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PubMed1991

Studies on breeding of antibiotic-producing strain 5102 by protoplast fusion. IV: Verification of fusant FR-008, and isolation and characterization of the new antimicrobial substance.

On the basis of the high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) of Antibiotic 5102-1, the principal components of this antibiotic were isolated from the cultures of starting strain 10-22 and the fusant FR-008. The result further verified that FR-008 was a recombinant of intraspecific fusion of Streptomyces hygroscopicus subsp. yingchengensis. A new antimicrobial substance was isolated and purified from the fermented product of fusant FR-008, which could not be produced by the starting strain. The color reactions of the new substance with concentrated sulphuric acid or concentrated hydrochloric acid and the UV-VIS absorptions indicated that it was a haptene macrolide antibiotic. The liquid chromatography for aromatic moiety showed that this antibiotic contained p-amino-acetophenone moiety. The amino acid analysis of the antibiotic revealed that it contained an aminosugar moiety, which was different from that in any other haptene macrolide antibiotic. The detailed chemical structure of the aminosugar moiety has yet to be identified.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1989

[Electrochemical stability of dental materials. Part 4. Immersion test of amalgam].

Specimens prepared with three commercial dental amalgams were immersed in three kinds of solutions: Ringer's, 1% lactic acid and 0.05% hydrochloric acid, at 37 degrees C, and subjected to a repeated corrosion test for fifteen weeks. Quantitative analysis was performed by inductively coupled plasma emission spectrometry for released metal elements to determine the composition of these amalgam alloy powders and immersed specimens. The immersion test for one week was not sufficient to prove the corrosion tendency of amalgam and a longer period of immersion was considered necessary. The kinds and amounts of released elements in each solution differed, and the corrosion tendency of high copper amalgam differed from that of conventional amalgam.

Copper↗
PubMed1989

[Determination of heavy metals in infusion solutions using modern polarography methods].

The pharmacopoeial method of determination of heavy metals based on the formation of coloured sulphides, in comparison with instrumental methods, has relatively little sensitivity and does not provide selective determination of the individual ions. In order to determine some heavy metals in water for injection and infusion solutions, the authors employed the method of differential pulse polarography (DPP) and differential pulse anodic solvent voltammetry (DPASV) on the hanging mercury dropping (HMDE) with the use of the fast scan method (FSDPP). DPASV method proved to be particularly suitable; without any larger analytical problems the sensitivity of determination up to 8.10(-10) mol.1(-1) for copper, lead, cadmium and zinc ions was achieved. Bismuth and tin ions are also polarographically active, as well as nickel and chromium ions with the use of SPP. The medium of pH 4 achieved by adding potassium hydrogen-phthalate proved to be good. When there was an interfering effect of the access of chloride ions for copper determination, a strongly acid medium of hydrochloric acid 1 mol.1(-1) was used; an interfering effect of decomposition products of sugars on zinc determination was eliminated by performance at pH 7. Potentials of the peaks of the individual metals in various media are shown in Table I, the found values in Table II.

Infusions, Parenteral↗
PubMed1987

Lung cancer mortality in workers exposed to sulfuric acid mist and other acid mists.

Mortality patterns were studied in 1,165 workers exposed to sulfuric acid mist and other acid mists (primarily hydrochloric acid mist) in steel-pickling operations. Standardized mortality ratio (SMR) analysis of the full "any acid exposure" cohort (n = 1,165), with the use of U.S. death rates as a standard, showed that lung cancer was significantly elevated, with a mortality ratio of 1.64 [95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.14-2.28, based on 35 observed deaths]. The lung cancer mortality ratio for workers exposed only to sulfuric acid (n = 722) was lower (SMR = 1.39), but further restriction to the time 20 years and more from first employment in a job with probable daily sulfuric acid exposure (approximately equal to 0.2 mg/m3) yielded a mortality ratio of 1.93 (95% CI = 1.10-3.13). An excess lung cancer risk was also seen in workers exposed to acids other than sulfuric acid (SMR = 2.24; 95% CI = 1.02-2.46). When comparison was made to other steel workers (rather than to the U.S. general population) to control for socioeconomic and life-style factors such as smoking, the largest lung cancer excess was again seen in workers exposed to acids other than sulfuric acid (SMR = 2.00; 95% CI = 1.06-3.78). Adjustment for potential differences in smoking habits showed that increased smoking was unlikely to have entirely explained the increased risk. Mortality from causes of death other than lung cancer was unremarkable, with the exception of significantly low rates for deaths due to digestive system diseases.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1977

[Ultrastructural investigations on anionic surface sites of Brucella canis (author's transl)].

