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PubMed1986

Emporiatric enteritis: lessons learned from U.S. students in Mexico.

In the studies reported, evidence has been presented that U.S. students traveling to Mexico represent a model for the study of travelers' diarrhea. The incidence of illness acquisition approximates that published in other studies of travelers. Natural immunity was shown to develop as students remained in Mexico presumably through repeated exposure to prevalent agents, particularly ETEC. ETEC, shigella strains and no detectable agent represented the largest groups when etiologic assessment was made. Food probably served as the important source of diarrhea particularly that due to ETEC and shigella strains. The level of bacteria isolated from food suggested that organism replication occurred due to improper temperature storage rather than to heavy initial contamination. The location of food consumption was related to degree of risk: self preparation was the safest, eating in Mexican homes the least safe and consumption of food in public restaurants was intermediate in risk. Water probably played a role in the transmission of viral infection. The risk of water contamination appeared to be highest during the rainy seasons. Finally, the antimicrobial agents TMP/SMX and TMP alone were shown to effectively prevent and treat this form of travelers' diarrhea.

Diarrhea↗
PubMed1983

Curanderismo in Taos County, New Mexico--a possible case of anthropological romanticism?

Interviews with 25 Spanish-Americans of Taos County, New Mexico, indicate that time and acculturation have greatly eroded the belief in and practice of curanderismo, the traditional folk medical system of the Southwest. Curanderismo in northern New Mexico today has moved from being a primary and important source of medical care to one used alternatively and very occasionally in cases of pediatric disorders, chronic illnesses and pain, and for those maladies still classified according to the traditional folk beliefs.

Acculturation↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A clinical study of norethisterone enanthate in rural Mexico.

Clinical trials of norethisterone enanthate (NET-EN), a long-acting, injectable progestogen, have demonstrated its short-term safety and effectiveness as a method of contraception in a controlled trial setting. Family planning programs interested in providing NET-EN need information on its efficacy and acceptability under usual field conditions. This first field study of NET-EN was conducted in family planning clinics in rural areas of Mexico. Women admitted to the study were followed up at two-month intervals to receive an injection of 200 milligrams of NET-EN, and to be asked about possible side effects of the drug. Among the 5,792 women recruited, the overall life-table discontinuation rate was 57.0 per 100 women at 12 months and 69.0 at 18 months. The single most common reason for discontinuation was amenorrhea, followed by bleeding problems. Women who were older and who already had several children were most likely to continue using NET-EN. Nine pregnancies were reported during the study, with a cumulative pregnancy rate of 0.3 per 100 women at 18 months. NET-EN appears to be an effective method of contraception that is acceptable to a substantial proportion of women from rural areas in Mexico who choose to use it, when it is provided through a national family planning program.

Actuarial Analysis↗
PubMed1982

Asian karyotype (2n = 42) in the black rat (Rattus rattus) in Mexico.

A cytogenetic survey in 10 black rats (Rattus rattus), captured in Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico, revealed a 42 chromosomal complement (Asian type) in all of them. Polymorphism due to pericentric inversions of chromosomes 9, 11 and 13, as well as a homomorphic subtelocentric pair 1, permitted further karyotypic distinction. An Asian origin of this rat with a subsequent isolated evolution in Mexico is concluded.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Assessment of immunoglobulin use for hepatitis A control in New Mexico.

Community control of hepatitis A (HA) requires improvement of sanitation and timely use of immune globulin (IG) for selected contacts of ill persons. A marked increase in reported HA cases in New Mexico in late 1978 and early 1979 prompted aggressive evaluation of morbidity trends and of control efforts. This evaluation provided an opportunity to study the practices in disease reporting and IG administration in the State. In the 6-months study period January-June 1979, 596 cases of HA were reported in New Mexico (an annualized incidence rate of 95.9 cases per 100,000 population). Nearly three-fourths of the cases were reported within 14 days of onset of illness. IG was administered to the household contacts of 89 percent of the index patients; it was not indicated for the household contacts of 9 percent. Reasons for the failure to administer IG to the household contact of the other 2 percent of the index patients were not ascertained. Overall, 93 percent of the eligible household contacts received IG, and 80 percent of these contacts received it within 14 days of the onset of illness in the index patient. Differences in the relationship of physicians and health offices in the only metropolitan area in the State and in the rest of the State in respect to case reporting and IG administration were observed. The benefits from health department surveillance and control exceeded the costs by approximately fivefold. The reporting practices and the IG use of the physicians who reported HA cases were good; to improve further HA surveillance and control in the State, the focus needs to be on physicians who fail to report HA cases.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Poverty in Mexico. I. Methodology and evolution].

