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At least 1,261 records · Page 70Linked to original sources
PubMed2001

Vergence adaptation in children and its clinical significance.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Vergence adaptation has not been well investigated in children even though it may contribute to binocular dysfunction and near work induced asthenopia. METHODS: We compared vergence adaptation in 18 children and 18 young adult subjects by assessing tonic vergence (TV) before and immediately after a period of sustained near fixation, by measuring heterophoria with a synoptophore through 0.5 mm binocular pinholes. Adaptation was induced by a reading task at 15 cm for a continuous 5 minute period. RESULTS: Mean pre-task TV values of 0.70 MA (Meter Angles) and 0.20 MA were observed for the children and young adults, respectively (p = 0.08). The initial mean vergence adaptation for children and adults was +0.45 MA and +0.11 MA, respectively (p = 0.001). CONCLUSION: The greater vergence adaptation observed in children may impact upon the clinical assessment of their binocular vision, especially heterophoria measurement which may require longer periods of dissociation than previously recommended, and might also ultimately be partly responsible for the predominant development of esodeviations during childhood

Adaptation, Ocular↗
PubMed2001

Intermittent exotropia surgery in children: long term outcome regarding changes in binocular alignment. A study of 666 cases.

PURPOSE: To review and determine the long term outcome of surgery for intermittent exotropia in children. CASES: A total of 666 cases were reviewed. They were 15 years old or younger and underwent surgery for intermittent exotropia during the preceding 22 years. Bilateral recession of the lateral rectus muscles was performed in 349 cases. Unilateral recession of the lateral rectus and resection of the medial rectus muscles was performed in 298 cases. One and four muscle procedures were performed in 19 cases. The outcome was evaluated at 1 month and 4 years after surgery. RESULTS: Orthotropia or mini-microtropia was achieved in 401 patients (60.2%) one month after surgery. Bilateral recession of the lateral rectus muscles was more effective than unilateral recession- resection. Out of these 401 patients, half, 199 patients (49.6%) showed orthotropia or mini-microtropia 4 years after surgery while the other half, 202 (50.4%), became exotropic. Bilateral recession of the lateral rectus muscles was also more effective in producing orthotropia or mini-microtropia on a long term basis than unilateral recession-resection. The rate of orthotropia or mini- microtropia was higher when the patients were operated before 3 years and after 11 years of age. CONCLUSIONS: There was a strong tendency for intermittent exotropia to recurr and drift into permanent exotropia during 4 or more years following surgery. It is advocated to aim at orthotropia during the immediate post- surgical period and to avoid overcorrection. Early surgery is not necessary when the patient is over 4 years of age. Bilateral lateral rectus recession is the preferred surgical procedure.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1975

[Artificial divergence in treatment of anomalous correspondence (author's transl)].

Artificial divergence causes a change of correspondence in about 60% of cases of alternating comitant convergent strabismus. This means a merely formal normalisation, since only one third of the cases can be cured to a level of +/-1degree of arc related to the true position of the eyes. These cases do not show any scotoma under campimetry on the phase difference haploscop (Aulhorn). An other third achieved a status with a tolerance of +/- 2 degrees and microscotomata. The last third did not show a normalisation, mostly due to a preexisting angle smaller than 5 degrees of arc. The number of full cures was limited, since the onset of squint was early in the majority of cases. One half of the 271 cases were treated by surgical overcorrection and following reoperation. The other half by small initial surgery, prismatic overcorrection followed by prismatic compensation and small second operation.

Humans↗
PubMed2002

The interface between ophthalmology and optometric vision therapy.

Considerable disparity lies between ophthalmologic impressions of optometric vision therapy, and the reality of optometric vision therapy as practiced in the United States. The viewpoint shared by ophthalmology in particular, and the medical field in general, is one that is filtered through organizational policy statements and the isolated experiences of influential individual practitioners. This has resulted in a skewed portrayal of optometric vision therapy. The purpose of this paper is to present a balanced perspective on this subject, and one that should be of assistance in creating an interface between ophthalmology and optometry that better serves the public.

Adult↗
PubMed1975

[Experiences with the treatment of amblyopia with excentric fixation by means of changes of the innervation stimulus of the external eye muscles by means of prismes and operative methods according to Cüppers' principles (author's transl)].

An analysis of 59 cases with excentric fixation shows the special efficacy of treatment methods, which are related to variations of the innervation stimulus with prisme, operative methods and especially with the "Fadenoperation" developed by Cüppers.

Afterimage↗
PubMed1975

[A method of feating intermittent divergence strabismus (author's transl)].

Patching appears to have sensory and motor effects on intermittent exotropia. The sensory effects we have observed are reduction in the size of the scotoma as measured on haploscopic devices and improvement in fusional amplitudes. The motor effects has been increased control of the deviation. A series of patients was studied to document these effects, and their significance in management was discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1975

[Experiences in the measurements of correspondence using dark red glass and according to image after Cüppers (author's transl)].

The measurement of correspondence using a dark red glass in front of the fixating eye and a foveal after image in the deviating eye according to Cüppers is really an efficient clinical method. In spite of the fact that we are dealing with a dissociating test this method offers these advantages: 1. The objective angle is well known at any time. 2. This method allows a sufficient discrimination in the range of 15 min. of arc. 3. There is a permanent retinal stimulation contrary to the method utilizing after-flash images.--General objections to dissociating tests, for example that given by Goldman, are only limited value, because of the fact that patients with disturbed functions must be differentiated easily from normal persons. Sources of error system mainly from inconcentrated fixation. There is a great demand for attention on the part of the patient. Using this method we have been able to show the 17 cases examined up to now a paradoxical anomaly, demonstrated by a larger subjective angle than the objective angle. Besides that we could prove that lability of correspondence, characteristic for an anomaly, and its alteration depending on which method was used. A paradoxical anomaly was also obtained with other methods such as Hering's after images alone, after image plus real object + Haidinger brushes (synoptophor). From five examples the conditions are presented under which this phenomenon was observed up to the present. The reason of paradoxical anomaly may be seen in the loss of specific ability of cortical cells to localize exactly, especially those cells which are stimulated by foveal area, so that subjective localisation becomes very inexact.

Afterimage↗