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PubMed2000

Negative family-of-origin experiences: are they associated with perpetrating unwanted pursuit behaviors?

Parental divorce, history of parental relationship separation, perceptions of interparental conflict, and witnessing parental violence were retrospectively assessed in a sample of 213 college students from several regions in the United States, all of whom had suffered an unwanted break-up of an important romantic relationship. This study investigated whether these family-of-origin experiences were associated with perpetrating unwanted pursuit behaviors after the relationship break-up. Results indicated that male participants who had experienced either parental divorce or separation perpetrated more severe unwanted pursuit behavior than males who had not experienced parental divorce or separation or females from either divorced, separated, or intact families. For females, severe unwanted pursuit behavior perpetration was correlated with threatening and intense parental arguments. These findings suggest that a variety of types of negative parental relationship behavior may be risk factors for perpetrating severe unwanted pursuit behaviors. The gender-specificity and implications of these findings are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1975

Father absence, perceived, maternal behavior, and moral development in boys.

The rated and observed moral behavior, judgment, and affect of 120 preadolescent, predominantly lower-class boys from early-divorced (before the boys were 6), late-divorced (between 6 and 10), and parentally intact homes were investigated. In addition, the mothers' discipline (power assertive, inductive, and love withdrawal) and affection were examined by asking subjects about their mothers' methods of dealing with their transgressions. Moral behavior was assessed with resistance-to-temptation, self-criticism, altruism, reparation, and teacher-rating measures, while moral judgment was evaluated with 3 Kohlberg items and moral affect was investigated with 2 story-completion items maximizing guilt. The major findings were: (1) when relevant variables (IQ, SES, age, sibling status) were controlled, few differences were found between father-absent and father-present boys; (2) however, father-absent boys were reported by their teachers as less advanced in moral development than father-present boys; (3) the sons of the divorced women showed more "social deviation", according to their teachers, but were more advanced in level of moral judgment than were the sons of widows; (4) divorced women disciplined with more power assertion than widows, according to their sons' reports.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

["I tried to be as defiant as possible". Case histories with autobiographical diaries: relationship with the custodial parent during childhood as recalled by young adults].

The predominant structural orientation of divorce research which either ignores or under represents to a great extent the child's perspective and his/her agency is criticized. As a consequence of these methodological shortcomings not only the production of scientific knowledge but also professional practice working with children from divorced families might be negatively affected--especially the regulation of custody and visiting issues. Therefore, the aim of this article is to give children a voice in describing their own experiences of visits and relationships with the non-residential father or mother during childhood and adolescence (sometimes until adulthood). By presenting numerous detailed autobiographical narratives from children of divorced parents, the study revealed a great diversity of visiting patterns as well as different relationship qualities ranging from loving to negative. In addition, visiting patterns and relationship qualities were not always static but were dynamic and changed over time, whereby the child's personality and agency contributed to this diversity and these processes. Finally, methodological recommendations are offered and it is suggested that the child's perspective and agency should be included in research about children of divorce.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1981

Separation in Canada: new insights concerning marital dissolution.

"Interfaced between marriage and divorce lies an intermediate stage of separation which involves the emotional, physical, and sometimes legal termination of a marriage at some point in time. Examination of special cross-tabulations from the 1976 Census of Canada indicates that the proportion of the population separated is equal to or exceeds the proportion divorced in every five-year age category commencing at age fifteen. The difference between the levels of separation and divorce is most noticeable for the younger and older age ranges. Further differences are [evident] by sex and across provinces. Findings suggest that a reliance upon divorce statistics alone will lead to an underestimate of the magnitude of marital dissolution in Canada." (summary in FRE)

Age Factors↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Marriage among unwed mothers: whites, blacks and Hispanics compared.