This article is the first of two parts of a research report on the evolution and magnitude of poverty in Mexico. Herein are presented the methodologies used in both parts and the evolution of poverty. The Poverty Line methodology (PL), in its Standard Basket of Essential Satisfiers version, is succinctly explained. Two problems on the definition of normative requirements are emphasized: the foundations of such requirements and the access route by which needs are to be met (private consumption or public transfers). Identification of six household welfare sources allows for criticism of PL and Unsatisfied Basic Needs methodologies which the Integrated Poverty Measurement Method (IPMM) brings together. IPMM is used to estimate the magnitude of poverty in 1989. The results are presented in the second part of this report. Results analyzed in the last section of this article show that while poverty in Mexico decreased steadily from 77.5% in 1963 to 48.5% in 1981, it increased since 1982, reaching 66% in 1992.

Humans↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Beliefs about chili pepper consumption and health in Mexico City].

Eating chili peppers is a cultural tradition in Mexico. Controversial characteristics have been empirically associated to chili pepper consumption and human health. In this paper, the beliefs about the health impacts of chili pepper consumption in two independent groups of Mexico City residents are described. The results confirm, on the one hand, that there is a wide variety of health benefits and damages associated with chili pepper consumption, but on the other hand, that the levels of chili pepper consumption are not related to beliefs about its human health impact.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Outbreak of Salmonellosis associated with beef jerky--New Mexico, 1995.

In February 1995, the New Mexico Department of Health (NMDOH) was notified of cases of salmonellosis in two persons who had eaten beef jerky. An investigation by the New Mexico Environment Department determined that these cases were associated with beef jerky processed at a local plant. An investigation by NMDOH identified 91 additional cases. This report summarizes the investigation of this outbreak.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

[Fluoride content of table salt in Mexico City].

The fluoride content of a sample of bags of salt for sale in Mexico City was measured in order to estimate the proportion of marketed salt that contained the quantity of fluoride set by the National Program for Prevention of Dental Caries through Consumption of Fluoridated Table Salt. The effectiveness of that program had never been evaluated. In March 1993, bags of salt were obtained from 70 of the 3544 neighborhoods that make up Mexico City. The stores were selected by simple random sampling. Salt was likewise purchased from 20% of the 146 supermarkets and self-service stores in the city, also selected as a random sample. Then, blind measurement was done of the fluoride content of 221 bags of salt. The true content of this element was often found to be below the amount called for by the government. In addition, it did not coincide with the quantity indicated on the package label, which is a violation of the law.

Dental Caries↗
PubMed1995

[Characteristics of drug acquisition in Morelia (Michoacán), Mexico].

This cross-sectional, descriptive study was carried out in Morelia, Mexico, to find out the extend to which the public was buying essential drugs and other pharmaceuticals whose sale is prohibited or strictly regulated in other countries, and to determine the magnitude of the practice of self-medication. Customers buying drugs at 54 pharmacies were interviewed during peak shopping hours. The mode of acquisition of the drugs was classified as self-medication, medical prescription, or prescription from pharmacy salesperson, and the drugs were grouped as essential or nonessential. Products that are prohibited or greatly restricted in other countries were also identified. The most frequently bought products were analgesics and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, vitamins, broad-spectrum antibiotics, steroids, cold and flu medications, narrow-spectrum antibiotics, and benzodiazepines. Of 1388 products sold, 394 (28.4%) appear on the list of essential drugs. The mode of acquisition was self-medication for 51.4% of the sales, medical prescription for 35.6%, and recommendation of a pharmacy employee for 13%. In addition, 14.3% of the products bought were prohibited or restricted in other countries. The results highlighted the need for greater precision in the General Health Law of Mexico with regard to regulation of drug sales. The results also imply the need for other actions, namely, educational campaigns directed to the general population to discourage self-medication; Strengthening of coordination between government and the pharmaceutical industry; improvement in the availability of and information on generic drugs; and modification of pharmacological training programs.

