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PubMed2004

Use of a topical disinfectant as part of a hoof care programme for horses with diseases of the hoof capsule.

Twenty-three horses with persistent hoof horn defects were treated topically with a hoof disinfectant as part of a hoof care programme for a year. The active ingredients of the disinfectant were a poloaximer-iodine complex, ethylenediamine dihydriodide, isopropyl alcohol and propylene glycol. Hoof trimmings were taken at the start of the study and every six weeks, and examined by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. At the beginning of the study all the horn samples contained large numbers of bacteria, and samples from eight of the horses also had fungal hyphae intermingled with the bacteria. After the application of the hoof disinfectant and adjustments to their diet, there were rapid improvements in the gross appearance of the feet of all the horses; some of them improved within two to three weeks and by 12 weeks the horn quality of all the horses had greatly improved.

2-Propanol↗
PubMed1998

Aging of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts in river water and their susceptibility to disinfection by chlorine and monochloramine.

Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts were aged in waters from both the St. Lawrence River and the Ottawa River. In situ survival experiments were carried out by incubating the oocysts in either dialysis cassettes or microtubes floated into an overflow tank. A significant portion of the oocysts survived in the test waters for several weeks. Oocyst survival in the St. Lawrence River was better in membrane-filtered (0.2 microm-pore diameter) water than in unfiltered water, suggesting that biological antagonism may play a role in the environmental fate of the parasite. Oocysts aged in river waters under in situ conditions and control oocysts kept refrigerated in synthetic water (100 ppm as CaCO3); pH 7.0) were subjected to the same disinfection protocol. Aged oocysts were at least as resistant as, if not more resistant than, the control oocysts to disinfection. This indicates that the oocysts surviving in the water environment may be just as difficult to inactivate by potable water disinfection as freshly shed oocysts. Therefore, water treatment should not be based on the assumption that environmental oocysts may be more easily inactivated than freshly shed oocysts. First-order kinetics die-off rates varied from one river to another (from 0.013 to 0.039 log(10).day(-1)) and from one experiment to another with water from the same river collected at different times. Calculation of the die-off rates based on either in vitro excystation or in vitro excystation in combination with total counts (overall die-off rates) showed that the assessment of oocyst viability by microscopic methods must account for the total oocyst loss observed during long-term inactivation assays of river waters.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1983

Rotavirus inactivation by chemical disinfectants and antiseptics used in hospitals.

Nosocomial outbreaks of rotaviral gastroenteritis are a common occurrence. Although proper disinfection practices in the hospital environment are considered to be important in the prevention and control of such outbreaks, very little information has been available on the rotavirus-inactivating capacity of chemical disinfectants and antiseptics commonly used in hospitals. In view of this, 11 such products were selected and screened for their capacity to bring about at least a 3 log10 reduction in the plaque titre of rotavirus SA-11 after a contact time of 1-30 min. Consept "D" (1:100), D.R.X. (1:80), Dustbane Germicidal (1:80), Hibitane, and Wescodyne (1:200) were found to be ineffective under these test conditions even in the absence of an added organic load. The virucidal capacity of Savlon (1:200) and Zephiran was completely neutralized when single-strength tryptose phosphate broth was added to the virus-disinfectant mixture to simulate an organic load. Cidex (2% acid glutaraldehyde), Proviodine (10% solution of povidone-iodine), Septisol (0.75% hexachlorophene), and Sana Rinse (70% isopropylalcohol, 0.1% hexachlorophene) were able to produce at least a 3 log10 (99.9%) reduction in the virus plaque titre even in the presence of added organic matter. These findings should be of help in the prevention and control of outbreaks of rotaviral diarrhea in the hospital environment.

Anti-Infective Agents, Local↗
PubMed2000

Systematic monitor disinfection is effective in limiting HCV spread in hemodialysis.