CONTEXT: Much of the debate over welfare reauthorization centers on whether marriage promotion should play a key role. Few studies, however, have tracked the marriage and divorce histories of unwed mothers, including minority women, who are often the main targets of welfare reform. METHODS: Data from the 1995 National Survey of Family Growth were used to estimate the hazards of the transition to marriage for women who delayed childbearing until marriage and for teenagers and older women who had a nonmarital first birth, and of the transition to divorce among the ever-married. Life-table estimates calculated with these estimated transition hazards show the cumulative proportions married and divorced, by race and ethnicity, for women who had a nonmarital first birth and for those who did not. RESULTS Nonmarital childbearing reduces the likelihood of marriage. Some 82% of white women, 62% of Hispanics and 59% of blacks who had a nonmarital first birth had married by age 40; the corresponding proportions among those who avoided nonmarital childbearing were 89%, 93% and 76%, respectively. There is no evidence to suggest that the negative effect of nonmarital childbearing on marriage is caused by other observed or unobserved differences between unwed mothers and women who remain childless until marriage. Nonmarital childbearing raises the likelihood of divorce among unwed mothers who eventually marry, a finding that also varies by race and ethnicity. CONCLUSIONS: Marriage promotion policies should focus on lowering rates of nonmarital childbearing. Reductions in nonmarital childbearing, however, may not eliminate long-standing discrepancies in marriage rates between black and white women.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Marital disruption: determinants and consequences on the lives of women in a rural area of Bangladesh.

This study, carried out during the second half of 1995, investigated the predisposing factors leading to marital disruption and its consequences on the lives of women in Matlab, a rural area of Bangladesh. Both qualitative and quantitative methods were used. Data were generated from detailed case studies and quantitative surveys of a small number of maritally-disrupted women. Additional data were used from the ongoing demographic surveillance system of ICDDR,B: Centre for Health and Population Research. The findings revealed that divorced and abandoned women and their children were extremely vulnerable, both socially and economically. Various factors that influence marital disruption were identified, the most important ones being: aspects determining the process of marriage, various family problems due to non-fulfillment of demand for dowry, mutual distrust, extramarital relationships, quality of sexual life, education of women, and other behavioural characteristics of individuals. Level of education of the wife showed an inverse relationship with the risk of divorce. Women who did not have livebirths from their first pregnancy had a higher risk of divorce. The effect of pregnancy outcome was dependent on the level of education of women. Illiterate women with unsuccessful pregnancy outcomes were at the highest risk of being divorced, with the lowest risk for women with some education and a livebirth. The findings clearly indicate the need for broad-based social development programmes for women, especially to enhance their education to reduce their vulnerability to marital instability and its consequences.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Childhood parental loss and adult depression.

Previous research demonstrates convincingly that childhood parental deaths and parental divorces have implications for adult well-being as defined by levels of depression, educational attainment, early age at marriage, and risk of divorce. What this research has failed to examine are the interconnections among these outcomes. Specifically, are the socioeconomic and marital outcomes of parental loss implicated in the observed higher levels of depression? This analysis takes a first step in answering this question. Using data from a sample of 1,755 married men and women, I estimated regression models which examine the extent to which adult socioeconomic status and current marital quality mediate and/or modify the loss-depression relationship. Parental divorce was strongly related to socioeconomic and marital outcomes. Furthermore, current marital quality contributed importantly to understanding the higher levels of depressed mood observed among persons from divorced homes. Parental death was much more weakly related to socioeconomic and marital outcomes, and these outcomes played little role in explaining its relationship to depression. Finally, all of these relationships were stronger among women than men. These findings support the utility of life-course approaches to understanding adult mental health.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1982

Marital stability and congenital heart disease.

The incidence of divorce or legal separation was studied in 438 families of children born with heart disease who entered the New England Regional Infant Cardiac Program between 1968 and 1973. The parents were interviewed when the children were 5 1/2 years old. The rate of divorce in 438 families of children with critical congenital heart disease was not significantly different from the rate in two comparison groups: (1) 25 families of children whose cardiac defect was spontaneously cured, and (2) 26 families of children catheterized in infancy for suspected cardiac defect but who were found to be free of heart disease. Rates of divorce or legal separation for the three groups were: critical congenital heart disease, 12.1%, spontaneously cured, 4.2% free of heart disease, 11.5% these rates were not significantly different. The average national divorce rate was 20.3% for the same period.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Catholicism and marriage in the United States.

This study examines the effects of a Catholic background on age at first marriage, the odds of never marrying, and the odds of ever divorcing. Estimates using Catholic upbringing are compared with estimates using Catholic at the time of the survey. A case is made that if the latter measure of Catholicism is used, serious selection bias problems occur in some cases because this measure excludes defectors and includes converts. Further, it is shown that a Catholic upbringing generally has no effect on men's age at first marriage and has a positive effect on the age when women marry. It is also shown that older Baptist men are substantially more likely than Catholic men to experience a divorce. Older Catholic women are somewhat less likely to experience a divorce than non-Baptist Protestant women. There is no Catholic effect on the odds that younger men and women will divorce.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Interparental conflict and adolescent problem behavior: an examination of mechanisms.

