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Sex differences in self-perceived intimacy were investigated in both same-sex friendships and romantic relationships. Men and women had significantly different means on intimacy with their same-sex friends but reported similar means with romantic partners. Both men and women reported significantly higher mean scores on intimacy with romantic partners than with friends.
Seeking of attention appears to be intimately bound up with certain principles of motivation, especially the seeking of observable results of action and of optimum levels of stimulation, variety and challenge, and the relationship between results and the cost of achieving them--a high cost will tend to inhibit action but enhance the value subsequently placed upon what is achieved. These principles can be applied to personal relationships: thus friendship can be regarded as a situation involving facilitative feedback between persons, hostility as involving inhibitory feedback and lonliness as occurring when there is no feedback. Which of these situations occurs appears to depend upon the relationships between the costs and benefits of interaction between the persons concerned. The care of psychiatric or senile patients in the community appears likely to impose demands for attention which are unreasonably severe ("costly"). Any attempt to change community attitudes in the hope of securing greater acceptance of such demands appears to be unrealistic. Substantial benefits could probably be attained in many cases from training in skills, especially social skills, which would enable patients to cope more effectively with the world as it is.
A pilot study based on the interdependence mode of the Roy adaptation model was conducted to evaluate interdependence needs in the new family. The interdependence mode consists of giving and receiving behaviors in the categories of significant other, support systems (friendships), support systems (extended family), and a person's experience of feeling alone. A questionnaire addressing these categories was administered to 10 newly delivered mothers on a family-centered maternity unit. The lower mean scores for the categories of extended family and feeling alone suggest the need for further evaluation in these categories. A foundation was laid for further study of interdependence needs and family nursing, but more research using larger, random samples is needed.
Good terminal care may be described as rehabilitation of the dying, and is exemplified in the modern hospice. The aim is to help the individual patient to do his best, given his illness, his symptoms, and his cultural, familial and personal background and beliefs. Comfort is the primary objective, not prolongation of life. The patient and his family should be regarded as the unit of care. Sixty per cent of patients with far-advanced cancer experience pain. In the majority of patients it is not difficult to control pain provided certain basic principles are adhered to: 1. Careful evaluation of cause(s) of pain. 2. Realization that pain is a somatopsychic experience. 3. Use of an appropriate analgesic on a time-contingent basis. 4. Recognition that the effective dose of a narcotic analgesic varies widely. 5. Use of both non-drug and drug treatments. 6. Continuing surveillance of all patients, particularly those receiving a narcotic analgesic. A comparable analytical and systematic approach is necessary also in the management of other symptoms. Patients need professional friendship and support if they are to adjust to declining physical health and a poor prognosis. Gentle openness in matters of communication is fundamental; evasion and deceit are essentially destructive. Thed family too need much help if they and the patient are to become mutually supportive. Terminal care cannot be done by individuals, only by individuals working together as a team.
A group of 58 American Indian alcoholic admissions and a group of 211 White alcoholic admissions to a California State Mental Hospital were interviewed utilizing a 141-item interview scale. The two groups were compared as to their responses to the interview items by a series of one-way analyses of variance. Statistically significant differences were found on demographic, socioeconomic, hospitalization, drinking and friendship pattern variables. The results are discussed with reference to data reliability, and socioeconomic and cultural factors. The study's findings are also related to an apparent need for the education of police and native Americans in the area concerning treatment resources available to native American problem drinkers.
Three ongoing marijuana-using groups were studied in their natural environments. Group characteristics and the relationship of each member to individuals within the group were assessed, in addition to the members' primary social roles outside the group. The relationship of sociometric data to user characteristics was determined. The social and drug histories of the three groups were highly similar. Despite high levels of drug use, the most frequent reason for group participation was friendship, and diverse social activities occurred in the group. Social resources outside the group were minimal, whereas enduring, positive relationships characterized each group. Popularity was related to frequency of group participation, but not to extent of drug use. The function of marijuana-using groups in fulfilling interpersonal needs is discussed.
