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PubMed1979

FSH and LH concentrations in periparturient mares.

The influence of the ovaries and presence of a foal on periparturient concentrations of FSH and LH were studied in 19 Pony mares. In intact and ovariectomized mares, mean concentrations of FSH fluctuated between 1.1and 9.9 ng/ml on Days -14 to-1 before parturition (Day 0). A surge of FSH occurred in all mares in association with parturition. From Days 1 to 10, the high levels of FSH gradually decreased in the intact group to the minimal concentrations that occur during oestrus, but remained elevated in the ovariectomized mares. There were no significant pre-partum changes in LH in either type of mare. Post-partum changes in LH concentrations increased at a similar rate in ovariectomized and intact mares. The presence of a foal significantly lengthened the interval to first oestrus, depressed LH levels on Days 6--10 and decreased the FSH concentrations as averaged over the 10 days before the first ovulation after parturition.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Identification in human seminal fluid of an inhibin-like factor which selectively regulates FSH secretion.

Human seminal plasma obtained by centrifugation of human semen contains a factor capable of selectively inhibiting the secretion of FSH both in vivo (reduction of the levels of FSH in rats 24 h after castration) and in vitro (reduction of the FSH released by LH-RH in rat pituitary cell culture). This effect is not due to testosterone, oestradiol-17 beta or progesterone present in the active fractions. The factor has the characteristics of a protein in that its biological activity is destroyed by heat and trypsin digestion. It does not resemble androgen-binding protein. The biological action is not completely specific for FSH as inhibition of LH can be seen with doses usually higher than those which produce inhibition of FSH alone. There is no effect on TSH or prolactin levels in vitro. The factor clearly acts on the release and synthesis of gonadotrophins by gonadotrophs but an effect on the hypothalamus is not excluded. This factor fits the definition of inhibin.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

The effects of long-term administration of either a crude inhibin preparation or an antiserum to FSH on serum hormone levels, testicular function and fertility of adult male rats.

Adult male rats were given either daily injections of ram rete testis fluid for periods of up to 70 days or injections of an antiserum against FSH every 3 days for 90 days. Compared with the control groups, the rats injected with ram rete testis fluid had lowered serum FSH levels, but only at treatment periods of 30 days and less. The levels of LH and testosterone in serum, testicular fluid secretion, sperm counts, testis weights and fertility were not affected by rete testis fluid treatment. The rats injected with anti-FSH serum exhibited an impairment of fertility which was never complete and evident only after 49 days of treatment. After 90 days of anti-FSH treatment, testis weight and free serum FSH were reduced, but sperm counts, testicular fluid secretion and serum levels of LH and testosterone were not affected.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Release of LH, FSH and GnRH into pituitary venous blood in mares treated with a PGF analogue, luprostiol, during the transition period.

Nine mares received cannulae to collect blood from the pituitary venous outflow in the intercavernous sinus (ICS) and the jugular vein; in 4 mares, only jugular cannulae were used. Those 4 mares and 3 of the mares with cannulae in both positions received 7.5 mg luprostiol i.m. and 1 mare with both cannulae was treated with 3.75 mg uprostiol i.v. Blood samples were kept before and after treatment at 2-, 5- or 10-min intervals and concentrations of LH, FSH and GnRH were determined by RIA. Treatments resulted in an immediate sharp rise of LH and FSH in ICS and jugular blood samples within 2-10 min, with ICS concentrations rising earlier, and with peak levels of LH 8 to 100 times higher, respectively. In ICS samples, GnRH was elevated consistently only after LH and FSH had reached peak levels. At both locations, LH and FSH concentrations remained elevated 60-120 min after treatment, but had returned to baseline by 240 min. In 5 untreated mares with cannulae at both locations, sampling at 5-min intervals for 12 or 24h revealed no pulses of LH or FSH in 3 mares, and only one pulse a day, preceded by several small rises of GnRH during the hour before the pulses, in 2 mares.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

LH and FSH levels in serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of human fetus.

The concentration of LH and FSH was measured in the fetal blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of 4 human fetuses between 21 and 24 weeks old. A comparison was made with 6 post menopausal females. In one fetus the serum and CSF levels of both hormones were determined after administration of 200 micrograms LRH and 400 micrograms TRH. The mean serum fetal levels of LH and FSH of 76.6 mIU/ml (range, 29.5-152.0) and 30.5 mIU/ml (range 3.1-60.3), respectively, were not significantly different from those of postmenopausal females, whereas the fetal CSF levels of these hormones were significantly higher (p less than 0.02) than those of post menopausal females. The serum to CSF ratios for the fetal LH and FSH were 4.6 +/- 1.1 and 2.4 +/- 0.61 respectively, significantly different (p less than 0.02 and p less than 0.001 respectively) from those of post menopausal females (29.1 +/- 6.6 for LH and 50.9 +/- 10.9 for FSH). In one fetus LRH did not provoke any change in circulating FSH and LH level 20 min. after administration, while a slight increase of these hormone in the CSF was observed. These data suggest that the permeability of blood-CSF barrier to gonadotropins in the fetus seems to be higher than in the adult who has no blood-CSF barrier (B--CSF--B) alterations.

