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Results for “EXISTENTIALISM”

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PubMed1989

Religiosity, schizotypal thinking, and schizophrenia.

The relationship between religiosity and the incidence of schizotypal thinking was investigated in a normal sample and in acute and chronic schizophrenic samples. The Rust Inventory of Schizotypal Cognitions was administered to measure schizotypal thinking, and two religiosity measures were developed. Religiosity had a significantly negative relationship with schizotypal thinking in normal subjects, while in schizophrenic patients the relationship was positive and significantly different. It is suggested that the process of existential growth of awareness in the normal development of religious belief, which is thought to be associated with schizotypal thinking, may have proceeded differently in persons suffering from schizophrenia.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Age, sex, and personality correlates of self-actualization in elderly adults.

The present study examined age, sex and personality correlates of self-actualization among older adults. The Personal Orientation Inventory and Personality Research Form were administered individually to 80 community men and women aged 56 yr.-84 yr. No main effect for sex was observed on inventory scores, but younger subjects (56 yr.-67 yr.) obtained higher scores than older subjects (68 yr.-84 yr.) on four subscales: Existentiality, Feeling Reactivity, Acceptance of Aggression and Capacity for Intimate Contact. Age was negatively correlated with Feeling Reactivity in both sexes; Inner-directedness decreased with age in men and Capacity for Intimate Contact diminished with age in women. For men, inventory scores were positively associated with the traits of Change and Endurance and negatively correlated with Abasement, Order and Succorance. For women, Impulsivity correlated positively and Order was associated negatively with scores on the inventory. These results suggest that the components of self-actualization are differentially influenced by age for men and women and that the traits accompanying self-actualization are sex-linked.

Aged↗
PubMed1994

The midlife transition: crisis or chimera.

The construct of the midlife crisis is examined on definitional, developmental, psychoanalytic, and existential dimensions, and the literature reviewed. The DSM-III-R criteria for Adjustment Disorder appear to subsume the midlife crisis paradigm, and only a small percentage of people high in neuroticism are prone to developmental crises. It is argued that the crisis model is a contemporary social construct that has outlived its usefulness.

Adjustment Disorders↗
PubMed1997

Relationship between time structure and procrastination.

The relationship between time structure and procrastination was investigated among 115 Irish undergraduate students. Significant negative zero-order correlations were found among scores for all five subscales of time structure and procrastination. A follow-up stepwise multiple regression indicated a significant multiple correlation (R = .61) between all five time structure subscale scores and procrastination. Significant predictors of procrastination were scores on the Time Structure subscales of Effective Organization followed by Sense of Purpose. These results suggest that strategies focusing on time management in conjunction with existential approaches of psychotherapy may be an effective intervention for reducing procrastination.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Spirituality in late adulthood.

MacDonald's Expressions of Spirituality Inventory was used to examine spirituality in late adulthood using a sample of 30 people (22 women, 8 men) whose mean age was 72.6 yr. While average scores are higher on scales measuring spiritual and religious beliefs and practices for the sample than for a standardization group of undergraduate students with a mean age of 21.0 yr., means are lower on scales measuring paranormal beliefs. Low scores on death anxiety are correlated only with Existential Well-being and age. And, while some religious behaviors such as frequent religious practice, prayer, and church attendance are correlated with some of the dimensions of spirituality, many of the scores on the Expressions of Spirituality Inventory scales are independent of self-reported religious behaviors.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Spirituality and complex partial epileptic-like signs.

Using a sample of 262 undergraduate volunteers, correlational and regressional analyses were completed to examine the relation of self-reported complex partial epileptic-like signs to a five-dimensional model of spirituality assessed by the Expressions of Spirituality Inventory. Analyses show that spirituality is significantly predictive of Complex Partial Epileptic-like Signs. Scores from subscales Paranormal Beliefs, Experiential/Phenomenological Dimension, and Existential Well-being uniquely accounted for significant portions of Complex Partial Epileptic-like Signs variance. ESI Cognitive Orientation Toward Spirituality significantly correlated with Complex Partial Epileptic-like Signs but it was not a significant predictor in regression analyses. ESI Religiousness was unrelated to Complex Partial Epileptic-like Signs in all analyses. This pattern of relations remained largely the same when participants' age, sex, and reported religious involvement were controlled. The paper includes a discussion of the meaning of the findings and suggestions for research.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Religion and perceived stress among undergraduates during fall 2001 final examinations.

To examine the relationship of religion and perceived stress, 97 undergraduate college students responded to the Perceived Stress Scale, the Spiritual Well-being Scale, and the Intrinsic/Extrinsic-Revised scale during a period of extreme national stressors during Fall 2001, namely, the September 11th terrorist attacks, anthrax scare, and war in Afghanistan, in addition to the local stressor of pending final college examinations. Scores on the Perceived Stress Scale were negatively correlated to scores on Existential Well-being (-.66), Religious Well-being (-.43), and Intrinsic Religious Orientation (-.44). Age was unrelated to all variables. Both the quality (well-being) of students' religious experience and the orientation of that experience were related to their perception of stress.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Positive illusions: positively correlated with subjective well-being, negatively correlated with a measure of personal growth.

