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PubMed2003

Study of the effect of information, motivation and behavioural skills (IMB) intervention in changing AIDS risk behaviour in female university students.

This study has perhaps for the first time in the Indian context made an attempt to use a psychosocial model for a HIV/AIDS intervention programme. In line with the same, the main objective of the research was to study the effect of the information, motivation and behavioural skills (IMB) model-based intervention on a group of female college/university students. Purposive sampling was used to select 200 participants; pre-testing of these participants revealed that they did not have adequate information on issues related to HIV transmission and prevention. Further, neither were they motivated nor possessed appropriate behavioural skills to engage in HIV preventive behaviours. Following this, 100 participants were assigned to the experimental group and the remaining 100 to the control group. Post-testing showed a significant increase in the level of information, motivation and behavioural skills of the experimental group participants who underwent the three-session intervention programme as compared to the control group participants.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed2000

Motivation as a predictor of changes in quality of life and working ability in multidisciplinary rehabilitation. A two-year follow-up of a prospective controlled study in patients with prolonged musculoskeletal disorders.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the two year outcome of multidisciplinary rehabilitation for patients with prolonged musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs), in terms of health-related quality of life (HRQL) and working ability. In addition, predictors of outcome were examined. METHODS: The rehabilitation group and the matched control group comprised 122 and 114 patients respectively. Baseline data were compared with two year follow-up data within and between the groups. The variables that were measured were: HRQL (Nottingham Health Profile), motivation, body awareness, pain, pain-related medicine consumption, psychosomatic symptoms, working environment and working ability. RESULTS: Variables which improved significantly for the rehabilitation group compared with the control group were: HRQL (p = 0.049), emotional reactions (p = 0.043), pain related to movements (p = 0.028) and need for pain-related medicines (p = 0.009). Multivariate regression analysis including all patients revealed that motivation was a predictor of change in HRQL (p = 0.001) and working ability (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: The rehabilitation programme appeared to improve HRQL to a greater extent than ordinary treatment available within primary care. The patient's level of motivation could be an important predictor of outcome.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Theoretical aspects of goal-setting and motivation in rehabilitation.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this article is to provide rehabilitation theorists and researchers with an introduction to some key theories of goals and motivation from the field of social cognition and to argue for increased dialogue between the two disciplines. METHOD: The use of goals and goal-setting in rehabilitation is briefly surveyed and the somewhat ambivalent attitude toward the concept of motivation in the rehabilitation literature is highlighted. Three major contributors to the study of goals and motivation from the field of social cognition are introduced and their work summarized. They include: (i) Deci and Ryan's Self-Determination Model; (ii) Emmons' work on goals and personal strivings, and (iii) Karniol and Ross' discussion of temporal influences on goal-setting. RESULTS: It is argued that there is a need for a greater emphasis upon theory development in rehabilitation research and that closer collaboration between researchers in rehabilitation and social psychology offers considerable promise. Instances where the three theories from social cognition might have relevance to clinical rehabilitation settings are described. Some possible directions for research are also briefly sketched. CONCLUSION: Both rehabilitation and social cognition have much to gain from increased dialogue.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Analysis of motivation to contraceptive use applying the weighting procedure.

This paper presents a technique for scaling contraceptive use motivation for the sample population of the Family Planning Health Services Project in Matlab. The project, which began in 1977, is conducted by the International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh. The hypothesis of the research is that through the use of a scaling algorithm the power of demographic characteristics, attitudes, and intentions for predicting contraceptive use can be enhanced. The analysis shows that two factors explain use motivation. Scale 1 is weighted for demographic variables and desire for additional children, while Scale 2 is comprised of education and intentions of contraceptive use. Both scales have a pronounced independent predictive power. We conclude that scaling has improved upon the predictive power of indicators of reproductive motivations.

Bangladesh↗
PubMed2001

Treatment process in prison therapeutic communities: motivation, participation, and outcome.

