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PubMed1977

Pressure-flow relationships and power output of breathing.

The pressure-flow relationship obtained by Agostoni and Fenn (1960) during maximal inspiratory efforts against various external resistances contains information from which inferences regarding the power output, and the internal impedance of the breathing system can be made. Similar inferences can be made from measurements obtained with submaximal but constant inspiratory efforts. An analysis is presented to reconcile the observed linear pressure-flow relationships with the usually observed hyperbolic force-velocity relationship of muscle.

Airway Resistance↗
PubMed1986

Differential recruitment of expiratory muscles during opossum development.

Relationships between time-averaged electromyogram (EMG) discharge in abdominal (ABD) and lateralintercostal (IC) muscles (interspaces 1-10) were evaluated when Inactin-anesthetized supine opossums between 20 and 100 days of age were challenged by positive-pressure breathing (PPB) (3, 6, and 8 cmH2O). Expiratory activity upon initiation of PPB was observed in ABD muscles after the 30th postnatal day; recruitment of IC muscles requires further maturation. For example, at a PPB level of 6 cmH2O, animals up to 50-55 days of age recruited IC muscles from the lowest three interspaces on 44% of the occasions where ABD muscles were activated; in older animals the incidence of IC recruitment increased to 87%. Additionally, the occurrence of IC relative to ABD recruitment increased with increasing levels of PPB; IC muscles of highest interspaces (1-3) were activated less often at all pressures. At the onset of PPB, ABD muscles were usually recruited before IC muscles; this effect was more prominent in the younger animals. During the 5th min of PPB, ABD muscles were recruited earlier in expiration than IC muscles in the majority of animals at all ages. Since IC and ABD motor groups are activated from similar levels of the spinal cord, the delayed maturation of IC muscle responses to PPB may reflect developmental processes involving reflexes from the chest or abdomen, and/or may be a function of nonrespiratory utilization (i.e., postural) of ABD and IC muscles.

Abdomen↗
PubMed1987

Anatomy of diaphragmatic circulation.

The diaphragmatic circulation was studied in 48 mongrel dogs weighing 10-35 kg by injecting acrylic coloring into the arteries and veins of the diaphragm. The phrenic arteries and internal mammary arteries were found to anastomose head to head, forming an internal arterial circle around the medial leaflet of the diaphragm tendon. This arterial circle emitted vascular branches that traveled between muscle fibers toward the periphery of the diaphragm. These branches anastomosed with vessels of the intercostal arteries to form costophrenic arcades all along the fibers of the crural and costal diaphragms. The intercostal arteries were anastomosed to one another by small vessels within the muscular diaphragm, thus forming an arterial ring around the insertions of the diaphragm on the ribs. The venous drainage has an anatomic distribution similar to that observed on the arterial side, but with the additional presence of valves that could play a role in directing blood flow.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Muscle metabolism in patients with chronic obstructive lung disease and acute respiratory failure.

1. The concentration of metabolites in intercostal and quadriceps muscle, and pulmonary function, were studied in twelve patients with chronic obstructive lung disease and acute respiratory failure before, during and after standardized treatment at an intensive care unit. The findings were compared with those obtained in hospitalized patients of comparable age with non-pulmonary diseases. 2. On admission, when the patients had marked hypoxaemia, hypercapnia and acidosis, the concentrations of ATP and creatine phosphate were low in both intercostal and quadriceps muscle, particularly the latter. The lactate concentration was increased in relation to control values but glycogen did not differ significantly. 3. In response to therapy, the Pa,CO2 and the patient's acidosis decreased, the vital capacity increased and lung mechanics improved along with the clinical condition. At the same time there were significant increases in the concentrations of ATP, creatine phosphate and glycogen in intercostal and quadriceps muscles, to values similar to, and for glycogen in excess of, those found in control subjects. Lactate concentration fell significantly during treatment. 4. In view of the low initial muscle concentrations of ATP and creatine phosphate in the patients, it is suggested that dysfunction of the respiratory muscles may be an important component of respiratory failure. Moreover, the concentration of energy-rich compounds in muscle rose significantly as the patients responded to treatment, which emphasizes the importance of adequate nutritional therapy in this disorder.

Acute Disease↗