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At least 1,261 records · Page 70Linked to original sources
PubMed2000

Alcohol use and correlates of binge drinking among university students on the Island of Sardinia, Italy.

An anonymous questionnaire was administered to a sample of 1,911 students at Sardinia's main university during the fall of 1997. The questionnaire assessed various behaviors relating to alcohol including its use during or outside meals and binge drinking, defined as five or more drinks in a row. A significantly higher number of males reported drinking alcohol outside of meals and binge drinking than females, and males were also more likely to report impaired driving and consequences after drinking alcohol than females. A logistic regression model was used to determine correlates of binge drinking using demographics, health-risk behaviors, and leisure activities. The model confirmed being a male as one of the strongest correlates, but also included first drinking alcohol before age 17, marijuana use, living away from parents, cigarette use, having multiple sex partners, and exercising. The results indicate that alcohol use is prevalent among university students and is related to the use of other substances. Further investigation is warranted with particular attention paid to gender as a determinant of use.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Dysregulation of the E-cadherin/catenin complex by irreversible mutations in human carcinomas.

The different proteins of the E-cadherin/catenin cell-cell adhesion complex are believed to play a predominant role in carcinogenesis. Aberrant expression of these proteins has been found in many different human carcinomas, indicating abnormal regulation. In general, inactivating mutations of the human E-cadherin gene are rare; they are, however, highly frequent in infiltrating lobular breast carcinomas and in diffuse gastric carcinomas. These mutations mostly occur in combination with loss of heterozygosity (LOH) of the wild-type allele. Mutations were found at very early non-invasive stages, thus associating E-cadherin mutations with loss of growth control and defining E-cadherin as a real tumour suppressor for these particular tumour types. Defects affecting both alleles of the alpha E-catenin gene have been found in different human carcinoma cell lines, resulting in the loss of E-cadherin-mediated cell-cell adhesion. Mutations of the beta-catenin gene in colon tumours and melanomas were found to result in an accumulation of the protein in the cytosol. Upon translocation to the nucleus, this beta-catenin enhances TCF/LEF-dependent transcriptional activity. This suggests that mutated beta-catenin can act as an oncogene in these particular tumour types. The multiple interaction partners of beta-catenin are known to be involved in signal transduction, actin organization, protein phosphorylation or transcriptional regulation. This makes this protein an intriguing alternative target for either activation or inactivation in human cancer types characterized by frequent E-cadherin or APC deficiencies.

Breast Neoplasms↗
PubMed1986

Congenital syphilis and perinatal mortality.

About 6% of perinatal mortality in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, is associated with congenital syphilis. We report on 65 autopsies and the accompanying maternal examinations and interviews. Congenital syphilis was most common in unwanted pregnancies, in women with previous stillborns, in those who had multiple sexual partners, and in those who did not seek antenatal medical care. Congenital syphilis causes enlargement of liver, spleen, and placenta; premature labor; and increased perinatal mortality. It is recognizable even in severely macerated stillborns.

Female↗
PubMed2000

Sexually transmitted diseases in women. Chlamydia trachomatis and herpes simplex infections.

C trachomatis infection is the most commonly reported STD in the United States, and the majority of women infected are asymptomatic. Screening is recommended for those at high risk, including women who are between 15 and 21 years of age, live in urban areas, are single, or have new or multiple sexual partners. The "gold standard" for diagnosis is chlamydial culture; however, techniques that use DNA and RNA amplification are nearly 100% sensitive and specific and may prove cost-effective. Doxycycline is a recommended first-line therapy, but certain other antibiotics may also be effective. Herpes simplex virus affects more than one third of the world's population. It is diagnosed by observation of shallow, tender ulcerations around the genitalia and by viral isolation using tissue culture. Initial treatment is with antiviral drugs, which may also be necessary episodically or as a suppressive regimen for recurrences. Patient education about prevention of these and other STDs, as well as the impact of such disease on sexual partners, is critical. Physicians should therefore become comfortable questioning and counseling patients about sexual issues and risks for STDs.

Acyclovir↗
PubMed2001

Epidemiology of acute hepatitis in the Stann Creek District of Belize, Central America.