Anionic sites on the surface of Brucella canis were visualized in the electron microscope by staining with positively charged ferric oxide hydrosols in acetic acid (AI-reagent), or propanoic acid (PI-reagent), and with a polycationic ferritin derivative. With the AI-reagent, single or small aggregates of ferric oxide particles were bound to the cell surface of Br. canis, whereas, with the lipophilic PI-reagent, the microorganisms were heavily stained with focal aggregates of iron granules. The polycationic ferritin label was uniformly distributed over the entire cell surface of Br. canis. The ferritin label was not bound on the surface of the organisms after prior treatment with trichloroacetic acid or methanolic hydrochloric acid. Treatment with aqueous acetone, chloroform/methanol, diethyl ether, sodium deoxycholate, pronase, lysozyme, hyaluronidase, and sodium periodate neither influenced the morphology of the Brucella nor diminished their ionic binding sites. Our results indicate that the anionic sites on the cell surface of Br. canis may be carboxyl and phosphate groups of lipopolysaccharides.

Anions↗
PubMed1980

Active site-directed photoinactivation of delta 5-3-ketosteroid isomerase from Pseudomonas putida dependent on 1,4,6-androstatrien-3-one-17 beta-ol.

delta 5-3-Ketosteroid isomerase from Pseudomonas putida is subject to photoinactivation by light of wavelengths greater than 300 nm, specifically in the presence of the competitive inhibitor, 1,4,6-androstatrien-3-one-17 beta-ol (TEO). In the absence of this steroid or in the presence of the nonchromophoric steroidal competitive inhibitor, deoxycholate, the enzyme activity is essentially unaffected by irradiation. Deoxycholate protects the enzyme from the TEO-dependent reaction to a degree which is predictable from the concentrations of deoxycholate and TEO and their respective competitive inhibition constants, thus demonstrating that the inititial velocity of the photoinactivation is dependent upon the fraction of enzyme active sites occupied by TEO. Cholate, which is not a competitive inhibitor, does not protect enzyme activity. Amino acid analyses of hydrochloric acid hydrolysates of the photoinactivated enzyme show no significant differences from that of the native enzyme. However, the fraction of initial enzyme activity remaining correlates quantitatively with the disappearance of one of the four thiol groups in each polypeptide chain of the enzyme. Enzyme irradiated under the same conditions in the absence of TEO does not lose thiol groups.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed1993

[Analysis of tramadol and its metabolites in human urine].

A GC-MS method for the analysis of tramadol and its four metabolites in human urine is described. The urine samples were acid hydrolyzed with hydrochloric acid, cleaned with diethyl ether and extracted with dichloromethane-isopropanol (9:1). After derivatization, the solution was analyzed with GC-MSD. Tramadol and its 4 metabolites were detected in urine samples 2-40 hours after oral administration. The recovery of tramadol was 85.2% +/- 5.4 (n = 3), the detection limit was down to 12.5 pg. The derivatization methods was discussed.

Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry↗
PubMed1993

[The course of the reparative process in patients with gastric and duodenal peptic ulcers (a clinico-statistical study)].

Clinico-statistical evaluation of reparative process in 332 gastric ulcer and 294 duodenal ulcer patients revealed factors of objective value to its course. In order of significance the factors rank as follows: area of ulcer, localization, combination with certain mucosal erosions, total fasting acidity, free fasting hydrochloric acid, basal gastric secretion, cardial function, duodenogastric reflux, sex, age, number of cigarettes smoked daily. When studying treatment effects on regeneration in ulcer patients in is necessary to take into consideration basal clinico-endoscopic parameters.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Effect of long term feeding of ammoniated wheat straw treated with or without HCl on blood biochemical parameters in growing male buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) calves.