Blood-Brain Barrier↗
PubMed1979

Inhibin activity in ram rete testis fluid: depression of plasma FSH and LH in the castrated and cryptorchid ram.

Ram "rete testis" fluid (RTF) routinely collected throughout the year has been used as a source of inhibin. The mean flow rate and mean concentration of spermatozoa in the fluid remained constant during the first 12 days of cannulation. More than 50 castrated or cryptorchid rams have been treated with low doses of steroid-free RTF over a 25-h blood sampling period. Human serum albumin was injected as a control. RTF depressed both FSH and LH plasma levels although the pattern was different for each hormone. There was no change in prolactin secretion. LH secretion was affected first while FSH remained unchanged in castrated and in cryptorchid rams. Thereafter, the maximum depression of FSH plasma levels occurred at a time when LH started to return or had returned to preinjection levels in the cryptorchid and castrated animals respectively. In the cryptorchid rams, RTF suppressed pulsatile LH secretion which was present before treatment but in the castrated animals, RTF lowered LH plasma levels which were constant and showed no pulsatile changes before treatment. Both FSH and LH inhibitory activities have been found in all active fractions obtained by purification of RTF. These activities are papain-sensitive and active fractions have a high apparent molecular weight (greater than or equal to 100 000) as shown by gel filtration and ultrafiltration. These and other results in the literature have lead to a re-definition of inhibin as a protein factor of gonadal origin able to depress plasma levels of FSH and LH, even at low doses.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Effect of progesterone and FSH on testes of immature chickens.

The effect of progesterone (P), estradiol benzoate (EB) plus P, and FSH on the testicular weight, macromolecular content, and incorporation of 3H-leucine, 3H-uridine and 3H-thymidine into macromolecules was examined in the testes of immature chickens. Not P alone but EB plus P lowered the testicular weight, and content of protein and RNA in the tissues, whereas FSH brought about an increase in the weight, and content of the two macromolecular elements. The DNA content was not affected by any hormones used. P, EB plus P and FSH brought about a decrease in the incorporation of radioactive leucine, uridine and thymidine into the macromolecules in the testes, with the exception of no change in the incorporation of 3H-uridine after EB plus P treatment and 3H-thymidine after FSH treatment. These results suggest that P, alone or in combination with estrogen, and FSH cause several changes in metabolic activity in the testes of immature chickens.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Very low serum testosterone levels and severe impairment of spermatogenesis in burned male patients. Correlations with basal levels and levels of FSH, LH and PRL after LHRH + TRH.

The level of testosterone, FSH, LH and, in some cases, of PRL in serum was estimated in 39 burned male patients (mean burn index and S. E. was 31.5 +/- 2.5). The level of testosterone was found markedly decreased to a value as low as 0.19 ng ml-1, and such low level persisted for several weeks after the burn injury. At the same time the mean LH level was normal, while that of FSH decreased. However, in few patients high LH and PRL values were found. The dramatic drop of the level of testosterone and FSH began usually after the second postburn day. The administration of chorionic gonadotropin resulted in a marked elevation of testosterone level in less severely burned patients, while it was negligible in those severely burned. After LHRH plus TRH administration, the mean rise of LH level was almost normal, but FSH responded poorly. The lowest LH, FSH and PRL response was found during the 2nd and 3rd postburn week. The testes from 9 of the eleven patients that died were examined histologically, and no major histological alterations were found in those who died during the first 3 days after burn, while later a severe damage of germinal cells occurred. The pituitary-testicular axis does not operate properly after burn injuries. The main features of the endocrine (metabolic) response after burn are: 1. increased catabolism; 2. decreased anabolism; 3. changed endocrine priorities. To enable the survival an exaggerated response occurs very often with a possible resulting damage to some vital structures. Testosterone (anabolics) may be indicated in the treatment of burned patients.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

[Relations between spermatozoa density of germ cells of the testis and hormone analyses (especially FSH) in patients with oligozoospermia)].

The study concerns 84 patients with oligozoospermia between 0.3-20.0 mill. spermatozoa/ml. 20 patients with an obstructive azoospermia served as a collective control. From all patients a testicular biopsy from each testis was conducted. Semithin sections of the testicular tissue were made and the different germ cells in the seminiferous tubules were counted. Furthermore the values of FSH, LH and testosterone in the plasma of every patient were determined. There was a significant correlation between sperm count and FSH (r = -0.30, P less than 0.01), n = 84) as well as LH (r = -0.24, P less than 0.05, n = 84). Also the correlations between the counted germ cells and FSH were significant (P less than 0.01). The closest correlation existed between the spermatogonia A pale + A dark and FSH (r = -0.59, n = 104). But there was no biological significance, since the coefficient of these correlations are not close enough to -1.0. Therefore it is concluded, that the parameters of FSH and LH are not absolutely reliable for judging the spermatogenesis in patients with oligozoospermia.