BACKGROUND: Patients on chronic hemodialysis are at high risk of HCV infection due to nosocomial transmission. The strict adhesion to universal precautions is the first step in prevention, but other simple tools such as systematic monitor disinfection and the use of separate machines for anti-HCV-positive patients need to be evaluated. METHODS: A 5-year prospective study was carried out in 4 dialysis centers enrolling 135 patients. General precautions were adopted, but anti-HCV-positive patients were not isolated. In period A, lasting 24 months, monitor disinfection was performed after each dialysis session with sodium hypochlorite; peracetic acid was also used 3 times a week. In period B, lasting 36 months, 3 dialysis units (77 patients) prolonged the same preventive protocol of period A, while another unit (58 patients) also adopted the use of separate machines for anti-HCV-positive subjects. A third-generation ELISA anti-HCV test was performed every 2 months throughout the study. RESULTS: Anti-HCV antibodies were initially detected in 43 patients (31.8%), prevalence rate ranging from 25 to 39.4%. One seroconversion occurred in period A, with an overall seroconversion rate of 0.54%/year. Also in period B one seroconversion occurred (unit 2), seroconversion rate of 0.36%/year. Therefore the mean seroconversion rate throughout the 5 years was 0.43%/year. CONCLUSION: Systematic monitor disinfection may be a simple and quite effective tool to avoid nosocomial transmission of HCV infection in the hemodialysis setting. In our opinion its use is mandatory. The use of separate machines for anti-HCV-positive patients seems unnecessary.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

In vitro infection and disinfection of dentinal tubules.

An in vitro model for dentinal tubule infection of root canals was developed. Cylindrical dentin specimens, 4 mm high with a diameter of 6 mm and a canal 2.3 mm wide, were prepared from freshly extracted bovine incisors. The cementum was removed from all dentin blocks. The tubules were opened by four-minute treatments with 17% EDTA and 5.25% NaOCl before being infected with Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212 in yeast extract-glucose broth. Bacteria rapidly invaded the tubules. After three weeks of incubation, a heavy infection was found 400 micron from the canal lumen, and the front of the infection reached 1000 micron in some blocks. Camphorated paramonochlorophenol (CMCP) and a calcium hydroxide compound, Calasept, were tested for their disinfecting efficacy toward E. faecalis-infected dentin. Liquid CMCP rapidly and completely disinfected the dentinal tubules, whereas CMCP in gaseous form disinfected tubules less rapidly. Calasept failed to eliminate, even superficially, E. faecalis in the tubules. The method used in bacteriological sampling allowed for sequential removal of 100-micron-thick zones of dentin from the central canal toward the periphery. Control specimens were uniformly infected and yielded growth in bur samples up to some 500 microns from the surface. The model proved quite sensitive and seems suitable for in vitro testing of root canal medicaments.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Full- vs. partial-mouth disinfection in the treatment of periodontal infections: short-term clinical and microbiological observations.

In a standard periodontal treatment strategy with consecutive root planings (per quadrant at a one- to two-week interval), re-infection of a disinfected area might occur before completion of the treatment. This study examines, both clinically and microbiologically, whether a full-mouth disinfection within 24 hours significantly improves the outcome of periodontal treatment. Ten patients with advanced chronic periodontitis were randomly allocated to a test and a control group. The patients from the control group received scalings and root planings as well as oral hygiene instructions per quadrant at two-week intervals. Full-mouth disinfection in the test group was sought by the removal of all plaque and calculus (in two visits within 24 hours). In addition, at each of these visits, the tongue was brushed with a 1% chlorhexidine gel for one min and the mouth rinsed with a 0.2% chlorhexidine solution for two min. Furthermore, subgingival chlorhexidine (1%) irrigation was performed in all pockets. The recolonization of the pockets was retarded by oral hygiene and 0.2% chlorhexidine rinses during two weeks. The clinical parameters were recorded, and plaque samples were taken from the right upper quadrant at baseline and after one and two months. The test group patients showed a significantly higher reduction in probing depth for deep pockets at both follow-up visits (p < 0.05). At the one-month visit, differential phase-contrast microscopy revealed significantly lower proportions of spirochetes and motile rods in the test group (p = 0.01). Culturing showed that the test group harbored significantly fewer pathogenic organisms at one month (p = 0.005).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Electron-microscopic study of the bactericidal effect of OPB-2045, a new disinfectant produced from biguanide group compounds, against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.