The purpose of the present study was to examine several competing hypotheses which have been utilized to explain the negative relationship between interparental conflict and child/adolescent problems. These mechanisms of operation have included modelling, genetic transmission, disrupted parenting, the role of perceptual/appraisal processes of the conflict, and an inhibition hypothesis. One hundred and forty-two young adolescents and their mothers served as subjects. Eighty were from intact families and 62 from recently divorced families. Data were collected from the perspective of the adolescent, mother, behavioral observer, and social studies teacher. The results indicated that intact and divorced samples had to be considered separately as different pathways contributed to adolescent behavior problems in the two samples. For externalizing problems, a direct path between interparental conflict and problem behavior existed for the divorced sample whereas an indirect path through the adolescent's perceptions of the conflict existed for the intact sample. The different context in which the interparental conflict occurred for the two samples was offered as an explanation of this difference. For internalizing problems a significant direct path existed between conflict and problem behavior for both samples; however, the indirect paths through the adolescent's perceptions and through poor parenting skills contributed only for the divorced sample. The results suggest that various mechanisms appear to operate in influencing how interparental conflict influences behavior problems of young adolescents. Both the type of problem examined and the marital status of the parents appear important in determining the relative impact of the mechanisms. Implications for the behavior therapist are noted.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Childlessness and the psychological well-being of older persons.

OBJECTIVES: Rapid growth in the size of the childless elderly population has prompted concerns about the negative effects of childlessness on psychological well-being. This study adds to this line of inquiry by examining the effects of childlessness on two important dimensions of elderly persons' psychological well-being: loneliness and depression. METHODS: Using the 1993 Asset and Health Dynamics Among the Oldest Old data set, the authors estimated logistic and ordinary least squares regression models of psychological well-being for a nationally representative sample of people aged 70 and older (N = 6,517). RESULTS: Childlessness per se did not significantly increase the prevalence of loneliness and depression at advanced ages, net of other factors. There also was no statistical evidence for the hypothesis that childlessness increases loneliness and depression for divorced, widowed, and never married elderly persons. Sex, however, altered how childlessness and marital status influenced psychological well-being. Divorced, widowed, and never married men who were childless had significantly higher rates of loneliness compared with women in comparable circumstances; divorced and widowed men who were childless also had significantly higher rates of depression than divorced and widowed women. DISCUSSION: The findings suggest that it is important to understand the consequences of childlessness in the context of marital status and sex.

Aged↗
PubMed1989

An epidemiological study on marital status and cancer incidence.

The relationship between marital status and cancer incidence was examined based on 49,191 incident cases aged 30 or over in 1980-1984 by using the data from Aichi Cancer Registry and census data. Although married and widowed people did not show increased incidence for any cancer site studied, single and divorced people showed statistically significantly increased or decreased risks for several sites of cancer. Single males showed an increased risk for esophageal cancer and a decreased risk for lung cancer. Divorced males showed increased risks for cancers of the mouth & pharynx, esophagus, liver, skin and brain. Single females showed increased risks for cancers of the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, liver, pancreas, lung, breast, corpus uteri, ovary & fallopian tube and other female genital organs and a decreased risk for cervical cancer. Divorced females showed increased risks for cancers of the larynx, breast, all parts of uterus and cervix uteri and a decreased risk for biliary tract cancer. The increased risk for breast cancer in single females was more pronounced in older age groups and the increased risks for several sites of cancer in divorced people were more pronounced in younger age groups. These findings may be partly explained by differences in reproductive factors and life style, especially smoking and drinking habits.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Communication, conflict, and commitment: insights on the foundations of relationship success from a national survey.

