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PubMed1978

A histological study of post mortem changes in the skeletal muscle of the fowl (Gallus domesticus). I. The muscle fibres.

The changes in the histology of skeletal muscle post mortem have been studied with the light and electron microscopes in the pectoralis thoracica and iliotibialis muscles of the fowl (Gallus domesticus). The carcasses were stored at 40 degrees C and samples removed at various times post mortem. Kinking, contractures, transverse splitting and disintegration were seen in muscle fibres from post mortem muscle. The variation in time and frequency of occurrence of these was wide but no consistent difference between the pectoralis and iliotibialis muscles was found. An attempt was made to integrate the results from the light and electron microscopes to gain insight into the nature of the modifications occurring in the histology of post mortem muscle fibres.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A new serotype of Pasteurella multocida associated with fowl cholera.

Gel-diffusion precipitin tests demonstrated an additional Pasteurella multocida serotype, designated serotype 16. Isolate P-2723, antigenically distinct from the other (previously reported) 15 serotypes, was from a turkey affected with fowl cholera. This serotype is not widely distributed. Isolate P-2723 was of mild virulence in turkeys, resulting in local infections in the hock joint and sternal bursa of only 1 of 9 turkeys exposed.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Nerve degeneration study of the source of afferent axonal endings in the carotid baroreceptor zone of the domestic fowl.

Axonal elements of the carotid baroreceptor zone of nine domestic fowls were examined with the electron microscope after either distal vagal ganglionectomy or midcervical vagotomy. The bare baroreceptor endings and the central axon of the encapsulated baroreceptor endings degenerated within 5 to 15 days after ganglionectomy. This was interpreted as Wallerian degeneration and indicated that these two types of baroreceptor endings are derived from the vagus nerve. Similar degenerative changes were not seen after midcervical vagotomy, thus indicating that both types of endings are derived from nerve cell bodies located peripheral to the midcervical site of vagotomy, i.e. in the distal vagal ganglion. The accessory axon of the encapsulated endings and the presumptive aminergic/peptidergic endings of the baroreceptor zone were affected neither by distal vagal ganglionectomy nor by midcervical vagotomy, and therefore were considered not to be derived from the vagus nerve.

Afferent Pathways↗
PubMed1984

Intramural granular cells in the arteries of the carotid body region of the domestic fowl.

The major blood vessels of the carotid body region of the domestic fowl were examined with both the light and electron microscope. With the light microscope, argyrophilic cells were found in the wall of the common carotid artery, carotid body artery, oesophagotracheobronchial artery, and the common trunk for the latter two arteries. With the electron microscope, cells containing granular vesicles were found in all the above mentioned arteries. In the wall of the common carotid artery two types of granular cell were found, one with small granular vesicles (60-140 nm) and the other with large granular vesicles (100-300 nm). Capillaries were not present amongst these cells, apposed axonal endings were infrequently seen, and there were no synapses. It is concluded that these cells do not have a chemoreceptor function but may secrete amines or peptides with a local action. Since the cells are located in the baroreceptor zone of the common carotid artery their secretions may modulate baroreceptor activity. In the other three arterial sites and on the distal vagal ganglion there were groups of granular cells characterised by small (60-140 nm) granular vesicles. These granular cells, together with their associated fenestrated capillaries, apposed axonal endings with synapses, and cells resembling carotid body Type II cells were interpreted as aberrant carotid body tissue, presumably with a chemoreceptor function.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

A histological study of post mortem changes in the skeletal muscle of the fowl (Gallus domesticus). II. The cytoarchitecture.

Changes in the histology of skeletal muscle at an ultrastructural level have been studied in the pectoralis thoracica and iliotibialis muscles of the fowl (Gallus domesticus). The carcasses were stored at 40 degrees C and samples removed at various times post mortem. The Z discs and I bands degenerate rapidly (less than 4 hours) but the thick filaments of the A band are remarkably resistant to change (greater than 24 hours). The sarcolemma, mitochondria, glycogen content, sarcotubular system and myonuclei also show marked changes in less than 4 hours. Myelin figures and autophagic vacuoles are among other features seen in post mortem tissue. There are more degenerate mitochondria and vesicular remnants of the sarcotubular system in the iliotibialis than in the pectoralis muscle, but this reflects a differing concentration of these organelles in vivo. No other consistent difference in the post mortem histology of these muscles has been observed.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Trophic effects of axonal elements upon the type 1 cells of the carotid body of the domestic fowl.

The carotid body Type 1 cells of twelve adult domestic fowls were examined with the electron microscope either 5-15 days after distal vagal ganglionectomy (3 birds) or from 5 to 462 days after midcervical vagotomy (9 birds). An increase in the number and size of Type 1 cell granular vesicles was noted after deafferentation by ganglionectomy. In vagotomised birds, degeneration and regeneration of the axonal elements of the carotid body were respectively accompanied by degeneration and then reappearance of the Type 1 cells. It was concluded that axonal elements of the carotid body exert a trophic influence on the Type 1 cells.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Degeneration of the distal vagal ganglion cells of the domestic fowl after section of their central processes.