Cross-Sectional Studies↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The Clark ("dysplastic") nevus in Mexico].

We present the analysis of a series of 100 Clark's nevus collected during 37 months in three different laboratories of pathology in Mexico City. The purpose has been to know how common is it and what are the clinical features in a sample of the mexican population. We found that Clark's nevus is not so common but it is seen mostly in fair skin people and can be recognized by the trained clinician, we observed four cases associated with melanoma but no patient had the criteria to be considered as having the so called dysplastic nevus syndrome, which may be rare in the mixed (mestizo) population of Mexico. We also reviewed the current concepts about this peculiar melanocytic nevus.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Vitamin and mineral deficiency in Mexico. A critical review of the state of the art. I. Mineral deficiency].

A critical analysis was conducted in 39 publications on the prevalence of trace mineral deficiencies in Mexico, published since 1950. It can be concluded that: a) Iron deficiency is the most prevalent nutrient deficiency in Mexico. It occurs in 10 to 70% of the population depending on the region of the country. Rural areas in the southern and south-eastern regions are more drastically affected studies. This deficiency occurs even though iron intake in most studies is higher than recommended. b) Clinical signs of iodine deficiency have been reported in some mountainous regions of the country. These studies were carried out about 30 years ago, so the potential existence of iodine deficiency in these and other regions requires further study. c) There is some evidence of marginal zinc deficiency in some population groups. The magnitude of this deficiency, and the existence of other mineral deficiencies and their consequences for the health and function of the Mexican population, require further investigation.

Avitaminosis↗
PubMed1994

Family characteristics and offspring growth in various countries. I. Frequency of various family types in Bulgaria, Japan, Korea, Mexico and Poland.

9936 families were analyzed from Bulgaria, Japan, Korea, Mexico, and Poland. A factor analysis revealed four factors: culture (F1), income (F2), genetics (F3), and family and apartment size (F4). Family types we coded as 1 if below the median and 2 if above the median. The most frequent types were represented by 1122, 2221, and 2211 (frequency 8.7-8.0%), and the least frequent by 1221 and 2111 (frequency 4.2-4.3%). Some similarity with respect to family types were found between populations: from Polish regions with heavy industry and seaside regions; from Polish towns under industrialization and from Mexico; from the Polish medium-size town of Lublin and Bulgarian towns; from Polish villages; from Polish mountain areas and north-eastern towns; from Korea; from Japan; from Polish cities.

Body Height↗
PubMed1995

Neonatal tetanus mortality in Veracruz, Mexico, 1989.

This article describes a survey conducted in the State of Veracruz, Mexico, to estimate neonatal tetanus (NNT) mortality. The survey, which entailed visits to 72,720 households, collected data on 8,401 live births and 209 infant deaths occurring between April 1988 and May 1989. Twenty-six of the 209 fatalities conformed to a WHO standard case definition of death from neonatal tetanus. The estimated neonatal tetanus mortality was thus 3.1 deaths per 1,000 live births (95% confidence limits = 1.7, 4.5). Comparison of this rate to reported figures suggests that for every NNT death recorded in Veracruz during the study period, as many as 50 others went unreported. A case-control study nested within the survey was conducted to assess preventable NNT risk factors. Limited information on 13 NNT deaths and 217 controls showed an increased risk for neonates who were delivered at home and whose parents' ethnic background was Mexican Indian. Five of the 13 fatalities had their umbilical cords cut with a domestic or traditional cutting tool such as a reed cane, as compared to none of the 217 controls. The observed vaccine efficacy of 2+ doses of tetanus toxoid was 70% (95% confidence limits = 52, 100). Both the mothers of neonates who died of NNT and their controls missed an average of five opportunities to receive tetanus toxoid. These findings underscore the need to launch a perinatal health program serving Mexico's high-risk populations.

Case-Control Studies↗
PubMed1994

Clinical features of ischemic stroke in Hispanics and non-Hispanic whites in New Mexico: a study of 341 consecutive patients at two hospitals.