The key relationship dynamics of communication, conflict, and commitment were investigated using data from a randomly sampled, nationwide phone survey of adults in married, engaged, and cohabiting relationships. Findings on communication and conflict generally replicated those of studies using more indepth or objective measurement strategies. Negative interaction between partners was negatively associated with numerous measures of relationship quality and positively correlated with divorce potential (thinking or talking about divorce). Withdrawal during conflict by either or both partners, though quite common, was associated with more negativity and less positive connection in relationships. The most frequently reported issue that couples argue about in first marriages was money, and in re-marriages it was conflict about children. Overall, how couples argue was more related to divorce potential than was what they argue about, although couples who argue most about money tended to have higher levels of negative communication and conflict than other couples. Further, while the male divorce potential was more strongly linked to levels of negative interaction, the female was more strongly linked to lower positive connection in the relationship. Consistent with the commitment literature, higher reported commitment was associated with less alternative monitoring, less feeling trapped in the relationship, and greater relationship satisfaction.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

The role of marital status in health services expenditures for psychiatric outpatients.

This study tested the hypothesis that married psychiatric outpatients would have lower total health services expenditures than divorced or separated patients. Chart review of the 471 individuals attending an academic medical center outpatient psychiatric clinic during 1994 identified 131 married, 40 separated, and 93 divorced patients. Separated men had significantly higher average total charges ($16,890) than married ($5,279) or divorced ($5,539) men by one-way ANOVA (p < .05). The nonparametric Mann-Whitney test also showed that separated men had higher charges than married or divorced men. There were no differences between marital status groups for women.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

Childhood in sociodemographic perspective.

This article reviews the emerging sociodemographic literature on the relationships linking children and their families, by focusing on 4 topics: (1) the short-term implications for children of parents' family behavior, (2) the short-term implications for parents of the number and ages, or spacing, of their children, (3) the long-term implications of childhood family experiences for subsequent adult behavior, and (4) the probable family circumstances of children in the future. Studies of how parents influence children found that (1) increases in illegitimate fertility and divorce led to a large rise in the proportion of children living in 1-parent families, usually with the mother, and in stepfamilies; (2) children in families maintained by mothers, but not in stepfamilies, experience numberous social, economic, and psychological disadvantages; (3) contrary to the popular stereotype, white children in families maintained by mothers are more likely than black children in such families either to be living with or to receive financial assistance from extended family members; and (4) declining fertility and birth cohort size may have led to reductions in the welfare of children compared to the welfare of the elderly during the last 20 years. Studies of how children influence parents found that 1) the presence of at least 1 child probably reduced marital satisfaction; 2) the presence of a small number of children, especially preschool children, deters parental divorce; 3) children reduce remarriage probabilities for young mothers, but increase them for older mothers; and 4) at least the 1st and 2nd child probably reduce family income and savings. Studies of how childhood experiences affect individuals in adulthood find that 1) divorce of one's parents reduces one's own marriage probabilities and increases one's own divorce probabilities; 2) childhood stepfamilies have little effect on adult circumstances; 3) contrary to the popular stereotype children without siblings are not disadvantaged compared to other children; 4) an increasing number of siblings leads to reduced educational attainments; and 5) increasing educational mobility among men with small or medium numbers of siblings accounts for the increase observed for all men during this century. Recent projections suggest that 50-75% of the 1980 birth cohort may live in a 1-parent family during childhood, with a range of 40-70% for whites and a range of 85-95% for blacks.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Occupation, marital status, and low-grade inflammation: mutual confounding or independent cardiovascular risk factors?

