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PubMedDate not supplied

Regulation of hematopoietic cell function by protein tyrosine kinase-encoding oncogenes, a review.

Tyrosine phosphorylation of proteins by protein tyrosine kinases (PTKs) is an important mechanism in the regulation of various cellular processes such as proliferation, differentiation, and transformation. Accumulating data implicate PTKs as essential intermediates in the transduction of extracellular signals to the interior of the cell. This review summarizes the mechanism of action of PTKs from the major subclasses and the involvement of PTK-encoding oncogenes in the regulation of hematopoietic cell function.

Cell Differentiation↗
PubMed1988

Phosphorylation of a C-SRC-related protein in macrophages activated in vitro with lymphokine.

Treatment of proteose peptone elicited peritoneal macrophages from C3H/HeN mice or the macrophage cell line B6MP102 with a T-cell lymphokine preparation induces cytotoxicity for SV3T3 tumor cells. The Triton X-100 (TX-100) insoluble fractions from activated macrophages possessed kinase activity for an endogenous 53 kDa phosphoprotein (pp53) which was markedly greater than extracts from untreated macrophages. Addition of the tyrosine phosphatase inhibitor, Na3 VO4 to the cytotoxicity assay also enhanced tumor cell lysis and Na3 VO4 treated macrophages showed increased phosphorylation of pp53. Moreover, addition of Na3 VO4 to the cytoskeleton kinase assay enhanced the phosphorylation of pp53 in a dose dependent manner. Pp53 was immunoprecipitated from the in vitro phosphorylated TX-100 insoluble fraction with monoclonal antibody to pp60v-src. Anti-pp60v-src also precipitated a 53 and a 60 kDa phosphoprotein from whole cell extracts and from TX-100 cytoskeleton extracts of macrophages phosphorylated as viable intact cells. Addition of a known tyrosine kinase inhibitor, quercetin, to the macrophage cytoskeleton kinase assay inhibited phosphorylation of pp53, and the in vitro phosphorylated pp53 was resistant to 1 N NaOH hydrolysis, indicating phosphorylation of tyrosine residues. Immune complex kinase assays of anti-pp60v-src precipitated TX-100 insoluble macrophage fractions revealed strong phosphorylation for alpha-casein which was inhibited by quercetin. These data suggest that macrophage pp53 is a c-src-related gene product that is inducible by stimuli that activate macrophages to cytotoxicity.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Transient expression of lyn gene in Purkinje cells during cerebellar development.

Expression of the lyn gene, a member of sarcoma proto-oncogene family, was analyzed immunohistochemically during cerebellar development in the rat. Lyn immunoreactivity was intense in axons, dendrites and somata of Purkinje cells from gestational day 18 to postnatal day 15 and then decreased. lyn gene expression clearly followed the appearance and the maturation of dendritic arbors. A rapid decrease in Lyn protein, after the 18th postnatal day, left only a few scattered positive Purkinje cell somata in the adult. External and undifferentiated internal granule cells were weak in Lyn immunoreactivity but gradually increased during development. Clusters of positive granule cells were found along the Purkinje cell layer with parasagittal bands crossing the granular layer by 21 days. These bands persisted into adulthood. Cerebellar nuclei lacked immunoreactivity in early development but only fastigial neurons began to acquire lyn gene expression by the 15th postnatal day. The corresponding appearance of the lyn gene expression and the formation of Purkinje cell dendritic arbors suggests that Lyn protein is involved in dendrogenesis. On the other hand, the late onset of immunoreactivity in fastigial neurons and granule cells implies a role in cell maintenance.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Translocation (8;13) and T-cell lymphoma. A case report.

A patient with a myeloproliferative disorder is described with an eosinophilia together with T-cell lymphoma. A unique translocation t(8;13)(p11.2;q12) was present in all bone marrow cells examined at presentation. No evidence of this translocation was found in a peripheral blood lymphocyte culture. Chromosome analysis after 9 months revealed this same translocation as well as an extra chromosome 21 in all cells; 4.5% of cells also had an additional chromosome 9. The morphologic diagnosis at this stage was chronic myelomonocytic leukemia. Immunophenotyping 3 months later was consistent with a stem-cell leukemia.

Bone Marrow↗
PubMed1991

Proto-oncogene expression in cultured synovial fibroblasts of patients with rheumatoid arthritis.

Total RNA was isolated from cultured synovial fibroblasts of nine patients with rheumatoid arthritis and two controls (cruciate ligament ruptures). RNA was dot-blotted and hybridized with nine different, cloned cellular or viral oncogene probes. None of the proto-oncogenes showed a significant difference of expression in cultured fibroblasts from patients with rheumatoid arthritis when compared to the expression of control fibroblasts.

Arthritis, Rheumatoid↗
PubMed1993

A yeast SH2 domain.

Explore the source record for details and available documents.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2006

Novel modes of splicing repression by PTB.

Polypyrimidine-tract-binding protein (PTB) is a repressive regulator of alternative splicing. Models for PTB activity have ranged from simple binding competition with splicing factor U2AF(65) at regulated polypyrimidine tracts to looping out of repressed exons by binding of PTB to flanking sites. Structural analysis of PTB bound to RNA suggests how PTB monomers can induce loops, but two recent publications indicate that repression by PTB involves more than just binding to RNA.

Alternative Splicing↗
PubMed1987

Selective elevation of c-myc transcript levels in the liver of the aging Fischer-344 rat.