This study reports on the subjective evaluations of treatment by 162 patients who had been treated and discharged with staff approval at Hazelden Rehabilitation Center. At 2 years following treatment, these patients were asked to comment on what they considered the most important aspects of their treatment experience. Four principal groupings of comments emerged as being most important: (1) Formal Hazelden activities, i.e., lectures, counseling; (2) Inner-directed learning, i.e., understanding, insight; (3) Informal Hazelden activities, i.e., personal friendships, fellowship; and (4) General learning, i.e., effect of alcohol on mind and body. The implications of these findings are discussed in terms of the utility of evaluating treatment effectiveness through the subjective judgments of the treated patients.
This study compares a sample of cocaine users in drug treatment programs to a sample of cocaine users not in treatment. These samples were compared on: (1) level of cocaine use, (2) consequences of user, (3) employment, (4) social support system, and (5) criminal behavior. These attributes were related to being in treatment. Among intermediate-level cocaine users, friendship patterns, employment, and criminal history were associated with treatment status. The implications for the treatment of cocaine use are addressed.
The impact of drug testing on the morale of mandatory participants was assessed through interviews and questionnaire responses of 500 intercollegiate athletes required to participate in a urine testing program. Subjects varied widely in their experiences. Most were not greatly affected, but some were embarrassed, humiliated, upset, and anxious about being inaccurately identified as drug users. Others experienced positive benefits: new information, a novel and interesting conversation piece, and a socially acceptable way to refuse drugs offered in friendship. Some said that testing benefited their athletic performance and school work. A number of recommendations were made to humanize and improve the experience: a better orientation about what to expect, more effective educational sessions, a warmer, more comfortable testing setting, more reasonable drug testing objectives, and more rigorous testing standards.
This paper reviews findings from 58 prospective studies of illicit substance use (ISU) among adolescents. It arranges 384 findings according to three types of influence (viz., social, attitudinal, and intrapersonal) and four levels of influence (viz., ultimate, distal, proximal, and immediate). The bulk of evidence reconfirms the importance of several predictors of ISU (e.g., intentions and prior substance-related behavior, friendship patterns and peer behaviors, absence of supportive parents, psychological temperament), reveals that a few variables thought to be well-established predictors may not be (e.g., parental behaviors, parental permissiveness, depression, low self-esteem), and uncovers several variables where findings were either sparse or inconsistent (e.g., the role of public policies concerning ISU, mass media depictions of ISU, certain parenting styles, affective states, perceptions of parental disapproval for ISU, and substance-specific refusal skills). Directions for future research are discussed.
OBJECTIVES: This study investigated the interaction of menopausal stage and age with the quality of women's relationships with their partners, children and close friends. METHODS: Females from a community sample (n = 48, age range 35-65 years) volunteered to participate in structured interviews. Questions relating to demographic background and relationships with partners, children and friends were included. Seventeen women were premenopausal, 16 women had been postmenopausal for 1-5 years and 15 women had been postmenopausal for between 6 and 10 years. RESULTS: The association of age and menopausal stage could not be separated when relationships with partners were considered. Premenopausal and younger women appeared to be more satisfied and more positive, and rated their relationship as more important to them than did older and postmenopausal women. Menopausal stage, but not age, appeared to be associated with the satisfaction women had with their children and the desire to see their children more often. When the two groups of postmenopausal women were compared, it was found that those women postmenopausal for 1-5 years wanted to see their children more often and were more dissatisfied with the relationship they had with their children than those women postmenopausal for 6-10 years. There were no effects of menopausal stage or age when the quality of close friendships was considered. CONCLUSIONS: Further work is needed to explore the implications of these findings as they relate to the interaction of menopausal stage and age with the quality of interpersonal relationships.