Although the largest effects of prison-based therapeutic community (TC) programs are associated with entry into aftercare, only a minority of prisoners volunteer for these aftercare programs. The study addresses the gap in our knowledge concerning these low rates of voluntary entry. A theoretical formulation of the TC process involving the effect of the interaction of clients' motivation and participation in the activities of the TC on entry into aftercare was tested on a sample of 110 volunteers in a prison-based TC for whom there were client and staff ratings of 3-month participation and 12-month follow-up data on relapse and recidivism. Path analyses support a model in which the interaction of motivation and 3-month participation ratings have a direct effect on the selection of aftercare, and aftercare has a direct effect on relapse and recidivism. The use of a combination of enhanced motivation and early program participation as a means of increasing the utilization and effectiveness of aftercare is discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

The case for high-dose motivational enhancement therapy.

Motivational Enhancement Therapy (MET) is a brief therapy for treating substance use-related problems that draws upon the stages of the change model of Prochaska et al. (1992) and the clinical techniques of Motivational Interviewing (MI) Miller et al. (1992). Studies have shown that MET is effective in improving motivation for change and decreasing substance use. However, comparison of MET with more intensive treatment is limited and no studies have compared the standard low dose of MET with higher doses of MET. This article makes the case for a higher dose model. The rationale for the more intensive dose draws upon several sources: 1) Descriptive studies documenting that length of treatment is a predictor of outcome, 2) Well-controlled, randomized psychotherapy trials for other disorders, such as depression, that show a dose-response relationship, and 3) Conceptual considerations about the nature and process of psychotherapy.

Counseling↗
PubMed1994

Comparing the effects of aspartame and sucrose on motivational ratings, taste preferences, and energy intakes in humans.

This study compared the effects of four breakfast preloads on motivational ratings, taste preferences, and energy intakes of 24 normal-weight nondieting young men and women. The preloads, composed of creamy white cheese (fromage blanc), were either plain or sweetened with aspartame or sucrose. Their energy value was either 1255 or 2929 kJ (300 or 700 kcal). Taste preferences were measured before and 150 min after breakfast. Motivational ratings were obtained at 30-min intervals. The subjects ate lunch, snack, and dinner meals in the laboratory. The consumption of low-energy as opposed to high-energy breakfasts, regardless of sweetness, led to elevated motivational ratings and increased energy intakes at lunch. However, intakes at subsequent meals were the same for all preloads, and no overall compensation in energy was observed. Aspartame did not promote hunger or lead to increased energy intakes in normal-weight subjects.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Motivations and practice-area preferences of pharmacists interested in pursuing a Pharm.D. degree through a nontraditional program.

Pharmacists' interest in a proposed nontraditional Pharm.D. program, motivations for wanting to pursue a Pharm.D. degree, and practice-area preferences were surveyed. Questionnaires were mailed to 12,621 pharmacists in Illinois and Arizona. Information sought included current position and practice area, number of job and career changes, preferred practice area, and interest in enrolling in a proposed nontraditional Pharm.D. program described in a cover letter. For pharmacists indicating an interest, information was sought on motivations for wanting to pursue a Pharm.D. degree expected support from employers, and preferred practice areas after obtaining a Pharm.D. degree. The response rate was 28.8%. A total of 1119 respondents (31.9%) indicated that they would or probably would enroll in the proposed Pharm.D. program. These pharmacists gave improving their clinical skills and improving the quality of their work as reasons for wanting to enroll, and half indicated that their current practice area would be their preferred area after they completed a Pharm.D. degree. Almost three quarters (72%) of hospital pharmacists; more than 60% of home health care or consultant independent, and managed care pharmacists; and 21% of pharmacists in chain pharmacies stated a preference to stay in their current practice area after obtaining a Pharm.D. degree. Eight variables were useful in predicting whether respondents would prefer to remain in their current practice area, including tuition assistance or reimbursement from employers, satisfaction with current position, and number of years in current position. Respondents who were interested in pursuing a Pharm.D. degree through the nontraditional program described to them were motivated by a desire to improve their clinical skills and the quality of their work and the opportunity to open doors to new careers.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Suppressing effect of the cannabinoid CB1 receptor antagonist, SR147778, on alcohol intake and motivational properties of alcohol in alcohol-preferring sP rats.