Twenty-four growing male buffalo calves (one year of age; 88.54 +/- 3.81 kg average body weight) were divided into three comparable groups (I, II and III) on the basis of their body weight (BW) in a completely randomised design to study the effect of long term feeding of ammoniated wheat straw (AWS) and hydrochloric acid treated ammoniated wheat straw (HCl-AWS) on blood biochemical changes. The animals were offered a concentrate mixture (CM) along with wheat straw (WS), ammoniated wheat straw (AWS) (4% urea at a 50% moisture level) and hydrochloric acid treated ammoniated wheat straw (HCI-AWS) (4% urea at a 50% moisture level and HCI added to trap 30% of NH3 evolved) in groups I, II and III, respectively for an average daily gain (ADG) of 500 g. All the diets were made iso-nitrogenous by preparing three types of concentrate mixtures of different CP levels. The blood was collected from the jugular vein randomly from three animals of each group initially after 8 months post feeding and subsequently after two months interval up to 14 months of experimental feeding. Due to urea ammoniation, the CP content of WS increased from 3.66 to 8.51 and was further increased to 11.35 due to the addition of HCl during urea-ammoniation of wheat straw. The cumulative period mean plasma glucose values (mg %), in group II (53.13) were significantly (P < 0.001) higher than those in groups I (48.44) and III (50.60). The cumulative period mean values of serum albumin and globulin (g %) were not significantly different and were comparable among the groups I (3.33 and 3.06), II (3.53 and 2.97) and III (3.49 and 2.94). The cumulative period mean values of serum albumin: globulin ratio and total protein values were not significantly different among the different groups. Serum urea and creatinine values were significantly (P < 0.001) higher in group III (58.66 and 2.24) as compared to groups I and II. The cumulative period mean values of serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP) (KA units) did not differ significantly, but serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase (SGPT) and glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (SGOT) values (units x mL(-1) were significantly (P < 0.001) higher in groups II and III than in group I. The cumulative period mean values of T3 (ng x mL(-1)) did not differ significantly among the groups, but T4 values were significantly (P < 0.001) higher in group III (22.74) than in groups 1 (21.41) and II (20.89), respectively. Since the mean values of all the blood parameters were within the normal range, it may be concluded that feeding of ammoniated wheat straw treated with and without HCl to growing male buffalo calves for fourteen months has no adverse effect on the blood biochemical parameters.

Aging↗
PubMed2002

In vitro study on the effect of organic acids on Campylobacter jejuni/coli populations in mixtures of water and feed.

Gastroenteritis caused by Campylobacter spp. infection has been recognized as one of the important public health problems in the developed countries. Outbreaks mostly originate from the consumption of contaminated poultry or infected water. The aim of this study was to determine the bactericidal activity on Campylobacter spp. of organic acids individually and in combinations at different pH levels and times and to compare bactericidal activities with activities of commercially available products. Ten strains of Campylobacter spp. were added in a mixture of water with commercial broiler feed, separately adjusted by four acids: formic, acetic, propionic, and hydrochloric acids, into pH 4.0, 4.5, 5.0, and 5.5. A combination of three organic acids was used in two different formulation ratios: formic:acetic:propionic at 1:2:3 and 1:2:5, at pH 4.0, 4.5, 5.0, and 5.5. All organic acids showed the strongest bactericidal effect on Campylobacter at pH 4.0. In contrast, at pH 5.0 and 5.5, the bactericidal activity of the four acids was low. The combination of organic acids showed a synergistic bactericidal activity at pH 4.5. Interestingly, the effect of the combined organic acids was stronger than the commercial products. Morphological cell changes were studied by transmission electron microscopy to determine the effect of the organic acids on the cell structure of Campylobacter. Some loss of outer membranes of the bacteria could be found in treated groups. Therefore, it can be concluded that organic acids, individually or in combination, have a strong bactericidal effect on Campylobacter spp. Routine application of organic acids to the water supply on poultry farms could prevent or diminish Campylobacter transmission.

