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PubMed1980

Alternate procedure for the preparation of the coenzyme A-synthesizing protein complex of Bakers' yeast.

The coenzymes A-synthesizing protein complex (CoA-SPC) of Bakers' yeast synthesizes coenzyme A in an in vitro system from the precursors ATP, D-pantothenic acid and L-cysteine. CoA-SPC has been produced on a small scale by freezing Bakers' yeast cells in a mixture of diethyl ether and solid CO2, followed by a thawing period, and subsequent removal of the diethyl ether by vacuum. The resulting yeast lysate was then stirred for 18 h in the presence of t-Factor to solubilize CoA-SPC. When a greater quantity of CoA-SPC was needed, the danger associated with the use of a large volume of diethyl ether was apparent. Therefore, the freezing step involving diethyl ether and solid CO2 has been replaced by a process of slowly drying fresh Bakers' yeast until approximately 34% of the initial weight of the yeast remained as dry solids. The yeast solids were ground to further disrupt the cell wall and membrane structure. The grinding step was followed by rehydration of the dry yeast solids with deionized H2O and stirring the rehydrated yeast for 18 h to solubilize CoA-SPC.

Coenzyme A↗
PubMed2006

Dietary status and impact of risperidone on nutritional balance in children with autism: a pilot study.

BACKGROUND: Risperidone may be effective in improving tantrums, aggression, or self-injurious behaviour in children with autism, but often leads to weight gain. METHOD: Using a quantitative Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ), we prospectively examined the nutritional intake of 20 children with autism participating in a randomised placebo-controlled trial of risperidone for disruptive behaviours. RESULTS: At baseline, the mean intakes for macronutrients, vitamins and minerals exceeded Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs). However there was substantial inter-participant variability, with individual deficiencies (<80% of DRI) in the intake of calcium (9 of 20 participants), pantothenic acid (6 of 20), vitamin D (5 of 20) and vitamin K (8 of 20). For the participants for whom FFQs were available, there was an increase in weight and an increase in vitamin K intake after 2 months of risperidone treatment (n = 9) compared to placebo (n = 8). An additional 4 months of risperidone treatment (n = 8) did not result in significant changes in reported nutritional balance. CONCLUSION: These pilot data suggest that treatment with risperidone did not significantly affect the nutritional balance of this small group of children.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Formulated diets versus seed mixtures for psittacines.

Psittacines are often classified as seed eaters despite studies that have established great diversity in food habits in the wild. While seeds are consumed, so are flowers, buds, leaves, fruits and cambium. Some psittacines consume part of greater than 80 species of grasses, forbs, shrubs and trees. In addition, insects may be important. Although there are few controlled studies of the requirements of psittacines, it is probable that most nutrient needs are comparable to those of domesticated precocial birds that have been thoroughly studied. Commercial seed mixes for psittacines commonly contain corn, sunflower, safflower, pumpkin and squash seeds, wheat, peanuts, millet, oat groats and buckwheat, although other seeds may be present. Because hulls/shells comprise 18-69% of these seeds and they are removed before swallowing, a significant proportion of typical seed mixtures is waste. Some of the seeds also are very high in fat and promote obesity. Common nutrient deficiencies of decorticated seeds include lysine, calcium, available phosphorus, sodium, manganese, zinc, iron, iodine, selenium, vitamins A, D, E and K, riboflavin, pantothenic acid, available niacin, vitamin B-12 and choline. Attempts to correct these deficiencies by incorporating pellets into seed mixes are usually thwarted by rejection of the pellets and disproportionate consumption of items that are more highly favored. An extruded diet formulated to meet the projected nutrient needs of psittacines was fed with fruits and vegetables to eight species of psittacines for 1 y. Fledging percentage was increased to 90% from the 66% observed during the previous 2 y when these psittacines were fed seeds, fruits and vegetables. Although this extruded diet was well accepted in a mixture of fruits and vegetables and met nutrient needs, analyses have shown that not all commercial formulated diets are of equal merit.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed2006

Vitamin intakes from supplements and fortified food in German children and adolescents: results from the DONALD study.

Frequent consumption of supplements is a common behavior in adults, as well as children and adolescents. We report on vitamin intake from consuming supplements, taking into account the vitamin intake from fortified and usual foods. A total of 5990 3-d weighed dietary records from 931 German subjects (452 males, 479 females, 2-18 y of age) between 1986 and 2003 from the Dortmund Nutritional and Anthropometric Longitudinally Designed (DONALD) Study were evaluated. We identified 133 different vitamin-containing supplements in 451 records (7.5%). Slightly more males (8.0%) than females (7.1%) consumed supplements, with highest frequencies found between ages 15 and 18 y. For the majority (10 of 13) of vitamins (vitamin A, vitamin E, vitamin K, thiamin, riboflavin, vitamin B-6, vitamin B-12, niacin, biotin, and vitamin C), intake from usual and fortified food already reached or exceeded 80% of the recommended dietary allowances in all age groups. In the case of folate and pantothenic acid, intake from supplements was necessary to achieve at least 80% of recommended dietary allowances for half of the age groups, especially in females. Supplements with vitamin D considerably helped increase vitamin intake but failed to achieve 80% of references in almost all age groups. Intakes of vitamin A and folic acid exceeded the tolerable upper level most frequently in many age groups and were most pronounced in up to 32% and 13% of children aged 2-3 y. Intake of vitamin D, vitamin E, and vitamin C exceeded the tolerable upper level in single age groups only (<7% of subjects). For the other vitamins, no exceeded limits were identified. The ubiquitous availability of supplements might indicate that even healthy children and adolescents profit by taking them. However, it is difficult to evaluate whether consumers receive more benefits or risks from the unrestricted consumption of supplements as they are marketed today.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Comparison of 1989 RDAs and DRIs for Water-Soluble Vitamins.