This study was undertaken to determine whether there are any differences in the clinical features of ischemic stroke between Hispanics and non-Hispanic whites in New Mexico. From August 1988 to August 1990, one investigator prospectively evaluated consecutive patients who presented within 30 days of onset of stroke or transient ischemic attack and entered data into a computerized stroke registry. Several important vascular factors were recorded. Patients presented to either a Veterans Affairs Medical Center or a University Medical Center (a county facility). There were 112 Hispanics and 229 non-Hispanic whites with ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack. Non-Hispanic whites were more likely to have ischemic heart disease (P = .01) and ischemic (vs nonischemic) causes of potential cardiogenic emboli (p = .05) than were Hispanics. The following were not significantly different between Hispanics and non-Hispanic whites: prevalence of vascular risk factors, death within 30 days of stroke, vascular territory involved, infarct location, prevalence of extracranial carotid stenosis, or cardiac sources of emboli. Our study does not show an obvious difference in the clinical features of ischemic stroke between Hispanics and non-Hispanic whites in New Mexico.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Diabetic retinopathy in Mexico. Prevalence and clinical characteristics.

We present the results of a population based study designed to estimate the prevalence of diabetic retinopathy in a series of 284 type 2 diabetics residing in low income areas of Mexico City. These patients were identified in a survey performed between February 1990 and October 1992 (The Mexico City Diabetes Study). We located 214 (75.35%) of the original 284 patients and invited them to attend a clinic where they were interviewed and had a complete ophthalmologic examination. All participants had, in addition to the retinal examination by a certified ophthalmologist, seven fields stereo fundus photographs taken with a Topcon 50X retinal camera. Photos were taken using ASA 100 Kodak film and processed in their laboratory. All photographs were read and graded for quality and level of diabetic retinopathy (DR) in the Reading Center of the Department of Ophthalmology of the University of Wisconsin. A total of 37 (43.5%) men and 69 (53.5%) women had no evidence of DR. In 16 (18.8%) men and 21 (16.3%) women there was background DR. In 25 (29.4%) men and 30 (23.3%) women there was preproliferative DR. In 5 (5.9%) men and in 7 (5.4%) women there was proliferative DR. Macular edema was diagnosed in 7 (8.2%) men and 6 (4.7%) women, of these in 3 (3.5%) men and in 5 (3.9%) women the macular edema was central. This complication is associated with duration of diabetes, chronic poor metabolic control and microalbuminuria. A very significant proportion of cases with sight threatening DR remains undiagnosed and untreated. Consequently there is a significant number of cases developing into blindness that could have been prevented.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Mortality due to homicide in children. Mexico, 1979-1990].

A study of homicides in children under five years old was conducted in order to define the mortality panorama by this cause during 1979-1990 in Mexico. Trends of homicide mortality were analyzed, as well as the main causes by age and sex. Rate ratio (RR) by cause and sex were analyzed too. The variables were age, sex, year and external cause of intentional injuries which were analyzed according to the International Classification of Diseases, 9th Revision E960-E969. The total number of deaths due to homicide were 2,939. Each day one children under five years of age died in Mexico due to homicide. The trend of homicide is b = 0.126. Thirty per cent of deaths occurred in children under one year old. Boys were most affected than girls in the causes by age: strangulation < 1 year old RR 21, confidence interval (CI) 15-30; fire arm in two years old children RR 3.1 CI 2.0-5.7; drowning in three years old children RR 2.6 CI 1.7-4.8 and assault by other and unspecified means. Further research in the area and prevention should involve the use of a multidisciplinary approach in considering the multiple causes and solutions to this problem.

Accidents, Traffic↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Sanitary regulation in Mexico and the Free Trade Treaty].

In this paper are discussed essential issues about the concept, characteristics and general functions of sanitary regulation, as well as the principles and main lines of action contained in the Program of Modernization of the Sanitary Regulation, which is being implemented by the Ministry of Health of Mexico. In addition, some considerations are offered regarding the supporting role of such a program, in the context of the free trade era that Mexico is undergoing. After 40 years of an outdated sanitary regulation based in a non-functional licensing concept, the new and improved scheme relies on several ammendments to the General Health Law. Thus, the present approach, focuses on a set of flexible, simple and efficient rules, strengthened by proven scientific and technical procedures.

Canada↗