The bactericidal effect of OPB-2045, a new disinfectant produced from biguanide group compounds, against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), MRSA IID 1677, was investigated by transmission electron microscopy. OPB-2045 showed strong bactericidal activity against MRSA. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of OPB-2045 against the test strain were 0.78 and 1.56 microg mL(-1), respectively. The test bacteria were incubated in the presence of OPB-2045 at 1/2 MIC (0.39 microg mL(-1)), 1 MIC (0.78 microg mL(-1)), 2 MIC (1 MBC, 1.56 microg mL(-1)), 4 MIC (2 MBC, 3.13 microg mL(-1)) or 10 MIC (5 MBC, 7.8 microg mL(-1)) at 37 degrees C for 30 s, 3 min, 30 min or 6h. The morphology of the cells was examined by transmission electron microscopy. The cell damage observed after 30-min or 6-h incubation in the presence of OPB-2045 at 1/2 or 1 MIC was the same as that at 2, 4 or 10 MIC. The numbers of damaged MRSA cells increased according to the increase in concentration of added disinfectant, and the image of bacteriolysis was observed, too. After treatment at 1/2 or 1 MIC, a few leaking cells were recognized, but no destroyed cells were found. No morphological changes were observed after treatment at 1 or 2 MIC for 30 s, 3 min or 30 min. When the incubation time was extended to 6 h, morphological changes in the MRSA cells treated at 1 or 2 MIC were observed. When examining the relationship between the numbers of surviving bacteria and the MIC (MBC) values in soybean casein digest broth, no decrease in MRSA cell numbers was recognized in the untreated control or at 1/2 MIC, but a marked decrease in MRSA cell numbers was recognized as the OPB-2045 concentration was increased. The new disinfectant OPB-2045 would make a useful contribution to the medical field for the prevention of infections caused by pathogenic bacteria such as MRSA.

Anti-Infective Agents, Local↗
PubMed1999

Electron-microscopic study of the bactericidal effect of OPB-2045, a new mono-biguanide disinfectant produced from biguanide group compounds, against Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

The bactericidal activity of OPB-2045 (1-(3,4-dichlorobenzyl)-5-octylbiguanide monohydrochloride hemihydrate) at several concentrations against Pseudomonas aeruginosa IFO 13275 was investigated morphologically by transmission and scanning electron microscopy. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of OPB-2045 against P. aeruginosa were the same, at 12.5 microg mL(-1), suggesting that it may be a suitable disinfectant for use in the medical field. Test bacteria were treated at concentrations of one half the MIC value (6.25 microg mL(-1)), the MIC value (12.5 microg mL(-1)), twice the MIC value (25 microg mL(-1)) or ten times the MIC value (125 microg mL(-1)) at 37 degrees C for 30 min or 6 h and the cells were then examined by transmission and scanning electron microscopy. The cell damage evident after 6h incubation was greater than observed after 30 min incubation. Especially, at one half the MIC, no cell damage was evident after 30 min incubation, but damaged cells were observed after 6 h incubation. The proportion of empty cells of P. aeruginosa increased as the concentration of added disinfectant was increased, and the release of intracellular components was also recognized. These results suggest that OPB-2045 acts on the cell membrane and cell wall of P. aeruginosa, and destroys their integrity at the level of the MIC (MBC). With the increase in OPB-2045 concentration and the increase in reaction time, the bactericidal effect increased markedly. Agglutination of the cells was observed at high concentrations of OPB-2045. This indicates that the bactericidal effect at high concentrations of OPB-2045 differs from that at low concentrations. A clear cell-damaging effect against the test strain was recognized which was dependent on the OPB-2045 concentration and the incubation time. From experiments concerning the relationship between the number of surviving bacteria and MIC values in soybean casein digest broth, the decrease in bacterial numbers was found to be dependent on the OPB-2045 concentration. We conclude that it would be a useful contribution to the medical field to supply a new disinfectant to be employed in preventive countermeasures against infection caused by pathogenic bacteria.

Anti-Infective Agents, Local↗
PubMed1995

Correlation between the adsorption tendency of cationic disinfectant onto a synthetic multibilayer and its minimum inhibitory concentration.

Minimum inhibitory concentration (the lowest concentration able to inhibit growth of microorganisms after 48 h contract) could be useful as a measure of bactericidal activity of cationic disinfectants. The relation between the minimum inhibitory concentration (microgram/ml) of cationic disinfectants against gram-negative microorganisms and the adsorption tendency of these compounds onto a lipid bilayer was therefore studied using a quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) coated with synthetic multibilayer film. The adsorbed amounts of these compounds were obtained from the frequency decrease of the QCM in aqueous solutions. The calculated partition coefficients showed a good correlation with the minimum inhibitory concentrations of cationic disinfectants against E. coli and K. pneumoniae, supporting the validity of this method for predicting minimum inhibitory concentration. The results suggest that effective antibacterial agents are only slightly absorbed, and may mostly penetrate through the lipid bilayer.