Hepatitis is common in the Stann Creek District of southern Belize. To determine the etiologies, incidence, and potential risk factors for acute jaundice, we conducted active surveillance for cases. Cases of jaundice diagnosed by a physician within the previous 6 weeks were enrolled. Evaluation included a questionnaire and laboratory tests for hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E, a blood film for malaria, and a serologic test for syphilis. Etiologies of jaundice among 62 evaluable patients included acute hepatitis A, 6 (9.7%), acute hepatitis B, 49 (79.0%), hepatitis non-A-E, 2 (3.2%), and malaria, 5 (8.1%). There were no cases of acute hepatitis E. One patient each with antibody to hepatitis C and D were detected. The annualized incidence of hepatitis A was 0.26 per 1,000. All cases of hepatitis A were in children 4-16 years of age. The annualized incidence of hepatitis B, 2.17 per 1,000, was highest in adults aged 15-44 years (4.4 per 1,000) and was higher in men (36 cases; 3.09 per 1,000) than women (13 cases; 1.19 per 1,000). Four (31%) of the women with hepatitis B were pregnant. The annualized incidence was significantly higher in Mestizo (6.18 per 1000) and Maya (6.79 per 1,000) than Garifuna (0.38 per 1,000) or Creole (0.36 per 1,000). Persons with hepatitis B were significantly more likely to be born outside of Belize (82%), had been in Belize < 5 years (73%), and lived and worked in rural areas (96%) than was the general population. Of those > or = 14 years of age with hepatitis B, only 36% were married. Few persons admitted to transfusions, tattoos, IV drug use, multiple sexual partners, visiting prostitutes, or sexually transmitted diseases. Only 1 of 49 had a reactive test for syphilis. Six patients were hospitalized (including 3 with acute hepatitis B and one with hepatitis A), and none to our knowledge died. Acute hepatitis B is the most common cause of viral hepatitis in the Stann Creek District, but the modes of transmission remain obscure. Infants, women attending prenatal clinics, and new workers are potential targets for immunization with hepatitis B vaccine.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed2002

Educational programs to enhance medical expertise in tropical diseases: the Gorgas Course experience 1996-2001.

In 1995, the American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene (ASTMH) adopted defined criteria for accreditation of clinical training programs in tropical diseases. The first data on the development, enrollment, and outcomes of such a program are presented. A nine-week Diploma course, the Gorgas Course in Clinical Tropical Medicine, given on-site in the tropics (Lima, Cusco, and Iquitos, Peru) has trained 157 individuals from 38 countries from 1996 through 2001. The average age of participants was 38.3 with 11.3 years since graduation. Graduates were 44.5% primary care physicians, 22.2% infectious diseases specialists, 12.7% emergency medicine specialists, 13.5% other specialists, and 7.1% nurses. Residents and fellows accounted for 32.8% and full-time academic faculty for 11.0%. Approximately half of all eligible Gorgas graduates have taken the ASTMH certification examination. In response to the enrollees' profiles and needs, adult learning theory has been extensively used in course design. Stable professional relationships between multiple educational partners are required for an endeavor of this scope.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Risky sexual behavior and alcohol use among young adults: results from a national survey.

PURPOSE: To examine the relationship between alcohol use and sexual activity in a sample of young adults. DESIGN: Data were collected as part of a 1990 survey of a multistage area household probability sample. SETTING: In-home interviews were conducted by experienced interviewers. SUBJECTS: In total, 1006 persons from 18 to 30 years of age living in the contiguous United States were contacted. MEASURES: Detailed information was collected on alcohol use and sexual behavior. To minimize the reluctance of respondents to answer queries on sexual behavior, those questions were contained in a self-administered questionnaire. RESULTS: At the population level, having had multiple sexual partners in the past year was more likely among men who consumed five or more drinks per sitting. Condom use was less likely among respondents who had consumed five or more drinks on at least one occasion in the past year. In multivariate analyses, the amount of alcohol consumed at the new partner event was not associated with condom use with a new partner. When the effects of other demographic and psychosocial factors were removed, the number of drinks consumed during the heaviest drinking event was a significant predictor of engaging in sex for women but not for men. CONCLUSION: In young adults, alcohol use with sex does not necessarily lead directly to lapses in judgment about safe sexual practices. Alcohol is but one of a number of factors that play an important role in determining the riskiness of a particular sexual encounter.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Characteristics of HIV infected patients cared for at "academic model for the prevention and treatment of HIV/AIDS" clinics in western Kenya.