The centrally directed axonal processes of the distal vagal ganglion cells were cut by midcervical vagotomy in nine domestic fowl, and the ganglion cells were examined electron microscopically after intervals of 5-462 days. During the first 5-41 days after operation, peripheral displacement of the nucleus, indentation of the nuclear membrane, dilation of the cisternae of the granular endoplasmic reticulum, depletion of membrane associated ribosomes, and peripheral displacement and fragmentation of the Golgi apparatus were found. These changes are interpreted as reactive responses to the axonal injury. From 207 days onwards, general loss of organelles and extensive vacuolation of the cytoplasm were observed. These changes were regarded as severely degenerative, to the point of cell death. Between 305 and 462 days many ganglion cells were lost, the few survivors apparently being normal except for numerous nuclear pores. Degenerative changes were also seen in satellite cells. It is concluded that severance of the central processes of the distal vagal ganglion cells of this avian species leads to the slow development of reactive and degenerative changes in many of the ganglion cells. These results are compared with those of similar experiments on mammals, in which the sensory ganglion cells appear to be totally unresponsive to the interruption of their centrally directed processes.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Deep pectoral myopathy: an experimental simulation in the fowl.

Surgical occlusion of the subclavian artery of domestic fowls has been found to induce a condition closely resembling, in location and histopathology, the deep pectoral myopathy of turkeys. The operative procedure is described and the significance of the collateral blood supply in the pathogenesis of the lesion is briefly discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Ultrastructure of aortic and pulmonary baroreceptors in the domestic fowl.

Baroreceptor regions are definitely present in the arterial wall of the aorta and pulmonary arteries of the domestic fowl. In such regions, the arterial wall is modified by the interruption and absence of the elastic laminae and smooth muscle cells. The baroreceptor endings are similar ultrastructurally to the baroreceptors of the mammalian aorta and carotid sinus; therefore they are slowly adapting. Some of the amine- or peptide-containing endings, which are present in the modified regions, share the same Schwann cell with the baroreceptor endings; they probably modulate the stimulus threshold of the baroreceptor endings. Likewise, some of the cholinergic endings share the same Schwann cell with the baroreceptor endings, and may form the efferent branch of a reflex arc and thereby modify the tension of the arterial musculature which is then registered by the baroreceptor endings. There is a possibility that aminergic anc cholinergic endings interact with each other since they sometimes share the same Schwann cell. The encapsulated endings which are reported in this investigation are similar to those of the avian carotid arteries, and they, too, should be slowly adapting to pressure changes in the arterial wall.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Mycoplasma gallisepticum infection in wild-type turkeys living in close contact with domestic fowl.

Mycoplasma gallisepticum was isolated from 2 wild-type turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo) and 1 domestic turkey living in close contact on a farm in Tehama County, California. Sinusitis was detected in 2 of 14 wild-type turkeys and in 1 of 12 feral broad-breasted bronze turkeys, but in none of several chickens on the premises. The entire mixed flock was captured, sinus aspirates were collected from affected birds, and blood samples were obtained from all birds for serologic testing. Blood samples also were obtained from 10 domestic turkeys on adjacent premises from which breeding stock had been borrowed. The M gallisepticum isolated from sinus aspirates was typed and inoculated into susceptible chickens, resulting in airsacculitis. California wild turkeys with and without histories of exposure to domestic fowl and wild turkeys shipped into California from Texas for release were tested for antibodies to M gallisepticum, using the plate agglutination test. Evidence of M gallisepticum infection was not found in wild turkeys at any location other than the original premises.

Air Sacs↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Oligopeptide maps of the matrix protein of a temperature-sensitive mutant (TS 303) of the fowl plague virus].

Oligopeptide maps of M proteins of "wild" fowl plague virus (FPV) and a temperature-sensitive mutant of FPV were compared with respect of gene. In maps of M proteins labeled with 14C-chlorella hydrolysate and 35S-methionine the mutant virus was found to lack one of oligopeptides present in maps of M proteins of the "wild" virus. The electrophoretic mobility of M proteins of ts 303 and FPV in 25% polyacrylamide gel was similar.

Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel↗
PubMed1984

The organum vascolosum laminae terminalis of the domestic fowl: a Golgi and ultrastructural study.

The organum vascolosum laminae terminalis (OVLT) of the fowl was studied both with the aid of the rapid Golgi method and at ultrastructural level. Small and medium-sized isodendritic neurons were observed after silver impregnation of the OVLT. Their processes often run towards the great number of blood capillaries of the organ. Small bipolar neurons were intermingled between isodendritic elements. A peculiar ultrastructural finding of the OVLT neurons was the presence of a variable amount of dense-core vesicles 90-150 nm in diameter in their cytoplasm. Numerous nerve fibers and terminals surrounded neurons, glial cells and capillaries of the OVLT. These terminals were classified into 3 main types according to the diameter of dense core vesicles observed in them. Statistical evaluations of the populations of dense core vesicles confirmed this subdivision. Type 3 terminals had ultrastructural features of monoaminergic endings, whereas type 1 and 2 terminals were probably peptidergic fibers. Neurohaemal contacts were observed. between terminals with large dense core vesicles (type 2) and blood capillaries of the OVLT.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

The distribution of pneumatisation in the skeleton of the adult domestic fowl.