AIMS: The present study investigated the effect of the newly synthesized cannabinoid CB(1) receptor antagonist, SR147778, on alcohol intake and the motivational properties of alcohol in selectively bred Sardinian alcohol-preferring (sP) rats. METHODS AND RESULTS: In Experiment 1, the repeated administration of SR147778 (0.3-3 mg/kg twice daily, i.p.) specifically suppressed the acquisition of alcohol drinking behaviour in alcohol-naive rats exposed to the two-bottle "alcohol vs water" choice regimen for 24 h/day. In Experiment 2, an acute administration of SR147778 (2.5-10 mg/kg, i.p.) specifically reduced alcohol intake in alcohol-experienced rats that were given alcohol and water under the two-bottle choice regimen in daily sessions of 4 h. In Experiment 3, an acute administration of SR147778 (0.3-3 mg/kg, i.p.) suppressed the "alcohol deprivation effect", i.e. the extra-intake of alcohol occurring after a period of alcohol abstinence. In Experiment 4, an acute administration of SR147778 (0.3-3 mg/kg, i.p.) specifically suppressed the extinction responding for alcohol, i.e. the maximal number of lever responses reached in the absence of alcohol in rats trained to lever-press for alcohol (measure of the motivational properties of alcohol). In Experiment 5, the combination of 3 mg/kg of SR147778 (i.p.) and 0.5 g/kg of alcohol (i.p.), a dose comparable with those usually consumed by sP rats in each drinking binge, failed to induce any conditioned taste aversion. CONCLUSION: Taken together, these results extend to SR147778 the anti-alcohol profile of the prototype cannabinoid CB(1) receptor antagonist, rimonabant (SR141716), and strengthen the hypothesis that the cannabinoid CB(1) receptor is part of the neural substrate mediating alcohol intake and the motivational properties of alcohol.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMed2005

Readiness for change and readiness for help-seeking: a composite assessment of client motivation.

AIMS: To investigate the correspondence between readiness for behaviour change in general and readiness for alcohol related help-seeking in particular. A related aim was to examine how, if at all, measures of dependence severity, use, and consequences were related to a composite measure depicting agreements and disagreements between general change readiness and help-seeking readiness. METHODS: Non-treatment seeking alcohol-dependent patients, numbering 549, from general hospitals in Germany were interviewed. RESULTS: When taking into account both dimensions of motivation, findings indicate 42% of the subjects were characterized by different motivation levels regarding readiness for change and readiness for help-seeking. Higher help-seeking readiness was associated with higher alcohol problem severity. Readiness to change was not affected by alcohol problem severity. CONCLUSIONS: Findings underscore the need to evaluate both motivational constructs in determining clients' need and receptivity to formal help.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Influence of motivation of care providers on the incidence of postoperative hypoxaemia in the recovery room.

We have studied the influence of motivation of care providers on the incidence and duration of postoperative hypoxaemia in the recovery room. In a prospective, switch-back designed cohort study, we have compared the incidence of low pulse oximeter saturation values (SpO2) during pre-intervention, intervention and post-intervention phases. Low SpO2 values were classified as either hypoxaemia (SpO2 < or = 90%, minimum duration 1 min) or artefact. Pulse oximetry trend data from 1350 patients, 450 in each group, were analysed. During the intervention phase, motivation was increased by adding an explicit instruction to prevent and treat low SpO2 values and making personnel aware that they were being studied (Hawthorne effect). The incidence of hypoxaemia decreased significantly from 17.8% during the pre-intervention phase to 11.6% during the intervention phase (relative risk (RR) 0.65, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.47-0.90; P < 0.01). The incidence of severe hypoxaemia (SpO2 < or = 85%, 1 min) decreased from 7.8% to 3.3% (RR 0.43, CI 0.24-0.76; P < 0.01). The number of patients who had severe hypoxaemia for more than 5 min decreased from 13 to 1 (RR 0.08, CI 0.02-0.36; P < 0.01). In the post-intervention period, the incidence of hypoxaemia returned to pre-intervention values. The results of this study suggest that motivation of care providers to prevent and treat low SpO2 is an important determinant of postoperative hypoxaemia in the recovery room.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

A cross-sectional study comparing the motivation for smoking cessation in apparently healthy patients who smoke to those who smoke and have ischaemic heart disease, hypertension or diabetes.