Acetic Acid↗
PubMed2006

The unique mechanism of analcime dissolution by hydrogen ion attack.

Acidization is the process of injecting acid into porous oil bearing formations to dissolve minerals in the pore space and is a common technique to increase oil production. Analcime is a zeolite which is one of the minerals found in oil reservoirs in the Gulf of Mexico. This mineral is particularly troublesome during the injection of hydrochloric acid during stimulation of the well reservoir because of the precipitation of silicate and analcime dissolution products. To better understand the dissolution/precipitation process, a fundamental investigation of dissolution of analcime was carried out. Experiments establish that silicate precipitates completely from solution during analcime dissolution in hydrochloric acid and that the precipitation does not influence the dissolution kinetics. Comparison of Si and Al initial dissolution rates demonstrates that Al is selectively removed from the zeolite. The selective removal rate parameter is defined as the ratio of the measured Si dissolution rate to the stoichiometric Si dissolution rate. A new concept is introduced of using the selective removal rate parameter to delineate the mechanism of particle dissolution by demonstrating the influence of the Si-to-Al ratio. The mechanism comprises the removal of Si facilitated by the selective removal of Al, leading to the formation of undissolvable silicate particles. Consequently, the unique mechanism of analcime dissolution has general implications pertaining to how microporous materials dissolve.

Aluminum↗
PubMed1971

Radioimmunoassay of gastrin: studies in pernicious anaemia.

Serum gastrin levels in patients with pernicious anaemia were measured by immunoassay in the fasting state, following gastric perfusion with 0.9% saline, 0.1N hydrochloric acid, and solutions of increasing acidity, and after the intravenous injection or infusion of secretin. The fasting serum gastrin level was measured in 21 patients with pernicious anaemia and found to be elevated at 1,036 +/- 215 pg per ml. Gastric perfusion with saline (pH 4.7) caused a mean fall in serum gastrin of 30% in four patients; perfusion with hydrochloric acid caused a further slight fall. Perfusion with solutions of increasing acidity resulted in a sharp fall in serum gastrin levels when the acidity was changed from pH 6 to pH 4. A single intravenous injection of secretin produced a mean maximal fall of 44% in the serum gastrin level in four patients, whereas continuous infusion of secretin produced a fall of 35% in four other patients. These studies suggest that the gastrin-secreting cells of the stomach are not affected by the atrophic process in pernicious anaemia and remain subject to the regulating control of acid and secretin.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

A rapid and simple staining method, using toluidine blue, for analysing mitotic figures in tissue sections.

Mitotic index is a clinically important parameter in cancer pathology. We developed a staining method using Toluidine Blue to detect efficiently and rapidly mitotic figures in sections of formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded human and rat tissues. Sections were stained at acid pH with a 0.01% Toluidine Blue solution after removal of RNA with hydrochloric acid or ribonuclease. The optimal pH of the TB staining solution was found to be 4.5 for rat tissues and 3.5 for human tissues. This procedure stained mitotic figures much more intensely than other (extra)cellular structures. A quantitative estimate of the total number of nuclei in the field where mitotic figures were counted, was obtained in an adjacent section hydrolysed in 5 N hydrochloric acid and stained by the Feulgen reaction with a Schiff-type reagent containing 0.01% Toluidine Blue. This method specifically stained interphase and mitotic nuclei and the field cellularity could be quantified by image cytometry. When these procedures were performed on two consecutive serial sections, a mitotic index could be determined accurately by relating the count of mitotic figures to the number of tumour cells.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Electrical response to acid across the dorsal epithelium of the frog tongue.

Acid stimulation produced a change in trans-epithelial potential difference across isolated dorsal epithelium of frog tongue. The responses to acetic acid, tartaric acid and citric acid were significantly greater than those to hydrochloric acid and nitric acid at the same pH. Metabolic inhibitors had no effect on the response, but local anaesthetics reversibly depressed it. The induced response was associated with a decrease in tissue resistance. Positive polarization on the mucosa increased the response, which was decreased or reversed under negative polarization. These responses may be caused by diffusion of H-ions through the tissue, and may influence sour reception in the frog.

