospermia. DESIGN: Cross-sectional case study. SETTING: Avesina Infertility Clinic, Tehran, Iran. PATIENT(S): One hundred and ten consecutive infertile men presenting nonobstructive azoospermia. INTERVENTION(S): Testicular biopsies for histopathological assessment and analyses of SYCP3 expression level by semiquantitative nested reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The SYCP3 levels were normalized to expression of the housekeeping phosphoglucomutase 1 gene. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Expression of SYCP3 messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA). Correlation of the histopathological findings with SYCP3 expression levels. RESULTS(S): Testicular SYCP3 mRNA expression was observed in 67/110 (60.9%) patients. The expression level correlated with the degree of spermatogenic failure. Although it was expressed in patients with spermatogenesis and maturation arrest, a lack of expression was seen in all of those men with spermatogonial arrest, Sertoli cell-only syndrome, and testicular atrophy. CONCLUSION(S): These data indicate that SYCP3 is expressed in human testis and is restricted to germ cells. Our findings, in association with those obtained in experimental animals, shows that lack of SYCP3 expression in human testis may have a negative effect on spermatogenesis and male fertility.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

An optimization framework for identifying reaction activation/inhibition or elimination candidates for overproduction in microbial systems.

We introduce a computational framework termed OptReg that determines the optimal reaction activations/inhibitions and eliminations for targeted biochemical production. A reaction is deemed up- or downregulated if it is constrained to assume flux values significantly above or below its steady-state before the genetic manipulations. The developed framework is demonstrated by studying the overproduction of ethanol in Escherichia coli. Computational results reveal the existence of synergism between reaction deletions and modulations implying that the simultaneous application of both types of genetic manipulations yields the most promising results. For example, the downregulation of phosphoglucomutase in conjunction with the deletion of oxygen uptake and pyruvate formate lyase yields 99.8% of the maximum theoretical ethanol yield. Conceptually, the proposed strategies redirect both the carbon flux as well as the cofactors to enhance ethanol production in the network. The OptReg framework is a versatile tool for strain design which allows for a broad array of genetic manipulations.

Acetyltransferases↗
PubMed1985

31P NMR relaxation studies of the activation of the coenzyme phosphate of glycogen phosphorylase. The role of motion of the bound phosphate.

Spin-lattice and spin-spin relaxation rates (1/T1 and 1/T2) have been determined for the catalytically essential coenzyme phosphate at the active site of glycogen phosphorylase in both activated (R state) and inactive (T state) conformations of the enzyme. Dipolar contributions to 31P relaxation due to exchangeable protons on the phosphate group have been determined by measurement of relaxation rates at different concentrations of H2O and D2O, and field dependence studies have been performed to estimate the contribution of chemical shift anisotropy to the remaining 31P relaxation in D2O. At 109 MHz, dipolar relaxation from exchangeable protons was found to account for 50% of the spin-lattice relaxation for activated phosphorylase in 75% H2O, the remainder being due to chemical shift anisotropy. The spin-lattice relaxation rates in D2O for R-state glycogen phosphorylase are very similar to those measured for other proteins of very different size such as actin (Brauer, M., and B. D. Sykes, 1981, Biochemistry. 20:6767-6775), alkaline phosphatase (Coleman, J. E., I. D. Armitage, J. F. Chlebowski, J. D. Otvos, and A. J. M. S. Uiterkamp, 1979), and phosphoglucomutase (Rhyu, G. I., W. J. Ray, Jr., and J. L. Markley, 1984, Biochemistry. 23:252-260). In inactive (T state) phosphorylase the spin-lattice relaxation rates were almost an order of magnitude slower, while the spin-spin relaxation rates were essentially identical. These results have been analyzed by calculating the theoretically expected 31P relaxation rates in the presence of internal motions that are included in the relaxation calculation using the model-free approach of Lipari and Szabo (1982, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 104:4564-4559). The analysis suggests the coenzyme phosphate is relatively immobilized in the activated enzymic conformation, but in the inactive (Tstate) conformation it is considerably more mobile with a rotational correlation time one to two orders of magnitude smaller. Since the spin-lattice relaxation rate for the active R-state (immobilized) phosphate is similar to that observed in other phosphoenzymes of different size it is suggested that a librational motion on the nanosecond time scale may constitute a common spin-lattice relaxation pathway for phosphates in macromolecules. The consequences of phosphate motion in terms of recent suggestions concerning the environment and the catalytic role of the coenzyme phosphate are discussed.