BACKGROUND: Smoking remains the largest preventable cause of morbidity and mortality in the UK. OBJECTIVES: We aim to compare the motivation to stop smoking of patients with either ischaemic heart disease, hypertension or diabetes (diseased smokers) with apparently healthy smokers (controls), and comment on smoking cessation rates at 18 months following nurse-led active intervention in those who are motivated to stop smoking. METHODS: Questionnaires were sent out to 220 patients in each group. Those patients who had expressed a desire to stop smoking were invited to attend one to one or within a group. RESULTS: In total, 328 questionnaires were returned. Significantly more patients in the diseased group were ex-smokers, 29% versus 18% (P = 0.04), expressed a desire to stop smoking, 45% versus 30% (P = 0.02), and stated that they would like to receive individual support, 38% versus 23% (P = 0.05). Thirty-four patients attended for professional help to stop smoking. At 18 months follow-up, four patients remained not smoking. CONCLUSIONS: The findings in this study suggest that individuals who smoke and have either ischaemic heart disease, hypertension or diabetes may be more motivated to give up smoking and were more receptive to individual support. However smoking cessation rates at 18 months were disappointing.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Measurement of motivation for exercise.

Motivation for exercise is a theoretically and empirically significant concept that is variously measured in the literature. This paper reviews recent studies that measure motivation for exercise. The findings from 22 studies that met inclusion criteria demonstrate that there is a deficiency in the published literature regarding the establishment of the psychometric properties of reliability and validity. Only five of the 22 studies report both reliability and validity measures on an instrument. An improvement in the reporting of psychometric measures and the utilization of established tools will advance the research and science of exercise motivation. The improvement in study psychometrics has implications for practical application in the field of exercise and the more general category of health promotion.

Exercise↗
PubMed2002

Motivating parents of kids with asthma to quit smoking: the PAQS project.

The Parents of Asthmatics Quit Smoking (PAQS) project contrasts two theory-based smoking cessation interventions for parents of children with asthma, and compares mechanisms of behavior change within and across theoretical perspectives. We hypothesize that enhancing the perception of risk to self and child will motivate smoking cessation more than standard approaches that emphasize building self-efficacy and coping skills for quitting in a population that is largely not motivated to quit smoking. Smokers (n = 288) and their asthmatic children who receive nurse-delivered in-home asthma education (as part of the insurance carrier's standard of care) are randomized into one of two treatment conditions: (1) the Behavioral Action Model (BAM), in which nurses emphasize goal setting and skill building to enhance self-efficacy to quit smoking, or 2) the Precaution Adoption Model (PAM), in which nurses tailor the intervention to the smoker's readiness to quit and incorporate biomarker feedback [i.e. level of carbon monoxide exposure to the smoker and level of environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) exposure to the child] in order to increase risk perception in smokers. In both conditions, smokers who are ready to quit receive the nicotine patch. Analyses will examine (1) quit rates, ETS level and motivation to quit as the primary dependent variables, (2) mediators of behavior change between and within conditions, and (3) relations between parent smoking outcomes and child asthma morbidity (i.e. ER visits and asthma symptoms) post-treatment. Results will help tailor interventions to this population, and identify mechanisms of behavior change that result in adaptive health outcomes for smokers and their children who have asthma.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

When more is better: number of motives and reasons for quitting as correlates of physical activity in women.