Psychologists have long debated the benefits and costs of self-deceptive enhancement or positive illusions. Accurate perception of reality is central to the definitions of mental health proposed by many personality and clinical psychologists, but Taylor and Brown have suggested that having positive illusions is associated with increased happiness and satisfaction with life. One explanation for the conflicting assertions is that mental health, broadly defined, includes both subjective well-being and personal growth, distinguishable factors which are differentially related to positive illusions. For this study, 81 college students completed measures of positive illusions (Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding Self-deceptive Positivity and How I See Myself Questionnaire), subjective well-being (Satisfaction With Life Scale and Existential Anxiety Scale), and moral reasoning (Defining Issues Test) as an index of personal growth. As predicted, positive illusion composite scores were positively correlated with scores on the subjective well-being composite (r=.40) but negatively correlated with Defining Issues Test scores (r=-.25). The quadratic relationship between these measures of positive illusion and subjective well-being composites was not significant, indicating no support for an "optimal margin of illusion."

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Towards an ethos of value, mental health reform in the province of Ontario and psychosocial rehabilitation: a dialogue.

Mental health reform in Ontario is moving in the direction of community-based delivery of mental health services. At the same time psychosocial rehabilitation is emerging as a field of professional study for those who work in the community with individuals suffering from a mental illness. This paper offers a reflection on how terms popularized in mental health such as empowerment and value ought to communicate an existential movement rather than reified technological jargon.

Canada↗
PubMed1993

Ambivalence towards parenthood among pregnant women and their men.

369 pregnant women and 345 expectant fathers visiting antenatal clinics were examined by a questionnaire concerning attitudes towards pregnancy and parenthood. Data were processed by factor analysis and the degree of agreement to important factors was estimated. Attitudes were dominated by two conflicting views: children mean existential satisfaction and children mean restriction of freedom for women as well as for men. There was a tendency to deny the items concerning the disadvantages of having children. An important factor in the women's as well as in the men's analysis was the importance of own parents as models in parenthood. The findings from this unselected population of pregnant women and their men are consistent with earlier in-depth interviews. It can be concluded that ambivalence should be regarded as a normal constituent of the adaptation to pregnancy and parenthood. Experiences of own parents play an important role in the transition to parenthood. An important task for the medical profession should be to inform about ambivalence as a normal phenomenon as it, left unaccepted, may cause unnecessary anxiety and feelings of guilt.

Attitude↗
PubMed1996

Consultation-liaison psychiatry in an Australian oncology unit.

OBJECTIVE: To provide an overview of the work of a consultation-liaison (C-L) psychiatry service to an oncology unit in a university affiliated teaching hospital, with the aid of a comprehensive clinical database. METHOD: The MICROCARES prospective clinical database system was used to record data on all oncology inpatients referred to C-L psychiatry, and the hospital clinical database was used to compare referred inpatients with all oncology inpatients. RESULTS: Two hundred and seventy-one referrals were made in the 3 years from 1991 to 1993, a referral rate of 10.4%. The referred patients were younger but there was no bias in sex and marital status. The mean length of stay was twice that for all other oncology admissions, day cases excluded. The most frequent reasons for referral were coping problems, depression, terminal illness issues and anxiety. The most common psychiatric diagnoses were Systemic Family Problems (V codes, 24%), Mood Disorders (23%), Adjustment Disorders (16%) and Organic Mental Disorders (10%). Management involved family conferences in half of the patients and antidepressant medication in one-quarter. Concordance with pharmacological recommendations was 98%. Existential issues and family-centred care are discussed. CONCLUSIONS: Both individual and family-centred care is required in an oncology service; a dedicated liaison attachment offers considerable staff support. Psycho-oncology is underdeveloped in Australia compared to many overseas services; there is scope for substantial growth in preventive and supportive work.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Ethics in pediatric nursing: advocacy and the child's "determining self".

This article examines the evolving role of the nurse as patient advocate, building on Gadow's framework of "existential advocacy" (9) and Cooper's description of "covenantal relationships." (6) A new conception of advocacy relevant to pediatric nursing is proposed, based not on protection of patient autonomy, but instead emphasizing protection of the child's potential "determining self". This potential for self-determination is seen as an affirmation of the child's understanding and goals in his or her immediate circumstances which counters learned helplessness. Protection of the child's potential "determining self" is accomplished through the following nursing interventions: (1) alleviation of pain and discomfort, (2) thorough preparation of the child for procedures, (3) careful explanation to child and family about what will happen, how it will feel, and how child and family will be helped to cope, (4) inclusion of the family in planning care, and (5) safeguarding the family's decision-making prerogatives. A promise to care for the hospitalized child, based on Stenberg's notions of covenantal relationship, is seen as involving a commitment to the mastery of technical skills, an agreement to safeguard the patient, a promise to provide unqualified care, and a promise to free the patient from the fear of abandonment and unnecessary pain. It is argued that ethical practice in pediatric nursing may at times require that the nurse fulfill all of these commitments. It is also recognized, however, that certain organizational characteristics powerfully influence the ability of pediatric nurses to act in this new advocacy role. Characteristics of practice settings which are thought to facilitate or inhibit advocacy, such as staff nurse influence and nursing resources, are described.