Harvey Cushing's paper, "The special field of neurological surgery," published in the Bulletin of The Johns Hopkins Hospital in 1905, constitutes a recognized milestone in the establishment of neurological surgery as a separate surgical specialty in the United States. The main point the author wishes to make here is that the very special friendship of Sir William Osler, influencing, encouraging, stimulating Cushing at the particular time that it did (1901 to 1905), was probably the primary positive influence that made it possible for Cushing to achieve specialization in neurological surgery and to make his considerable contribution in this field.
Humor among friends is typically regarded as a means of strengthening friendships. However, there may be a side of humor that is used to compete rather than bond (R. D. Alexander, 1986; C. R. Gruner, 1997). In the present studies, the participants were asked to imagine that they were sitting with a group of mixed-sex peers. One of the group (a same-sex friend) made a comment about the participant. Different groups of participants were told that the remark did or did not involve teasing. While the participants imagined they were the target of the remark, they rated their emotional reactions as well as their perceived relationship with the teaser and the character traits attributed to the teaser. The outcomes from analyses of variance of perceived competitiveness, emotional responses, and expected social outcomes largely supported superiority perspectives of humor.
INTRODUCTION: Deep learning (DL) shows great potential for predicting biomarkers from routine histopathological slides of gastrointestinal (GI) cancers. Yet most existing models are validated on limited patient cohorts, while pathological image annotation and molecular marker standardization demand substantial professional expertise. To address these gaps, we constructed the Gastrointestinal Cancer Pathological Image Archive (GICPIdb, gicpidb.shubuzuo.top), a dedicated database and web platform covering seven major GI cancer types. METHODS: High-quality hematoxylin and eosin (H&E)-stained whole-slide images were collected from multiple sources and uniformly processed. Image annotations were performed by board-certified pathologists following standardized protocols. GICPIdb offers five interactive web modules for data uploading, quality control, feature extraction, online annotation and AI-based prediction. Its intuitive interface supports data browsing, retrieval, visualization and downloading. RESULTS: The database houses 2,863 pathologist-annotated, uniformly processed, high-quality H&E stained images collected from 2,655 patients. Of these, 1,699 patients were sourced from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), 182 from the Clinical Proteomic Tumor Analysis Consortium (CPTAC), and 424 from China-Japan Friendship Hospital and 350 from Chifeng Municipal Hospital in Inner Mongolia, China. It also integrates data on over 50 key molecular markers (e.g., MSI, TMB) and prognostic labels related to survival, recurrence and metastasis. DISCUSSION: GICPIdb aims to promote the development of DL-driven AI tools for cancer research and clinical translation. The multi-institutional data collection and standardized annotation pipeline are expected to enhance the generalizability and reproducibility of AI-based prediction models across diverse patient populations.
This article discusses the importance of peer mentoring in nursing education. The current literature is reviewed and areas for further research are identified. Most specifically, the article explores the results of a recent research study conducted at Southern Cross University in Australia. The research investigated the relationship between personal and professional growth and peer mentoring with a group of women nurses. Seven nurses participated in this qualitative research project. Six of the participants were student nurses enrolled in an undergraduate nursing degree and the seventh participant was the degree program coordinator. The research was conducted over a 12-week period and was located in critical paradigm. The research methods used were reflective journaling and interviewing. The results indicated that the process of peer mentoring in nursing education demonstrated a strong relationship to personal and professional growth for all of the participants. Characteristics of the peer mentoring process such as shared learning, shared caring, reciprocity, commitment to each other's personal and professional growth, and friendship, are discussed.