BACKGROUND: With the new initiatives to treat large numbers of HIV infected individuals in sub-Saharan Africa, policy makers require accurate estimates of the numbers and characteristics of patients likely to seek treatment in these countries. OBJECTIVE: To describe characteristics of adults receiving care in two Kenyan public HIV clinics. DESIGN: Cross-sectional cohort analysis of data extracted from an electronic medical records system. SETTING: Academic Model for the Prevention and Treatment of HIV/AIDS (AMPATH) HIV clinics in Kenya's second national referral (urban) hospital and a nearby rural health center. SUBJECTS: Adult patients presenting for care at HIV clinics. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Gender and inter-clinic stratified comparisons of demographic, clinical, and treatment data. RESULTS: In the first nineteen months, 790 adults visited the urban clinic and 294 the rural clinic. Mean age was 36 +/- 9 (SD) years. Two-thirds were women; a quarter had spouses who had died of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). HIV/AIDS behavioural risk factors (multiple sexual partners, rare condom use) and constitutional symptoms (fatigue, weight loss, cough, fever, chills) were common. Rural patients had more symptoms and less prior and current tuberculosis. Men more commonly presented with symptoms than women. The cohort CD4 count was low (223 +/- 197 mm3), with men having significantly lower CD4 count than women (185 +/- 175 vs. 242 +/- 205 p = 0.0007). Eighteen percent had an infiltrate on chest radiograph. Five percent (most often men) had received prior antiretroviral drug therapy, (7% in urban and 1% in rural patients, p = 0.0006). Overall, 393 (36%) received antiretroviral drugs, 89% the combination of lamivudine, stavudine, and nevirapine. Half received prophylaxis for tuberculosis and Pneumocystis jirovecii. Men were sicker and more often received antiretroviral drugs. CONCLUSIONS: Patients presenting to two Kenyan HIV clinics were predominantly female, ill and naive to retroviral therapy with substantial differences by clinic site and gender. Behavioural risk factors for HIV/AIDS were common. A thorough understanding of clinical and behavioural characteristics can help target prevention and treatment strategies.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Prevalence of HIV--related oral lesions in Nigerian women.

BACKGROUND: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection affects an increasing number of women throughout the world. Oral lesions are among the earliest clinical manifestations of HIV infection and are associated with its progression. We describe the oral manifestations of HIV/AIDS in Nigerian women and its clinical correlates. METHODS: Nigerian women with HIV/AIDS were examined for the presence of oral lesions attributable to HIV/AIDS. These lesions were diagnosed clinically, according to the criteria established by the European Community Clearinghouse (ECC) on oral problems related to HIV infection. RESULTS: Two hundred and sixty-nine seropositive women were examined with a range of 17-60 years (mean of 32.4 years < 8.09). The age group of 21 30 years was the worst affected (n = 125, 46.5%). Of these patients, 109 (40.5%) were married, 67 (24.9%) were single while 47 (17.5%) had multiple sexual partners. One hundred and eighteen (43.9%) had at least an oral lesion associated with HIV/AIDS. The most common was oral candidiasis, which was present in 98 (36.4%) patients. Pseudomembraneous candidiasis (n = 66, 24.5%) and angular cheilitis (n = 23, 8.6%) were the commonest variants seen. The former was the only lesion significantly associated with the clinical stage of the infection (p = 0.002) while necrotizing gingivitis, linear gingival erythema and angular cheilitis were associated with the age of the patients (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Oral manifestations are common features of HIV infection among Nigerian women. Oral candidiasis (OC) was the most notable oral lesion associated with HIV/AIDS. It may be a useful clinical indicator of early immune dysfunction mediated by HIV.

AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections↗
PubMed1992

HIV risk behaviour among injecting drug users in Perth: the Australian National AIDS and Injecting Drug Use Study.