Biopsy↗
PubMed1980

[Increased and prolonged release of lh and fsh on intravenous administration of a synthetic analogue of lh-rh [d-ser(tbu)6-ea10-lh-rh] in healthy men of various age groups (author's transl)].

Healthy male subjects of various age groups respond to the administration of D-Ser(TBU)6-EA10-LH-RH, an analogue of LH-RH substituted in positions 6 and 10, by a prolonged and increased release of LH and FSH. Increased serum concentrations of LH and FSH were observed 20 minutes after intravenous administration of the compound. Maximum concentrations of LH and FSH were seen after 60, and 60 to 240 minutes, respectively. Serum concentrations of both gonadotropins remained elevanted for up to 8 hours after the administration of 10 microgram of the LH-RH analogue. A dose response relationship was observed with regard to the serum concentrations of LH and FSH over the range of 1.25 to 5.0 microgram of the LH-RH analogue. The administration of 10 or 20 microgram of the compound, however, did not cause a further rise in plasma FSH, although the release of LH was further enhanced.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1981

Permanent amplifying effect on the cockerel gonad of hypophysis hormones (FSH, TSH) administered at hatching.

The effect of TSH and FSH was studied by quantitative histological analysis of the gonads in five-week-old cockerels pre-treated with these hormones at hatching. It was concluded that (1) hypophyseal hormones of similar molecular structure are not fully specific in immature animals. At five weeks both FSH and TSH enhance spermatogonium division and spermatogenesis, and increase the number of Sertoli cells. (2) While a single post-hatching dose of hormone has no effect on germinal cells as studied in the fifth week it increases the number of Sertoli cells (3) post hatching FSH-treatment facilitates the effect of hormone treatment at five weeks, amplifying the effect of FSH slightly more than that of TSH. Post hatching TSH-treatment also amplifies the effect of FSH administered at five weeks but does not influence the effect of five-week TSH-treatment on germinal cells. (4) The present results have corroborated earlier findings based on the measurement of gonadal weight and tubule diameter.

Aging↗
PubMed1982

Serum FSH and LH levels in men after administration of a long-acting LH-RH preparation.

The effects of the natural gonadotropin releasing hormone (LH-RH) and of a long-acting analogue, desgly10-D-leu6-LH-RH ethylamide, on the serum FSH, LH, testosterone and oestradiol-17 beta levels were studied in healthy men. The basal value for FSH was 3.58 +/- 0.47 mU/ml (SE), for LH 6.33 +/- 1.19 mU/ml. Following an intravenous dose of LH-RH the values increased by 3.40 +/- 0.88 and 25.99 +/- 5.67 mU/ml, respectively. After intravenous administration of the long-acting analogue, the peak FSH exceeded the basal value by 12.89 +/- 6.95 mU/ml, while LH increased by 41.27 +/- 4.72 mU/ml. The effect of the analogue on FSH and LH lasted 693 min and 862 min, respectively. Neither preparation changed the serum testosterone or oestradiol-17 beta levels essentially. The results suggest that the long-acting variant of LH-RH is more suitable than the natural hormone for examination of the FSH and LH reserves in men.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1975

Control of pituitary FSH synthesis by hypothalamic factors in rats.

Electrolytic lesions placed in the median eminence of adult male rats are followed, in 7--10 days, by a significant decrease in pituitary FSH concentration. The intravenous injection of a hypothalamic extract prepared from normal animals induces, in 45 minutes, a significant increase in the amounts of FSH stored in the pituitary of median eminence-lesioned animals. The concentration of FSH in the pituitary of lesioned animals is also increased to normal by the intravenous injection of an extract prepared from the isolated hypothalamic island of animals previously submitted to a total "hypothalamic deafferentation", in spite of the fact that this does not contain any FSH-RF activity. It is suggested that the hypothalamus possesses separate humoral factors for the regulation of the release and of the synthesis of pituitary FSH.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Comparative IL-6 effects on FSH and hCG-induced functions in porcine granulosa cell cultures.