Understanding the mechanisms by which physical activity is influenced is particularly relevant for health promotion efforts aimed at women, who display lower levels of physical activity and may experience more barriers to exercise than men. This study examined the number of motives for exercise and the number of reasons for previous quitting as predictors of exercise behavior. Specifically, the cognitive complexity of motives for exercise and reasons for quitting, as indicators of exercise-related memory associations that reflect cognitive structure, were evaluated. In a sample of 394 women aged 17-54, number of reasons for quitting did not predict current exercise level. However, more elaborated memory networks for motives were highly related to current exercise behavior, except among women with high Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale scores. These results support the predictive superiority of positive over negative memory associations found in studies on attitude accessibility in other behaviors, such as substance use, among women of normal mood and suggest a moderating effect of depression.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Relationships among adolescents' weight perceptions, exercise goals, exercise motivation, quality of life and leisure-time exercise behaviour: a self-determination theory approach.

Exercise has an important role to play in the prevention of child and adolescent obesity. Recent school-based interventions have struggled to achieve meaningful and lasting changes to exercise levels. Theorists have suggested that this may, in part, be due to the failure to incorporate psychosocial mediators as they relate to behaviour change. Using a sample of 580 British schoolchildren, a model grounded in self-determination theory was explored to examine the effects of exercise goals on exercise motivation, leisure-time exercise behaviour and quality of life (QoL). Results of structural equation modelling revealed that adolescents perceiving themselves to be overweight and pressurized to lose weight, endorsed extrinsic weight-related goals for exercise. Extrinsic goals negatively predicted, whereas intrinsic goals positively predicted, self-determined motivation, which in turn positively predicted QoL and exercise behaviour. Furthermore, self-determined motivation partially mediated the effects of exercise goals on reported exercise behaviour and QoL. Multi-sample invariance testing revealed the proposed model to be largely invariant across gender. Results suggest that holding extrinsic exercise goals could compromise exercise participation levels and QoL. A role for teachers and parents is proposed with the aim of orienting young people towards intrinsic goals in an attempt to enhance future exercise behaviour and QoL.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Recruitment and motivation of semen providers in Sweden.

BACKGROUND: Legislation in Sweden requires that semen providers are prepared to be identified to offspring (at maturity) should this be requested. This study presents views of semen providers in Sweden regarding factors associated with their recruitment and motivation. METHODS: All semen providers (n = 30) in two clinics in different parts of Sweden participated in a questionnaire survey and both quantitative and qualitative data are reported. RESULTS: While there were some important demographic differences between the two clinic populations, there was total agreement that the desire to assist infertile couples was the sole or main motivating factor in becoming a semen provider. Monetary reward was not reported by respondents to be an important motivator, although at least 50% of the providers in both clinics thought that payment should be made and reimbursement of expenses was reported as being important. Men responded to both advertising and personal experiences or contacts they had with infertile couples. The involvement and support of the semen provider's partner was regarded as important. CONCLUSIONS: Semen providers can be recruited within a system that requires them to be prepared to be identified to offspring in the future. The characteristics of such providers vary, but are typified by a strong desire to assist infertile couples.

Advertising↗
PubMed2005

Challenges in motivating treatment enrollment in community syringe exchange participants.

Participants of syringe exchange programs (SEPs) exhibit high rates of substance use disorder but remain extremely ambivalent about seeking treatment. This study evaluated the effectiveness of motivational interviewing (MI) for encouraging SEP participants to enroll in substance abuse treatment. New opioid-dependent registrants to the Baltimore Needle Exchange Program (BNEP) (n =302) completed the Structured Clinical Interview for the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth edition (DSM-IV), and the Addiction Severity Index (ASI) and were randomly assigned to one of three treatment referral conditions: (1) MI, (2) job readiness (JR) (attention control), or (3) standard referral. Participants in each condition who expressed interest in treatment were referred to a treatment readiness group that provided further encouragement and referral to programs that were accepting new admissions. Participants were observed for 1 year following the intervention. The results showed that 10.9% of study participants enrolled in substance abuse treatment, although no condition effects were observed. White participants and those diagnosed with major depression were most likely to enter treatment. The results suggest that a single motivational interview is insufficient to motivate changes in treatment seeking in this population, whereas the identification of predictors of treatment enrollment is worthy of further investigation.

Adult↗