The occurrence of pneumatisation in the skull of the adult domestic fowl was investigated in eight birds by gross and histological examination. It was found to occur regularly throughout the neurocranium and in the quadrate and variably in the mandible, but to be absent in the facial skeleton. Close agreement was found between gross and histological examination. The entire skeletons of fifty one adult birds all from the same hatch and kept under the same conditions were examined grossly for evidence of the occurrence and extent of pneumatisation. Previous findings for the skull were confirmed with the additional information that pneumatisation in the pterygoid was variable. Variation in the extent of skull pneumatisation was less than in the postcranial skeleton, where only cervical vertebrae 5-9 were found to be regularly pneumatised. The humerus and coracoid were variably pneumatised, often unilaterally. The os coxae and sternum had a very low incidence of pneumatisation. The three cockerels in the group appeared to be relatively well pneumatised. Some possible factors governing the occurrence and extent of pneumatisation in the skeleton are discussed.

Air↗
PubMed1981

Behavioural and body temperature effects of meningococcal lipopolysaccharide after intraventricular injection in adult fowls Gallus domesticus.

The effects of the meningococcal lipopolysaccharide (LPS), given into the II cerebral ventricle of adult fowls, were studied on behaviour and body temperature. Immediately after the administration a marked and dose- dependent behavioural sedation or sleep lasting over 2 hours or more according to the dose was observed. The body temperature effects of LPS were biphasic, i.e. and immediate initial phase of hypothermia lasting about 100 min, followed by a longer-lasting fever response. A pretreatment with phentolamine, an antagonist at alpha-adrenoceptors prevented the hypothermic phase following the endotoxin administration. In conclusion, present experiments show that in comparison to 0-somatic antigen of Shigella dysenteriae, meningococcal endotoxin possesses more marked behavioural effects and a different profile in body temperature effects.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Effect of administering two prostaglandin synthetase inhibitors (indomethacin and aspirin) on egg production in the domestic fowl (Gallus domesticus).

The injection of 50 mg/kg bodyweight of a prostaglandin synthetase inhibitor (indomethacin) brought about a delayed oviposition time in birds of three breeds of layers, whereas the injection of 5 mg indomethacin had no effect. The daily ingestion of up to 400 mg aspirin or up to 10 mg indomethacin for three weeks, or 750 mg aspirin or 200 mg indomethacin for two weeks had no effect on egg production, oviposition time, egg-shell water conductance, oviducal prostaglandin synthetase activity or bird behaviour. Prostaglandin synthetase activity was demonstrable in both control and treated birds only in the tubular glands of the shell gland. These observations suggest that prostaglandins play a minor role in normal reproductive activity in the female domestic fowl.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1983

Fusions within the mandible of the domestic fowl (Gallus gallus domesticus).

The articulations formed within the mandible of the domestic fowl by its constituent elements have been described and illustrated. The sutures identified were suturae angulosplenialis, angulosupra-angularis, articulare/pre-articulo-angularis, articulare/pre-articulosupra-angularis, dento-angularis, dentosplenialis, dentosupra-angularis and supra-angulosplenialis. Some degree of fusion was found to occur in all sutures except sutura supra-angulosplenialis. The range of fusion time and mean fusion time for each site was studied in a flock of Golden Comet pullets. Mean fusion times varied from 45-119 days post-hatching.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

The topographical anatomy and blood supply of the carotid body region of the domestic fowl.

The topographical anatomy of the carotid body region was investigated on both sides in 30 adult domestic fowls (Gallus gallus domesticus). On each side of the body the two parathyroid glands always adhered to each other, the caudal gland being the smaller. The right cranial parathyroid usually touched the thyroid gland, but on the left side the two glands were nearly always separate. The ultimobranchial gland was usually attached to the parathyroid glands on the left side, but was always well separated on the right side. The carotid body, the identity of which was checked by light and electron microscopy, was ovoid in shape, whitish in colour, and about 0.8 x 0.6 x 0.5 mm in size. It was almost always in direct contact with the medial surface of one or both parathyroid glands have commonly been portrayed astopographically separate from each other. The oesophagotracheobronchial artery, the artery to the carotid body, and the caudal thyroid artery arose close together, though in variable positions, from the lateral aspect of the common carotid artery. The artery to the carotid body was always the middle of the three. The venous drainage of the carotid body was associated with the veins of the parathyroid and ultimobranchial glands. The carotid body was innervated by a filament from the distal vagal ganglion. The topographical observations on the carotid body region have been compared with those of other authors. The cranial and caudal parathyroid glands have commonly been portrayed as topographically separate from each other. The carotid body has seldom been depicted in direct contact with the parathyroid glands. The size of the carotid body has invariably been shown far too large. These discrepancies are discussed and are attributed largely to the reliance by other authors on serial reconstruction rather than microdissection.

Animals↗