Allosteric Regulation↗
PubMed2000

Glycosyl fluorides in enzymatic reactions.

Glycosyl fluorides have considerable importance as substrates and inhibitors in enzymatic reactions. Their good combination of stability and reactivity has enabled their use as glycosyl donors with a variety of carbohydrate processing enzymes. Moreover, the installation of fluorine elsewhere on the carbohydrate scaffold commonly modifies the properties of the glycosyl fluoride such that the resultant compounds act as slow substrates or even inhibitors of enzyme action. This review covers the use of glycosyl fluorides as substrates for wild-type and mutant glycosidases and other enzymes that catalyze glycosyl transfer. The use of substituted glycosyl fluorides as inhibitors of enzymes that catalyze glycosyl transfer and as tools for investigation of their mechanism is discussed, including the labeling of active site residues. Synthetic applications in which glycosyl fluorides are used as glycosyl donors in enzymatic transglycosylation reactions for the synthesis of oligo- and polysaccharides are then covered, including the use of mutant glycosidases, the so-called glycosynthases, which are able to catalyze the formation of glycosides without competing hydrolysis. Finally, a short overview of the use of glycosyl fluorides as substrates and inhibitors of phosphorylases and phosphoglucomutase is given.

Enzyme Inhibitors↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Phenotyping of alpha-2-HS glycoprotein in bloodstains by isoelectric focusing and immunoblotting.

A sensitive immunoblotting procedure has been applied to the detection of alpha-2-HS-glycoprotein (A2HS) phenotypes from control and casework bloodstains. A2HS phenotypes were separated by thin layer polyacrylamide gel isoelectric focusing (PAGIEF) in gels containing Pharmalyte pH 4.2-4.9. After transfer to nitrocellulose by a rapid capillary blot, the A2HS phenotypes were developed using a double antibody enzyme-immunoassay. The evaluation of A2HS phenotyping of casework material was undertaken in parallel with phosphoglucomutase (PGM) phenotyping by PAGIEF. A total of 598 water extracts from casework bloodstains have been tested. Positive results were obtained in 84% and 75% of samples for PGM and A2HS respectively. The A2HS gene frequencies A2HS*1 = 0.6420, A2HS*2 = 0.3530, and A2HS*3 = 0.0050 were determined from a survey of 1000 people in Brisbane.

Alleles↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Epidemiological and genetic observations on human schistosomiasis in Kinshasa, Zaire.

A survey for Schistosoma intercalatum conducted in Kinshasa, Zaire, in September 1994 revealed a prevalence of 3.6% (n = 167). Three isolates of schistosomes were made by exposing Bulinus wrighti to miracidia hatched from eggs collected from 2 infected children. Characterization of the isolates by biochemical (isoenzymes of phosphoglucomutase), molecular (restriction fragment length polymorphism and randomly amplified polymorphic deoxyribonucleic acid analysis) and morphological (egg measurements) techniques confirmed the existence of an autochthonous transmission focus of S. intercalatum in Kinshasa. The study also provided evidence of the occurrence of natural hybridization between S. intercalatum and S. haematobium. No potential snail host for either species was found in the 2 rivers examined. Apart from Bu. globosus from Zambia and Bu. wrighti, snail infection experiments showed an incompatible relationship between the parasite isolates and snails belonging to the Bu. forskalii group, the Bu. iruncatus/Bu. tropicus complex, and the Bu. africanus group.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

Histochemical research on metabolic pathways of glucose in some species of Mollusca Gastropoda.

The metabolic pathways of glucose were studied by histochemical reactions in some species of gastropods living in different habitats. The glycolytic pathway is histochemically indicated by positive results for glucose-6-phosphate isomerase, fructose-1,6-biphosphate aldolase, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, and D-lactate dehydrogenase. The enzymes of the Krebs cycle gave different responses: isocitrate dehydrogenase and L-malate dehydrogenase were positive, whilst succinate dehydrogenase was constantly negative. Malate synthetase activity was also demonstrated. Despite L-glutamate dehydrogenase is undetectable, the presence of transaminase indicates the gluconeogenetic route. Phosphoglucomutase and glucose-6-phosphate phosphatase appear also positive. The metabolic meaning of our results were discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

Enzymatic organization of the subcommissural organ.