OBJECTIVE: This study was carried out in 1989 to examine behaviour involving risk of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and to measure the prevalence of HIV antibodies in a sample of injecting drug users (IDUs) in Perth. DESIGN: The study was a cross-sectional survey with a sample of convenience of 196 IDUs drawn from drug treatment (54%) and non-treatment (46%) populations. RESULTS: Sixty-five per cent of the sample were men and 35% women. Subjects were predominantly heterosexual, were in their late twenties, had not completed secondary school, and were on sickness, unemployment or pension benefits. The majority were poly-drug users, but heroin and amphetamines were the only drugs that had been injected by more than 20% of the sample more than once a month. Respondents reported injecting an average of 43.6 (SD 83.6) times a month and using 33.7 (SD 55.4) new needles a month. The majority (70%) had injected within weeks of the interview. Sixty-seven per cent had shared needles within months. Respondents claimed to pass on used needles more frequently than to accept them, and were most likely to share with close friends or lovers when clean needles were unavailable and/or when they were withdrawing. While most respondents cleaned used needles, few used bleach all or most of the time. Most (78%) respondents had been tested for HIV seropositivity at least once. Most had multiple sexual partners and 92.3% had engaged in at least one unsafe sexual practice during the previous six months. Sixty-four per cent had changed some aspect of drug using, and 38% some aspect of sexual behaviour since hearing about the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). HIV seroprevalence for the 179 respondents who were tested was 2.2%, but this figure should not be taken as an estimate of seroprevalence for the Perth IDU population. CONCLUSION: Respondents' behaviour placed them at a high level of risk for HIV infection. Based on reported behaviour, it is recommended that education for IDUs in Perth should emphasise, among other things: not passing on used needles; cleaning used needles and syringes with bleach; planning ahead so that sterile equipment is available; and further risk reduction, particularly the adoption of safer sexual practices.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed2000

Microbes in tree swallow semen.

A frequently hypothesized but poorly studied cost of multiple mating in birds is that exposure to pathogenic sexually transmitted microbes (STM's) can lower reproductive success. Conversely, female birds may benefit from high frequencies of copulation and multiple copulation partners if they receive cloacal inoculations of beneficial STM's that can either protect them against future encounters with pathogens and/or serve as therapy against present infection. We examined the semen of 30 male tree swallows (Tachycineta bicolor) in 1998 to determine the presence and prevalence of potential pathogenic and beneficial STM's. Semen was collected directly from males after applying gentle pressure to the cloaca and we used standard microbiological techniques to identify microbes. We found that 19 of 30 samples contained one or more types of microbes. In these 19 positive samples, we isolated both pathogenic and beneficial microbes from 11, only pathogenic microbes from seven, and only beneficial microbes from one. This variation among males suggests that females would benefit from considering a particular male's potential as a donor of either pathogenic or beneficial STM's as a criterion for mate choice. There were few significant differences between males with pathogen-infected semen and those without pathogens in their semen in measures of size, morphology, and ectoparasite score and feather damage. Likewise, there were few significant differences between males with beneficial Lactobacilli spp. in their semen and those without Lactobacilli spp. in their semen in measures of size, morphology, and ectoparasite score and feather damage. We were unable to determine if there was a relationship between microbe presence and prevalence on reproductive performance.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Sexually-transmitted disease risk in a Micronesian atoll population.

The potential health threat of AIDS to the native island-based populations in the Pacific is now widely appreciated by those working in the public-health sector throughout the region. Although several countries in the region are yet to identify any cases of AIDS or HIV seropositivity, there is reason to suspect that heterosexual contact may emerge as a predominant mode of spread of HIV infection into native Pacific island populations. Sexual networks and their relationship to potentially 'risky behaviours' are described for a single native Micronesian atoll community on the basis of ethnographic observation and interviewing. This description is combined with the investigation of historic-demographic dimensions of the epidemiology of sexually-transmitted diseases in the same population to draw some conclusions about the opportunities for HIV transmission and acquisition among the sexually-active portions of this community. Although sexually-transmitted diseases have not had an appreciable epidemiological or demographic impact on the population in the past, the sexual networks within the community and beyond provide ample opportunity for the introduction and spread of sexually transmitted diseases, including HIV and its sequel AIDS.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1997

The role of the environment in the sexual activity of school students in Tororo and Pallisa Districts of Uganda.

Several models of adolescent sexual activity have previously been published and most of them suggest two basic components, biological and sociological. This article highlights important environmental factors in shaping the sexual behaviour of the school-going youth in Uganda. Students in education levels Senior 1 to 6 participated in the study. Information was collected from self-response structured questionnaires, focus-group discussions, and discussions with teachers. Student respondents were randomly selected.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

AIDS: risk behaviors and situations as perceived by adolescents in Gaborone, Botswana.

While AIDS continues to escalate in Botswana, no systematic investigation has been done of the contextual (behavioral and situational) variables important to the tailoring of AIDS educational prevention program for adolescents. A cross-sectional descriptive study identified the specific behaviors and situations placing adolescents at risk for AIDS as perceived by a convenience sample of 48 adolescents. Adolescents attended gender-specific focus groups and completed a demographic questionnaire. Content analysis revealed that gender and age could categorize the adolescents' perceptions of contextual variables. For younger adolescents AIDS-related behaviors involved sex and intravenous drug use; for older adolescents AIDS-related behaviors involved multiple sexual partners and sexual relationships between older men and adolescent girls. Though a consensus existed regarding the situational variables, gender and age influenced the situation that was most challenging to these adolescents. The data support that AIDS educational prevention programs must be tailored to the adolescents' gender and age.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1999

Effects on later adjustment of living in a stepfamily during childhood and adolescence.