Adsorption↗
PubMed2000

A national survey of disinfection techniques for flexible nasendoscopes in UK ENT out-patient departments.

Flexible fibre-optic nasendoscopes have become a ubiquitous ENT out-patient tool for the inspection of the nasopharynx, larynx and hypopharynx. Disinfection of the instrument between patient use is important to prevent potential spread of infection but the methods used vary considerably. We designed a questionnaire which was piloted and then sent to 115 UK ENT out-patient departments to establish current UK practice. Most units (67 per cent) use a chemical soak system but the type of chemical disinfectant, the method of delivery and the duration of soak varied considerably. A few hospitals use a disposable plastic sheath system and others simply wipe the instrument with an alcohol swab in between patient use. The protocols for disinfection after high risk patients e.g. human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B varied from hospital to hospital. The results demonstrate a lack of standard practice that is wasteful of financial resources and may expose patients to unnecessary risk. There is a need for an authoritative ENT body to publish national guidelines as may be found in other specialties and other countries.

Disinfection↗
PubMed1979

Bacterial growth in ampholytic disinfectant solutions.

Large numbers of live bacteria were isolated from solutions of 2 ampholytic disinfectants supplied from a built-in predosing system. They were resistant to and proliferated in these disinfectants. Bacteria were eradicated by employing a 3rd type of ampholytic disinfectant in the system.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Microbial adherence to and disinfection of laryngoscopes used in office practice.

This study reports the appropriate disinfection methods for flexible and rigid laryngoscopes when used in an outpatient setting. This investigation presents evidence that an appreciable number of laryngoscopes are contaminated during use. A brief tap water rinse serves to eliminate gross soil of host origin known to interfere with disinfectant efficacy. Disinfection with 3.2% glutaraldehyde (Cidexplus) for 10 minutes effectively eliminated microbial contaminants. Since potentially harmful microorganisms were included among the more than 100 isolates during our baseline experiments, the need to eliminate bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa from laryngoscopes is obvious and can be attained readily.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Effects of disinfectants in renal dialysis patients.

Patients receiving hemodialysis therapy risk exposure to both disinfectants and sterilants. Dialysis equipment is disinfected periodically with strong solutions of hypochlorite or formaldehyde. More recently, reuse of dialyzers has introduced the use of additional sterilants, such as hydrogen peroxide and peracetic acid. The use of these sterilants is recognized by the center staffs and the home patient as a potential risk, and residue tests are carried out for the presence of these sterilants at the ppm level. Gross hemolysis resulting from accidental hypochlorite infusion has led to cardiac arrest, probably as a result of hyperkalemia. Formaldehyde is commonly used in 4% solutions to sterilize the fluid paths of dialysis controllers and to sterilize dialyzers before reuse. It can react with red cell antigenic surfaces leading to the formation of anti-N antibodies. Such reactions probably do not occur with hypochlorite or chloramines. The major exposure risk is the low concentration of disinfectant found in municipal water used to prepare 450 L dialysate weekly. With thrice-weekly treatment schedules, the quality requirements for water used to make this solution must be met rigorously. Standards for water used in the preparation of dialysate have recently been proposed but not all patients are treated with dialysate meeting such standards. The introduction of sterilants via tap water is insidious and has led to more pervasive consequences. Both chlorine and chloramines, at concentrations found in potable water, are strong oxidants that cause extensive protein denaturation and hemolysis. Oxidation of the Fe2+ in hemoglobin to Fe3+ forms methemoglobin, which is incapable of carrying either O2 or CO2.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Chloramines↗
PubMed1986

Carcinogenicity of by-products of disinfection in mouse and rat liver.