In the subcommissural organ (SCO) of the guinea pig, rat, golden hamster, and mouse the activity and distribution of enzymes related to the energy-supplying metabolism and of some marker enzymes of different cell organelles have been investigated by means of mostly modified histochemical methods. The results were compared with findings in the ciliated ependyma of the ventricular wall and with those in the ependyma of the choroid plexus of the third ventricle. In the ependymal part of the SCO only a moderate activity of hexokinase is observed in its specialized columnar cells whereas a high activity is present both in the ciliated ependyma and the choroid plexus. - The staining pattern of glucose-6-phosphatase is similar to that of hexokinase but this enzyme is found is the SCO only. - Likewise hexokinase, glycogen granules and enzymes related to glycogen metabolism (phosphoglucomutase, uridine-diphosphoglucose pyrophosphorylase, glycogen synthetase and phosphorylase) are regularly found most numerous and active in the nuclear and supra-nuclear area of the ependymal part. These enzymes are less active in both the other ependymal regions. - Uridine-diphosphoglucose dehydrogenase could not be demonstrated in the SCO. The NADP-linked enzymes of the pentose phosphate shunt, glucose-6-phosphate and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, show a moderate activity which decreases also from the nuclear towards the apical area of the ependymal cells of the SCO. Enzymes of the glycolytic pathway, such as glucosephosphate isomerase, fructose-6-phosphate kinase, fructose-I,6-diphosphate aldolase, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate and lactate dehydrogenase, are highly active in the SCO and are located mainly in the supranuclear area, too. Fructose-1,6-diphosphatase could not be demonstrated thus indicating that in the SCO the pathway is most probably only glycolytic but not gluconeogenetic. Compared to the ependyma of the ventricular wall and of the choroid plexus, in the SCO the M type subunits of lactate dehydrogenase predominate. Glycolytic enzymes are also very active in the choroid plexus but less in the ciliated ependyma. Compared to the ciliated ependyma and especially to the ependyma of the choroid plexus, the activities of enzymes which are only present in mitochondria (NAD-linked isocitrate dehydrogenase, succinate dehydrogenase, NAD-linked malate dehydrogenase after preextraction, cytochrome oxidase, 3-hydroxybutyrate and glycerolphosphate and glutamate dehydrogenase) are relatively low. Mitochondria are accumulated near the superior pole of the nuclei as well as in the most apical part of the ependymal cells. - The staining pattern of NADP-linked isocitrate and malate dehydrogenase as well as of NADH dehydrogenase suggests that these enzymes are localized both in and out of mitochondria. The extramitochondrial activity of the first two enzymes might be localized in the cytosol. The extramitochondrial activity of NADH dehydrogenase might be localized in the endoplasmic reticulum...

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Allozyme polymorphisms and heavy metal levels in the green-lipped mussel Perna viridis (Linnaeus) collected from contaminated and uncontaminated sites in Malaysia.

It has been widely reported that heavy metal contamination in coastal waters can modify the allozyme profiles of marine organisms. Previous studies have recorded elevated metal concentrations in sediments and mussel tissues off Peninsular Malaysia. In the present study, horizontal starch gel electrophoresis was carried out to estimate the levels of allelic variation of the green-lipped mussel, Perna viridis, collected from one contaminated and three relatively uncontaminated sites off Peninsular Malaysia. Fourteen polymorphic loci were observed. In addition, the concentrations of cadmium, copper, lead, mercury and zinc were determined in the sediments and in the soft tissues of the mussels. Mussels from contaminated site, evidenced by high metal pollution indices (MPI) of the sediment and the mussel tissues, showed the highest percentage of polymorphic loci (78.6%), while those collected from the uncontaminated sites had lower MPI of the sediment and mussel tissue, and exhibited lower percentages of polymorphic loci (35.7-57.1%). The population from the contaminated site showed the highest excess of heterozygosity (0.289) when compared to that of the populations from the three uncontaminated sites (0.108-0.149). Allozyme frequencies at the phosphoglucomutase (PGM; E.C. 2.7.5.1) locus also differed between the contaminated and uncontaminated populations. Previous studies have shown that exposure to heavy metals can select or counter-select for particular alleles at this locus. The present results suggest that allozyme polymorphism in P. viridis is a potential biomonitoring tool for heavy metal contamination but further validation is required.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Molecular biology of the hexokinase isoenzyme pattern that distinguishes pathogenic Entamoeba histolytica from nonpathogenic Entamoeba dispar.