This paper examines the effects of living in a stepfamily during childhood and adolescence on a range of psychosocial outcomes at age 18 years. Data collected during an 18-year longitudinal study were used to examine a sample of 907 children with respect to: exposure to living in a stepfamily during the period from age 6 to 16 years; measures of psychosocial outcomes including mental health, antisocial behaviour, substance use, restricted life opportunities, and sexual risk-taking at age 18 years; and measures of prospectively collected confounding factors. The analyses revealed that children exposed to living in a stepfamily for the first time between ages 6-16 years had elevated risks of a range of psychosocial outcomes at 18 years. These included elevated risks of: (1) juvenile offending; (2) nicotine dependence; (3) abuse or dependence on illicit substances; (4) leaving school without qualifications; (5) early onset of sexual activity; and (6) multiple sexual partners. However, these risks were reduced substantially when psychosocial outcomes were adjusted for the confounding effects of antecedent factors such as: family socioeconomic characteristics: family history of instability, adversity, and conflict; mother's age, religiosity, and smoking; child gender; and preexisting child conduct and attentional problems. After adjustment, the odds ratios between exposure to a stepfamily and adolescent outcomes were nonsignificant. Additional analysis revealed that there were no significant differences in outcomes for boys and girls exposed to stepfamilies. It was concluded that although young people exposed to living in a stepfamily had increased risks of poor psychosocial outcomes, much of this association appeared to be spurious, and arose from confounding social, contextual, and individual factors that were present prior to the formation of the stepfamily.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1999

Social network characteristics associated with risky behaviors among runaway and homeless youth.

Runaway and homeless youth are at high risk for substance abuse and unsafe sexual behavior. Our study describes the personal social networks of these youth and examines network characteristics associated with risky behaviors. In 1995 and 1996, we interviewed a purposive sample of youth aged 14 through 21 who were living in Washington, DC and were identified on the streets or through shelters or other service agencies (N = 327). Although we found that most youth reported current social relationships, a significant minority (26%) did not. Youth without a social network were significantly more likely to report current illicit drug use, multiple sex partners, and survival sex than youth with a network. For youth with a network, the networks were small, strong in affective and supportive qualities, comprised primarily of friends, typically included an alcohol or illicit drug user, and usually were not a source of pressure for risky behaviors. Our results indicate that networks had risk-enhancing and risk-decreasing properties in that network characteristics were associated in both positive and negative directions with risky behaviors.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

A novel neuron-enriched homolog of the erythrocyte membrane cytoskeletal protein 4.1.

We report the molecular cloning and characterization of 4.1N, a novel neuronal homolog of the erythrocyte membrane cytoskeletal protein 4.1 (4.1R). The 879 amino acid protein shares 70, 36, and 46% identity with 4.1R in the defined membrane-binding, spectrin-actin-binding, and C-terminal domains, respectively. 4.1N is expressed in almost all central and peripheral neurons of the body and is detected in embryonic neurons at the earliest stage of postmitotic differentiation. Like 4.1R, 4.1N has multiple splice forms as evidenced by PCR and Western analysis. Whereas the predominant 4.1N isoform identified in brain is approximately 135 kDa, a smaller 100 kDa isoform is enriched in peripheral tissues. Immunohistochemical studies using a polyclonal 4.1N antibody revealed several patterns of neuronal staining, with localizations in the neuronal cell body, dendrites, and axons. In certain neuronal locations, including the granule cell layers of the cerebellum and dentate gyrus, a distinct punctate-staining pattern was observed consistent with a synaptic localization. In primary hippocampal cultures, mouse 4.1N is enriched at the discrete sites of synaptic contact, colocalizing with the postsynaptic density protein of 95 kDa (a postsynaptic marker) and glutamate receptor type 1 (an excitatory postsynaptic marker). By analogy with the roles of 4.1R in red blood cells, 4.1N may function to confer stability and plasticity to the neuronal membrane via interactions with multiple binding partners, including the spectrin-actin-based cytoskeleton, integral membrane channels and receptors, and membrane-associated guanylate kinases.

Amino Acid Sequence↗