Acetates↗
PubMed1979

Sodium deprivation alters neural responses to gustatory stimuli.

The effects of sodium deprivation for 10 d, a period sufficient to induce sodium appetite, on gustatory nerve discharges in rats were determined. Chorda tympani responses to concentration series of sodium chloride, sucrose, hydrochloric acid, and quinine hydrochloride were recorded and analyzed without the experimenter knowing the animal's deprivation condition. After deprivation, both whole nerve and single nerve fiber responses to sodium chloride were smaller; NaCl-best fibers, those more responsive to sodium chloride than to sucrose, hydrochloric acid, or quinine, were most affected. Thresholds had not changed; however, slopes of the stimulus-response functions for sodium chloride were lowered. Comparable changes in responses to the other stimuli did not occur. These results were discussed with respect to a possible relationship between changes in sodium chloride responsivity and changes in sodium intake, differences between methods of inducing sodium appetite, coding of taste quality and intensity, and mechanisms which might effect the responsivity change.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Intravascular infusion of acid promotes intrapulmonary inducible nitric oxide synthase activity and impairs blood oxygenation in rats.

OBJECTIVE: To test the hypothesis that intravascular acid infusion promotes intrapulmonary nitric oxide formation by promoting inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and inhibiting endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) expression in rats. DESIGN: Prospective, placebo controlled, randomized laboratory study. SETTING: University laboratory. SUBJECTS: Twelve male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 317 +/- 30 g served as study subjects. All animals were anesthetized, paralyzed, and mechanically ventilated throughout the experiment. INTERVENTIONS: The animals were randomized to receive either 0.1 N hydrochloric acid or 0.9% saline intravenously. The infusions were initially given at a rate of 11 mL/kg/hr for 15 mins and then at a rate of 0.95 mL/kg/hr for the remainder of the experiment. Exhaled nitric oxide concentrations and hemodynamic measurements were monitored throughout the experiment. Lung tissues were harvested for Western blot analysis and immunostaining 4 hrs after starting the intravascular infusion. MEASUREMENT AND MAIN RESULTS: At the end of the experiment, we found more than a four-fold higher concentration of exhaled nitric oxide in the acid-treated animals than in the saline-treated animals (p <.001). Western blot analysis revealed that the acid infusion increased intrapulmonary iNOS concentrations (p <.001), yet it decreased intrapulmonary eNOS concentrations (p =.009). Acid-related lung injury manifested as a decrease in blood oxygen tensions (p =.045) and as an increase in lung homogenate interleukin-6 concentrations (p =.003). CONCLUSIONS: Our results reveal that hydrochloric acid infusion stimulates intrapulmonary nitric oxide formation at least in part by promoting the expression of iNOS. Our findings suggest that correcting acidosis should attenuate iNOS formation. Our data also support the idea that metabolic acidosis itself can lead to impaired intrapulmonary gas exchange and increased expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-6. Whether the induction of intrapulmonary nitric oxide formation mediates or simply indicates lung injury warrants further investigation.

Acidosis↗
PubMed1984

Selective degradation of heparin and heparan sulphate, and reactivity of products in the competitive binding assay.

Heparin and heparan sulphate were degraded by various chemical methods, including sodium meta-periodate oxidation, alkaline treatment, Smith degradation, and treatment with acids such as nitrous and hydrochloric acid. The products were assessed by gel filtration and in the competitive binding assay (CBA) developed recently by Dawes and Pepper (3). With the exception of nitrous acid treatment, all the chemical methods were nonselective in their effect on heparin and heparan sulphate. However, nitrous acid treatment exhibited a degree of selectivity which may be useful in enhancing the specificity of CBA. The results also highlighted the significance of sulphated groups in the binding of heparin and heparan sulphate in CBA.

Binding, Competitive↗