This report is the second in a series to compare the 1989 Recommended Dietary Allowances with new Dietary Reference Intakes. The report focuses on water-soluble vitamin C, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, vitamin B6, folate, vitamin B12, pantothenic acid, biotin, and choline.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1996

Micronutrient profiles in HIV-1-infected heterosexual adults.

There is compelling evidence that micronutrients can profoundly affect immunity. We surveyed vitamin supplement use and circulating concentrations of 22 nutrients and glutathione in 64 HIV-1 seropositive men and women and 33 seronegative controls participating in a study of heterosexual HIV-1 transmission. We assayed antioxidants (vitamins A, C, and E; total carotenes), vitamins B6 and B12, folate, thiamin, niacin, biotin, riboflavin, pantothenic acid, free and total choline and carnitine, biopterin, inositol, copper, zinc, selenium, and magnesium. HIV-infected patients had lower mean circulating concentrations of magnesium (p < 0.0001), total carotenes (p = 0.009), total choline (p = 0.002), and glutathione (p = 0.045), and higher concentrations of niacin (p < 0.0001) than controls. Fifty-nine percent of HIV+ patients had low concentrations of magnesium, compared with 9% of controls (p < 0.0001). These abnormal concentrations were unrelated to stage of disease. Participants who took vitamin supplements had consistently fewer low concentrations of antioxidants, across HIV infection status and disease stage strata (p = 0.0006). Nevertheless, 29% of the HIV+ patients taking supplemental vitamins had subnormal levels of one or more antioxidants. The frequent occurrence of abnormal micronutrient nutriture, as found in these HIV+ subjects, may contribute to disease pathogenesis. The low magnesium concentrations may be particularly relevant to HIV-related symptoms of fatigue, lethargy, and impaired mentation.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Intestinal absorption of water-soluble vitamins: an update.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The molecular biology revolution has led to a significant improvement in our understanding of biological and physiological processes. Such expansion of knowledge has also covered the field of intestinal absorption of water-soluble vitamins and is the subject of this review. RECENT FINDINGS: Impressive progress has been made in the understanding of the mechanisms and regulation of transport of water-soluble vitamins at the cellular and molecular levels. In addition, the 5' regulatory regions of the genes that encode a number of the involved transporters have been cloned and characterized in vitro and in vivo in transgenic mice, thus providing important information about transcriptional regulation of these events. Furthermore, confocal imaging of live intestinal epithelial cells has led to significant progress in understanding the mechanisms involved in intracellular trafficking and membrane targeting of the carrier proteins and how clinical mutations lead to interference with transport. Finally, the identification in the large intestine of efficient and specialized carrier-mediated systems that are capable of absorbing a number of the bacterially synthesized vitamins (thiamin, folate, biotin, riboflavin, pantothenic acid) has raised the possibility that this source of vitamins may play a role in regulating (fine tuning) the normal body homeostasis of these vitamins, and especially the vitamin level in the local colonocytes. SUMMARY: Water-soluble vitamin absorption involves regulated and specific mechanisms. Interference with the function of these mechanisms may lead to deficiency. The large intestine is capable of absorbing water-soluble vitamins that are synthesized by the normal microflora.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

A Salmonella typhimurium strain defective in uracil catabolism and beta-alanine synthesis.

A selection procedure for uracil catabolism mutant strains involving indicator dye plates was developed. Using this method, a strain defective in uracil catabolism has been isolated in Salmonella typhimurium that was temperature-sensitive at 42 degrees C where it required low concentrations of N-carbamoyl-beta-alanine, beta-alanine or pantothenic acid for growth. An extract of the mutant strain degraded uracil at 37 degrees C at a significantly diminished rate compared to that observed for the wild-type strain under the same growth conditions. The conversion of dihydrouracil to N-carbamoyl-beta-alanine was blocked at all temperatures examined in the mutant strain. By means of genetic analysis, the mutant strain was determined to be defective at two genetic loci. Transduction studies with bacteriophage P22 indicated that the panD gene is mutated in this strain, accounting for its beta-alanine requirement. Episomal transfers between Escherichia coli and the mutant strain provided evidence that the defect in uracil catabolism was located in another region of the S. typhimurium chromosome.

Alanine↗