OBJECTIVE: To compare self-perception between a group of competitive, elite female collegiate athletes (participating in gymnastics, cross country, and track and field) and a group of female political science students (nonathletic control subjects). We hypothesized that the athletic group would rate athletics as more important than would the nonathletic group, that the perception of athletic competence would correlate positively with self-worth for athletes only, and that the perception of athletic competence would have a stronger influence on self-worth in the athletic group. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: The Self-perception Profile for College Students was completed by 32 athletes and 13 nonathletes. This profile measures 12 subscales plus Global Self-worth independently and generates scores that reflect the subject's perceived importance of and competence in each of the subscale areas. RESULTS: The athletes rated athletics as more important than did nonathletes, although this trend was nonsignificant when adjusted for age. As age increased, the importance of athletics decreased for both groups. There was a direct relationship between perceived athletic competence and self-worth for the athletes but not for the nonathletes. Variables that accounted for the Global Self-worth score in athletes were perceptions of Competence subscales for Appearance, Social Acceptance, Friendship, and Job. Variables that accounted for the Global Self-worth scores in the nonathletes were perceptions of Competence subscales for Romance, Morality, Humor, and Appearance. The athletic group had significantly lower Global Self-worth scores than the nonathletic group. CONCLUSIONS: The female athletes in this study derived a large component of their self-worth from their perceived athletic competence. Clinicians should bear in mind the relative importance of athletics to young female athletes and the relationship of perceived athletic ability to self-worth when treating these individuals.
OBJECTIVE: Despite the increasing number of adults with congenital heart disease (CHD), little is known of the emotional life of these long-term survivors; hence, we undertook a study to establish a psychological profile of these individuals so as to optimize their care. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We performed psychiatric evaluation by both interview and questionnaire on 29 ambulatory patients with CHD (mean age, 38 years; range, 26-56 years). RESULTS: Although many met symptomatic criteria for psychiatric diagnosis, most were functional in day-to-day life and used denial in adapting to their CHD. In childhood, extended absences from school, cyanosis, scars, and sports restrictions hindered friendships and conflicted with a sense of "normalcy"; teasing and low self-esteem were more notable in boys; girls more readily hid behind makeup, nail polish, and clothing. In adulthood most were concerned about shortened life expectancy, disability, and childbearing and child rearing. Virtually all were highly committed to both school and work performance. All but those with complete, uncomplicated early repair expressed unresolved frustration, anger, and fears of a future that might include further medical complications. CONCLUSION: Listening to this selected group of patients offers insight that may be helpful to the clinical care of patients with CHD and other patients with lifelong disease.
OBJECTIVE: Studies of patients with unipolar depression have demonstrated a relationship between subthreshold depressive symptoms and impairment in role functioning. Research examining this relationship in persons with bipolar disorder is rare. This study sought to evaluate the association between subsyndromal depressive symptoms and role functioning in subjects with bipolar disorder. METHOD: 759 adult outpatients with a DSM-IV diagnosis of bipolar disorder were entered into this study at 7 different sites in the Stanley Foundation Bipolar Network (SFBN) beginning in March 1996 and ending in November 2002 and were followed longitudinally for assessment of their course of illness. Subsyndromal depression was operationalized using cutoff scores on the Inventory for Depressive Symptomatology-Clinician Rated (IDS-C), and patients were divided into 3 groups: not depressed (IDS-C score < 13), subsyndromally depressed (IDS-C score 13 to 27), and syndromally depressed (IDS-C score >or= 28). Groups were compared using a series of chi(2) analyses on degree of role function impairment across 4 role domains (work, home duties, family life, and friendships) from the Life Functioning Questionnaire. Logistic regression was used to estimate the probability of any impairment in life functioning based on severity of depressive symptoms. RESULTS: Subsyndromally depressed patients were significantly more likely than those not depressed to report impairment in their work and home functioning roles, as well as impairment in relations with family and friends (p < .001). Across all domains of role function, the proportion of patients impaired in the subsyndromally depressed group was more similar to the syndromally depressed group than to the not depressed group. CONCLUSIONS: These findings clearly demonstrate the public health significance of subsyndromal depression in the bipolar population. The most appropriate interventions for subsyndromal depressive symptoms in patients with bipolar disorder remain to be determined.