The electrophoretic patterns of hexokinase and phosphoglucomutase have been widely used to distinguish Entamoeba histolytica from Entamoeba dispar isolates. Although E. histolytica and E. dispar, previously called pathogenic and nonpathogenic Entamoeba histolytica, differ clearly in sequences of many homologous genes, a conversion between the two has been reported by several laboratories, in each case showing the conversion of hexokinase (ATP, D-hexose 6-phosphotransferase, EC 2.7.1.1) isoenzyme patterns. An apparent mobility shift of this enzyme may either be due to posttranslational modification or processing, or to the appearance of a new isoform encoded by a second gene. In this study we observed that the four observed bands in the isoenzyme patterns of pathogenic and nonpathogenic forms of Entamoeba were correlated with four different cDNAs, and that the four recombinant hexokinases produced in Escherichia coli comigrated with their natural counterparts. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) experiments did not reveal hidden genes which might be responsible for conversion phenomena. These results strongly support the redefinition of pathogenic and nonpathogenic Entamoeba histolytica as two closely related species Entamoeba histolytica and Entamoeba dispar.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2000

Functional cloning and mutational analysis of the human cDNA for phosphoacetylglucosamine mutase: identification of the amino acid residues essential for the catalysis.

In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, phosphoacetylglucosamine mutase is encoded by an essential gene called AGM1. The human AGM1 cDNA (HsAGM1) and the Candida albicans AGM1 gene (CaAGM1) were functionally cloned and characterized by using an S. cerevisiae strain in which the endogenous phosphoacetylglucosamine mutase was depleted. When expressed in Escherichia coli as fusion proteins with glutathione S-transferase, both HsAgm1 and CaAgm1 proteins displayed phosphoacetylglucosamine mutase activities, demonstrating that they indeed specify phosphoacetylglucosamine mutase. Sequence comparison of HsAgm1p with several hexose-phosphate mutases yielded three domains that are highly conserved among phosphoacetylglucosamine mutases and phosphoglucomutases of divergent organisms. Mutations of the conserved amino acids found in these domains, which were designated region I, II, and III, respectively, demonstrated that alanine substitutions for Ser(64) and His(65) in region I, and for Asp(276), Asp(278), and Arg(281) in region II of HsAgm1p severely diminished the enzyme activity and the ability to rescue the S. cerevisiae agm1Delta null mutant. Conservative mutations of His(65) and Asp(276) restored detectable activities, whereas those of Ser(64), Asp(278), and Arg(281) did not. These results indicate that Ser(64), Asp(278), and Arg(281) of HsAgm1p are residues essential for the catalysis. Because Ser(64) corresponds to the phosphorylating serine in the E. coli phosphoglucosamine mutase, it is likely that the activation of HsAgm1p also requires phosphorylation on Ser(64). Furthermore, alanine substitution for Arg(496) in region III significantly increased the K(m) value for N-acetylglucosamine-6-phosphate, demonstrating that Arg(496) serves as a binding site for N-acetylglucosamine-6-phosphate.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1985

Monosomy 6 in a human lymphoma line induced by selection with a monoclonal antibody.

The human Epstein Barr Virus-superinfected B lymphoma cell line BJAB-B95.8.6 was mutagenized by gamma irradiation, and HLA mutants were selected with the HLA-Bw6-specific monoclonal antibody SFR8-B6. One of the mutants obtained, BM19, had lost one of the chromosomes 6 present in the wild type cells. Electrophoretic analysis of phosphoglucomutase isozyme PGM3 and erythrocyte glyoxalase 1 from both cells supports this conclusion. The HLA antigens expressed on BM19 were HLA-A2, B13, Bw4, C-, DR2 (questionable), DRw52 (weak) and DQw1. This constitutes one of the haplotypes of the wild type cells, the other (lost from BM19 cells) being HLA-A1, B35, Bw6, Cw4, DR5, DRw52 (strong) and DQw3. Possibilities to employ BM19 cells for the analysis of the major histocompatibility complex and other chromosome 6-encoded genes as well as their products are discussed.

Antibodies, Monoclonal↗
PubMed1981

Enzymatic characterization and analytical fractionation of L1210 cells.

The enzymatic characterization and analytical fractionation of L1210 cells have been performed in view of studying the cellular pharmacology of antitumoral drugs. Several enzymatic activities were detected and their assay conditions optimized. After a gentle homogenization to preserve as much as possible the integrity of the nucleus and cytoplasmic organelles, homogenates were fractionated by differential and isopycnic centrifugation. On the basis of pH dependency, effect of detergents and distributions after cell fractionation, enzymatic activities and biochemical constituents can be classified in several groups and by analogy to other organs or cultured cells, attributed to distinct cellular components. N-Acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase, alpha-L-fucosidase, alpha-D-mannosidase detected at acid pH and cathepsin D are therefore proposed as markers of lysosomes; inosine diphosphatase and uridine monophosphatase as markers of the plasma membrane, while phosphoglucomutase and neutral pyrophosphatase on one hand and galactosyl transferase and alpha-D-mannosidase at pH 6.0 on the other hand are attributed respectively to the cytosol and the Golgi apparatus.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Effect of cholesterol-enriched diet on liver and heart enzymes in male rabbits.