Child↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Toward a new conceptualization of women's anger.

Most theorizing about women's anger has been based on cases of troubled women who sought psychotherapy. However, theories derived from clinical practice have subsequently been phrased in terms of women in general, with no disclaimer regarding their origin. Empirical evidence refutes many widely accepted assumptions and theories about women's anger. In this article, the hydraulic model of emotion is rejected, and existential and cognitive-behavioral theories are used as the basis for a new middle-range theory of women's anger. Both trait anger (general propensity to become angry) and modes of anger expression are included in the model. Appraisal concepts, modifying factors, and outcome variables are described. The model awaits use by clinicians and validation by researchers in the 1990s.

Anger↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Social support as experienced by Roman Catholic priests: the influence of vocationally imposed network restrictions.

This qualitative descriptive study explored the experience of social support as perceived by four Roman Catholic priests who are community caregivers subject to role-related stressors and who have vocational limitations placed on their social support networks. The data collection process consisted of two semistructured interviews employing open-ended questions. Content and concept analysis techniques yielded seven core themes (person-role disharmony, intimate connections, network leveling, moving networks, caregiver survival, vocation-person esteem, caring relationships), three prevailing themes (subsistent relationships, person-priest being, reciprocal fulfillment), and one contextual theme (presence). The priests actively sought support as a means of coping with the daily stress associated with their caregiving roles. Large and diffuse networks were unable to compensate for restrictions resulting from vows of celibacy, discord accompanying midlife transition, or conflicts associated with socially prescribed role expectations of the priesthood. The instability of their support networks resulting from mandatory transfers may have been a contributing factor. Existential presence, an enduring theme, was identified as an inherent quality of caregiving and social support.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A man's reach should exceed his grasp. The 1988 Philip Nichols Memorial Lecture.

Dr P. J. R. Nichols was the spark for two complementary initiatives, foundation of the Society for Research in Rehabilitation in Great Britain and establishment of this Journal. These initiatives were based on two insights, that rehabilitation would not make significant progress unless there was more rigorous and scholarly scrutiny of practice, and that responsibility for such advance would rest on multidisciplinary involvement. The development of the Society for Research in Rehabilitation is reviewed from these perspectives, and the Society's interaction with the relevant government department is examined. It is suggested that the focus on rehabilitation in the title of the Society poses problems, tending to foster differences between the various professional groups involved. The latter are reviewed in terms of their training and previous experience, making contrasts between an intellectual or scientific discipline and a branch of professional expertise; the dubious value of all-purpose research methods courses emerges from the analysis. There is a crisis in disability research--funding is hard to come by, there are no significant career prospects for those who might take up this work, and, in Great Britain at least, it has become increasingly difficult to make time for research because of the pressure of service commitments. At a deeper level, disability studies still await a paradigm; behavioural insights have yet to be assimilated fully, too often being regarded as factors to be woven into some mechanistic thread of understanding rather than appreciating that the challenge is existential rather than abstract.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

History, 20th Century↗
PubMed1994

Combined psychological and prosthetic management of tinnitus: a cross-sectional study of patients with severe tinnitus.

A consecutive clinical sample of 154 highly selected patients with severe problems due to tinnitus have been treated within a programme combining psychological and prosthetic approaches. The therapy works within the framework of existential psychology. The programme was evaluated by a postal questionnaire. Pre- and post-intervention comparisons of self-rated tinnitus loudness, major problems in getting to sleep and concentration showed significant improvement in all three domains. The patients greatly appreciated the programme and benefited from information on coping strategies, use of natural masking sounds and from reassurance about lack of serious pathology and prognosis. After intervention the patients were more active in sharing information about tinnitus with key persons, although the consequence in terms of greater empathy was discouraging. Two-thirds of the patients fitted with instruments as part of the programme still had their devices at follow-up. The intervention package has been evaluated as a whole, and therefore it is not possible to separate which part of the intervention each patient benefited from most. It is concluded that improvements in the lives of patients with severe problems due to tinnitus can be achieved within a management programme of this kind. The patients were divided into three severity groups according to pre-intervention impact of tinnitus upon life. Post-intervention evaluation showed that the two more afflicted groups had significantly greater benefit from the intervention in terms of self-rated tinnitus loudness and major problems in getting to sleep compared to the less afflicted group. A small subgroup of younger male political refugees was found less suitable for this type of programme. Both clinically and in the research area it is essential to specify the severity of tinnitus, and there is an urgent need to reach international consensus concerning this issue.

Adaptation, Psychological↗