Gonadotropin regulation of granulosa cell (GC) differentiation can be modulated by non-steroidal factors, including cytokines. Interleukin-6 (IL-6), a broad spectrum cytokine, has been previously demonstrated to be produced by GCs and to directly influence follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) differentiated functions of ovarian GCs. In the present study, primary cultures of GCs were prepared from prepubertal sow ovaries. No significant amount of biological active IL-6 was detected in these cultures using the B9 cell growth bioassay. Although our findings suggest that GCs are not source of IL-6 in the porcine ovary, this cytokine may be released by leukocytes present in the ovary and modulate ovarian functions by acting on GCs. Here, adding recombinant human (rh)IL-6 to GC cultures inhibited differentiated functions induced by FSH such as aromatase activity, LH receptor (LHr) expression measured by specific 125I-hCG binding and progesterone (P) production. On the opposite, rhIL-6 did not modulate stimulatory human chorionic hormone (hCG) effects on P release by GCs and did not prevent hCG binding to LHr. These preliminary results clearly showed that IL-6 acted differently on FSH and hCG induced functions although these gonadotropins act primarily through the same transduction pathway involving generation of cyclic AMP. We suggest that IL-6 might act more likely by reducing FSH binding capacity than by modulating transduction pathways. Inhibitory IL-6 effects on FSH-induced functions were not neutralized by adding to culture media a monoclonal antibody against the human IL-6 signal transducer gp130, previously reported to inhibit IL-6 mediated effects in human cell lines.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Functional differentiation of the FSH-synthesizing cells in the pars distalis of the fetal pituitary gland of the rat.

The onset of FSH synthesis in the embryonic pituitary gland of the rat was studied by a peroxidase-labelled antibody method. The first FSH-containing cells appeared on the 20th day of embryonic life. From that day onwards, FSH cells increased rapidly in number. It was found that in adult animals some pituitary cells reacted with both anti-HCG and anti-FSH sera, indicating the simultaneous presence of LH and FSH in the same cell.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Follicular development and embryo recovery following 3 versus 8 FSH injections in heifers.

Ovarian follicular dynamics and embryo yield were studied during 2 different FSH regimens for superovulation of cattle. Twenty heifers were given intramuscular injections of FSH (total of 35 mg NIH) either once daily for 3 days (Group 3x1) or twice daily for 4 days (Group 4x2). At 72 h after the first FSH injection, each animal was injected with 0.75 mg cloprostenol. Inseminations were performed at 12 h and 24 h after the onset of heat. Transrectal ultrasonography was performed on the day of the first FSH injection, the day of cloprostenol injection, the day of insemination and finally on the day of embryo recovery (day 6 or 7 after heat). The numbers of small (2-4 mm), medium (5-9 mm) and large (> 10 mm) size follicles were recorded. The total number of corpora lutea, eggs and transferable embryos were recorded on the day of embryo recovery. No differences were found between the 2 groups in either of the parameters studied (p > 0.05). It can be concluded that treatment with this FSH preparation once daily for 3 days gives a folliculogenic and superovulatory response similar to a treatment regimen where it is given twice daily for 4 days.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

[Effect of health resort treatment on the circadian rhythm of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), lutropin (LH), and testosterone in male patients with diabetes mellitus].

In diabetic patients disturbances of pituitary-gonadal axis are observed. The aim of the study was to investigate whether in male diabetic patients the circadian rhythms of FSH, LH and testosterone are maintained normal and whether the treatment in a health resort affects the circadian rhythms of investigated hormones. The study regards 5 male patients with insulin dependent diabetes mellitus type I and in 10 male patients with diabetes mellitus type II. In order to assess the circadian rhythm serum FSH, LH and testosterone were determined four times a day at 6.00, 12.00, 18.00 and 24.00. Serum concentration of FSH and LH was determined by LIA and testosterone by RIA. The investigation was done twice: on the third day of a health resort treatment and then on the 23rd day of the treatment. The results were analysed using the Cosinor test. It has been shown that the circadian rhythm of LH, FSH and testosterone is maintained in diabetic patients. During the health resort treatment the midline value (mesor) of serum concentration and the amplitude of of circadian rhythms of LH and testosterone increased in diabetic patients, whereas the FSH circadian rhythm did not change. During the health resort treatment a significant change of testosterone circadian rhythm acrophase from 7.32 to 5.16 was observed in diabetic patients.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

[Variations in the molecular forms of LH and FSH during the normal ovarian cycle].

FSH and LH concentrations during the menstrual cycle are well known, showing characteristically a midcycle surge in LH as well as in less degree in FSH. At the present there is an increasing interest in studying variations of the moleculoar forms of both gonadotropins. We have studied the chromatographic profile of FSH and LH in sera obtained from women regularly ovulating and in patients with anovulatory cycles by the use of gel column chromatography. It was observed the predominance of LH 32-34 kDa at midcycle and the heterogeneous FSH profile during the ovarian cycle. In sera from anovulatory patients the chromatographic profile was even more irregular for both LH and FSH. It is concluded that LH 32-34 kDa may be the more biological isoform in turn related with the process of ovulation.

Adult↗