White New Zealand male rabbits were fed a high-cholesterol (1%) diet for 7 weeks. The activity of alkaline phosphatase (AP), alanine (AlaAT), aspartate (AspAT) aminotransferases and level of glucose in the blood plasma of rabbits was determined and compared with those of a control group of animals. The cholesterol-enriched diet resulted in increases in plasma AlaAT and AP activity and a decrease in plasma glucose. In the liver, cholesterol treatment decreased the activity of AspAT, AlaAT, AP, phosphoglucomutase, phosphofructokinase, pyruvate kinase and lactate dehydrogenase. Activities of glucosephosphate isomerase, aldolase and the level of glycogen were not affected. No statistically significant changes in the activity of examined enzymes in heart of rabbits fed with cholesterol-enriched diet were observed. Chronic intake of cholesterol in the diet had a negative effect on liver metabolism but not on heart metabolism in rabbits.

Alanine Transaminase↗
PubMed1990

The nature of cytoplasmic vacuoles in chordoma cells. A correlative enzyme and electron microscopic histochemical study.

Enzyme histochemical study revealed that a sacrococcygeal chordoma not only was rich in oxidoreductive enzymes but also in the enzymes (phosphorylase, hexokinase, phosphoglucomutase, glucose phosphate isomerase and UDP-glucose dehydrogenase) leading to the synthesis of stromal glycosaminoglycans from glycogen. UDP-glucose dehydrogenase is particularly important in oxidizing UDP-glucose to UDP-glucuronic acid, the building block of hyaluronic acid and chondroitin sulfates. These enzymatic activities were consistent with the ultrastructural findings of abundant membrane-bound glycogen as well as large intracytoplasmic vacuoles with occasional residual glycogen particles. Furthermore, ultrastructural histochemical study using high iron diamine (HID) specifically localized the sulfated glycosaminoglycans (SG) extracellularly as well as intracellularly in distended Golgi saccules and 187-320 nm mature secretory vesicles. No HID staining was noted in the large intracytoplasmic vacuoles or rough endoplasmic reticulum. This study not only supports the hypothesis that the vacuoles of physaliphorous cells are the result of breakdown and utilization of membrane bound glycogen in the biosynthesis of SG, but also demonstrates that intracellular synthesis and storage of SG in chordoma are not in large vacuoles as previous investigators have believed.

Aged↗
PubMed1992

Syntenic conservation of HSP70 genes in cattle and humans.

A phage library of bovine genomic DNA was screened for hybridization with a human HSP70 cDNA probe, and 21 positive plaques were identified and isolated. Restriction mapping and blot hybridization analysis of DNA from the recombinant plaques demonstrated that the cloned DNAs were derived from three different regions of the bovine genome. One region contains two tandemly arrayed HSP70 sequences, designated HSP70-1 and HSP70-2, separated by approximately 8 kb of DNA. Single HSP70 sequences, designated HSP70-3 and HSP70-4, were found in two other genomic regions. Locus-specific probes of unique flanking sequences from representative HSP70 clones were hybridized to restriction endonuclease-digested DNA from bovine-hamster and bovine-mouse somatic cell hybrid panels to determine the chromosomal location of the HSP70 sequences. The probe for the tandemly arrayed HSP70-1 and HSP70-2 sequences mapped to bovine chromosome 23, syntenic with glyoxalase 1, 21 steroid hydroxylase, and major histocompatibility class I loci. HSP70-3 sequences mapped to bovine chromosome 10, syntenic with nucleoside phosphorylase and murine osteosarcoma viral oncogene (v-fos), and HSP70-4 mapped to bovine syntenic group U6, syntenic with amylase 1 and phosphoglucomutase 1. On the basis of these data, we propose that bovine HSP70-1,2 are homologous to human HSPA1 and HSPA1L on chromosome 6p21.3, bovine HSP70-3 is the homolog of an unnamed human HSP70 gene on chromosome 14q22-q24, and bovine HSP70-4 is homologous to one of the human HSPA-6,-7 genes on chromosome 1.

Animals↗