OBJECTIVE: We explored the relationships between inflammatory proteins, occupation, and marital status, and their independent associations with incidence of cardiovascular disease (CVD). METHODS AND RESULTS: Five inflammation-sensitive proteins (ISPs) (fibrinogen, ceruloplasmin, haptoglobin, alpha1-antitrypsin, orosomucoid) were measured in 6075 apparently healthy men. Incidence of coronary events and stroke was followed over 18 years in relation to occupation and marital status. All ISPs showed higher concentrations in divorced men and in manual workers. Except for fibrinogen, this remained significant after adjustments for confounding factors. Adjusted for traditional cardiovascular risk factors, incidence of coronary events was significantly increased in unskilled manual workers and in divorced men. The relative risks were slightly reduced after further adjustments for ISPs (from 1.79 to 1.70 in unskilled manual workers; from 1.58 to 1.51 in divorced men). All ISPs were significantly associated with incidence of coronary events, after adjustments for traditional risk factors. This relationship was essentially unchanged after further adjustments for occupation and marital status. CONCLUSIONS: Inflammation could contribute to, but not fully explain, the increased cardiovascular risk in manual workers and divorced men. Although the ISPs vary greatly by occupational and marital status, this does not confound the relationship between ISPs and incidence of CVD.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Prevalence and correlates of elder abuse and neglect in a geriatric psychiatry service.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence and correlates of 4 types of elder abuse and neglect in a geriatric psychiatry service. METHOD: We conducted a cross-sectional retrospective chart review of new in- and outpatients seen by the Montreal General Hospital Division of Geriatric Psychiatry in one calendar year. RESULTS: Abuse or neglect was suspected or confirmed in 20 (16%) of 126 patients, comprising financial abuse in 16 (13%), neglect in 7 (6%), emotional abuse in 5 (4%), physical abuse in 3 (2%), and multiple abuse in 7 (6%). On bivariate analysis, patients living with nonspouse family, friends, or other persons were significantly more likely to have suffered abuse than were those living with their spouse or in a supervised setting (OR 10.5; 95%CI, 2.3 to 47.8); widowed, divorced, or separated patients were significantly more likely to have suffered abuse than were married patients (OR 4.7; 95%CI, 1.02 to 22.0). Nonsignificant trends included female sex (OR 4.1; 95%CI, 0.89 to 18.6); alcohol abuse (OR 2.1; 95%CI, 0.71 to 6.2); behaviour problems (OR 1.9; 95%CI, 0.71 to 5.2); and chronic cognitive impairment (OR 1.4; 95%CI, 0.55 to 3.8). Although living situation with nonspouse family, friends, or others and marital status of widowed, divorced, or separated were significantly associated with abuse when examined in separate logistic regression models, both were nonsignificant when examined together, suggesting collinearity. Both were retained in the model because they probably represent different aspects of vulnerability. The final model included living situation with nonspouse family, friends, or others (OR 6.1; 95%CI, 0.75 to 49.5) and widowed, divorced, or separated marital status (OR 2.4; 95%CI, 0.21 to 26.8). Nonsignificant trends included female sex (OR 2.6; 95%CI, 0.45 to 14.4); alcohol abuse (OR 2.2; 95%CI, 0.59 to 7.9); and lowest quartile on the Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF) scale (GAF < 35; OR 2.0; 95%CI, 0.64 to 6.0). CONCLUSIONS: The practical implications of our study are that elder abuse and neglect are common among patients referred to geriatric psychiatry services, that such services should have access to multidisciplinary expertise and resources to deal with abuse, and that certain situations may signal higher risk. In our setting, the situation of living with nonspouse family, friends, or other persons in a nonsupervised setting and a history of family disruption by widowhood, divorce, or separation were significant correlates of abuse. Suggestive but nonsignificant trends of potential importance (OR > or = 2.0) included female sex, alcohol abuse, and lowest quartile of functional status. Study limitations include a cross-sectional retrospective chart review design, a clinically derived sample, a small sample size, and a lack of structured instruments for several variables.

Aged↗
PubMed1997

Case vignette: unanticipated propinquity.

CASE VIGNETTE: UNANTICIPATED PROPINQUITY. Dr. Marge N. O'Vera has a reputation in the community as a thoughtful, caring, and highly ethical psychotherapist. For more than a year she has been treating Greta Grievance, helping her to cope with emotional and financial insecurities in the aftermath of a highly contentious divorce. During a therapy session, Ms. Grievance tells Dr. O'Vera that she has decided to sue the attorney who represented her during the divorce. Ms. Grievance believes that he did not represent her interests effectively and that she foolishly took his advice in accepting a very inferior settlement. She has retained another attorney who, she tells O'Vera, will soon be calling to request information on the stress of the divorce and Ms. Grievance's continuing need for therapy. Dr. O'Vera will be asked to testify as to the harm caused to her client and resulting treatment expenses. As Ms. Grievance gets up to leave, she tells Dr. O'Vera, "I'm so glad you'll help me teach that awful Tom Tort a lesson." As she hears the name of Attorney Tort for the first time, Dr. O'Vera begins to sweat. Thomas Tort, attorney at law, is also a client of hers. She had no idea that he had been Ms. Grievance's divorce lawyer. She has treated him for recurring major depression over several years and knows that he probably was sufficiently depressed so as to compromise his professional work at the time he represented Ms. Grievance. When she is named as an expert witness for the plaintiff, Attorney Tort will learn that his therapist was also treating Ms. Grievance. At the same time, her duty of confidentiality precludes her informing others that Tort is also her client. What is Dr. O'Vera to do?

Altruism↗