The expression of several proto-oncogenes involved in normal cell growth was examined as a function of age in male Fischer-344 rats aged 3, 6-9, 12 and 21-23 months. Northern blot analysis using RNA isolated from pooled livers or brains showed that the transcript levels of c-myc, but not c-sis or c-src-related genes, were markedly elevated in the liver with age. In contrast, there was no substantial change in transcript levels of any of these genes in aging brain. When c-myc expression was analyzed in livers from individual rats ranging in age from 4 to 22 months, a significant (p less than 0.01) 5-fold increase in c-myc transcript levels in relation to age was detected. The results indicate that expression of c-myc in rat liver is modulated during aging and more generally, that aging in rats is associated with organ-specific changes in the transcript levels of particular genes.

Aging↗
PubMed1996

The PI/PTB domain: a new protein interaction domain involved in growth factor receptor signaling.

In summary, a new domain called the PI/PTB domain has been identified in the Shc adapter protein. This motif binds the NPXpY motif that is found in a large number of signal transduction molecules. The presence in Shc of both a PI/PTB domain and an SH2 domain presumably gives Shc the ability to interact with a large number of tyrosine-phosphorylated proteins. The structure of the PI/PTB domain has been solved and is very similar to the PH domain. Highly related in binding specificity is the PTB domain of IRS-1 and IRS-2, which also binds an NPXpY motif. Several other PI domains have been identified that may also have binding specificity for the NPXY motif. The terminology used at present to define these domains is unclear. The original terms PI and PTB domain stood for phosphotyrosine interaction and phosphotyrosine binding domain, respectively. The name may be inappropriate for some members of this family in which phosphotyrosine may not be essential for binding. Furthermore, these domains are structurally related to the previously named PH domains. At present we feel the use of the name PTB domain should be reserved for Shc and IRS-1/IRS-2, where phosphotyrosine binding has been demonstrated. We place the other proteins we have identified in the PI domain family, with PI now representing the protein interaction rather than the phosphotyrosine interaction domain. The role of several of the PI domains in other proteins is beginning to be studied. It seems clear that our understanding of these domains and their function in cell biology will rapidly expand over the next several years.

Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing↗
PubMed1997

Regulation of glucose transport by interleukin-3 in growth factor-dependent and oncogene-transformed bone marrow-derived cell lines.

Growth factors maintain cell viability and promote cell growth by stimulating glucose transport into cells and by progressing cells through the cell cycle. In the short term, effects on glucose transport involve transporter activation, while in the longer term increased gene expression is involved. This study aimed to investigate growth factor regulation of glucose transport in an interleukin (IL)-3-dependent bone marrow-derived cell line and its oncogene-transformed counterparts. 32D clone 3 (32Dcl3) cells and cells transfected with temperature-sensitive (ts) ras and abl oncogenes, were treated with and without IL-3 and their ability to take up 2-deoxy-D-glucose compared. Transformed cells, which are not dependent on IL-3 for growth at the permissive temperature of 32 degrees C, exhibited a two- to six-fold higher proliferative response, enhanced tyrosine kinase activity and c-myc expression than control cells optimally stimulated with IL-3. Compared with control 32Dcl3 cells, 2-deoxy-D-glucose uptake was also 36-76% higher in transformed cells. The increased glucose uptake in transformed cells was consistent with 2.5-fold higher affinity of the glucose transporters for glucose. IL-3 stimulated glucose uptake in both control and oncogene-transformed cells. With control and ras-transformed cells, enhanced glucose uptake in response to IL-3 was associated with increased affinity of glucose transporters for glucose but with abl-transformed cells, no significant affinity changes were observed. IL-3 also increased glucose transporter expression in both control and oncogene-transformed cells, suggesting that increased transporter expression as well as changes in transporter affinity for glucose can affect glucose uptake.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Structure and expression of three src2 homologues and a novel subfamily of flavoprotein monooxygenase genes revealed by the analysis of a 25kb fragment from Arabidopsis thaliana chromosome IV.

Biological and computer-assisted analyses of a 25kb fragment from Arabidopsis thaliana chromosome IV led to the characterization of two multigene families and three novel orphan genes, not previously described. The first gene family named AtMO1-4 encodes monooxygenases, related to the prokaryotic salicylate hydroxylases. The second gene family contains three members, two on the analysed 25kb fragment and one on chromosome I. The latter three genes lack introns and are homologous to the previously studied Glycine max src2 gene which is overexpressed at low temperature. Gene expression and primary structure of the deduced proteins are described and compared. Three genes of unknown function, showing tissue specific expressions, are characterized on the 25kb fragment. Full length or partial cognate cDNAs have been sequenced for all the genes studied.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1997

Functional rapidly folding proteins from simplified amino acid sequences.

Early protein synthesis is thought to have involved a reduced amino acid alphabet. What is the minimum number of amino acids that would have been needed to encode complex protein folds similar to those found in nature today? Here we show that a small beta-sheet protein, the SH3 domain, can be largely encoded by a five letter amino acid alphabet but not by a three letter alphabet. Furthermore, despite the dramatic changes in sequence, the folding rates of the reduced alphabet proteins are very close to that of the naturally occurring SH3 domain. This finding suggests that despite the vast size of the search space, the rapid folding of biological sequences to their native states is not the result of extensive evolutionary optimization. Instead, the results support the idea that the interactions which stabilize the native state induce a funnel shape to the free energy landscape sufficient to guide the folding polypeptide chain to the proper structure.

Amino Acid Sequence↗