By-products of disinfection were tested for initiating and/or promoting activity in rat liver by using the rat liver foci bioassay. The assay uses an increased incidence of gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase-positive foci (GGT foci) as an indicator of carcinogenicity. The by-products of disinfection, including chloramine, halogenated humic acids, halogenated ethanes, halogenated acetonitriles, halogenated methanes, halogenated ethylenes, and N-Cl-piperidine, did not initiate GGT foci, which would indicate that they are not capable of initiating carcinogenesis. Chloroform and halogenated benzenes were tested in this assay for their ability to promote the occurrence of GGT foci and tumors initiated by diethylnitrosamine (DENA). Chloroform (1800 ppm in the drinking water) either had no effect or inhibited the occurrence of GGT foci when administered subsequent to a single dose of DENA. However, when the chloroform was administered in drinking water concurrently with weekly doses of DENA, it enhanced the formation of liver tumors. Of 20 halogenated benzenes tested, only 1,2,4,5-tetrachlorobenzene and hexachlorobenzene promoted the occurrence of DENA-initiated GGT foci. Thus in rat liver, the tested by-products of drinking water disinfection did not demonstrate tumor-initiating activity, although a few appeared to possess tumor-promoting activity. Chloroform was also tested for tumor-promoting activity in 15-day-old Swiss mice initiated with ethylnitrosourea (ENU). At weaning they started to receive either 1800 ppm chloroform or 500 ppm sodium phenobarbital (the positive control for tumor promotion) in their drinking water. The mice continued to receive either chloroform or phenobarbital until 51 weeks of age and were sacrificed at 52 weeks of age.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Testing disinfectants in the food factory: phenol coefficient method.

Contamination of foods by the environment has direct public health and keeping quality significance. The food factory environment (with raw materials and processing) governs the numbers and types of microorganisms in finished products. Use of the appropriate sampling procedures permits us to discover the magnitude and type of contamination. Microbiological sampling allows objective evaluation of the disinfectants and the sanitation practices and procedures used in the food factory.Disinfectants are antimicrobial pesticides that are primarily used on inanimate surfaces (such as floors, walls, and countertops) to kill infectious bacteria, fungi, and viruses. Antimicrobial pesticides are substances used to kill or suppress the growth of harmful microorganisms on inanimate objects and surfaces. Products intended for the control of microorganisms in or on people or animals are considered drugs, not pesticides, and are therefore regulated by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Antimicrobial pesticides are divided into two broad use categories: 1. Non-public health products include those used to control the growth of algae, odor-causing bacteria, and microorganisms causing spoilage, deterioration, and fouling of materials. Examples include antimicrobials used in cooling towers, paints, and paper products. 2. Public health products are intended to control microorganisms infectious to people. Examples include sterilants, which are used to destroy or eliminate all forms of microbial life including fungi, viruses, and all forms of bacteria and their spores; disinfectants, which are used to destroy or irreversibly inactivate infectious fungi and bacteria, but not necessarily their spores; and sanitizers, which are used to reduce, but not necessarily eliminate microorganisms. Examples range from sterilants used to treat surgical instruments to disinfectants applied to hospital floors, walls, and bed linens and sanitizers used on carpets or in laundry additives.

Disinfectants↗
PubMed1987

Inactivation of Bacillus piliformis spores by heat and certain chemical disinfectants.

The inactivation of Tyzzer's organism (Bacillus piliformis) spore isolated from rats by heat and various chemical disinfectants was studied. The spores were from B. piliformis-infected rat liver tissues. The spore suspension (10(4) 50% of rat liver lesion producing dose with prednisolone treatment/ml) was treated with heart or disinfectants. Inactivation of the spores was examined in experimentally infected rats. Rats were inoculated perorally with a treated spore suspension and injected subcutaneously with prednisolone. On the sixth day after inoculation, rats were examined grossly for liver lesions. Spores were inactivated at 80 degrees C for 15 min but not at 60 degrees C for 30 min. Spores were inactivated by 0.4% peracetic acid, 0.015% sodium hypochrolite, 1% iodophol, 5% phenol. Alcide and 0.37% formaldehyde solution, but not by 0.037% formaldehyde solution, 70% ethanol, 0.3% benzethonium chloride solution, 3% cresol and soap solution, or 4% chlorhexidine digluconate. These findings suggest that B. piliformis spores are relatively sensitive to heat and certain chemical disinfectants.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

[Phenolic coefficient in the microbiological evaluation of disinfectants for hospital and household use].

The phenolic coefficient of 24 disinfectants (six for hospital and the remainder for household use) commercialized in S. Paulo were verified. The active compounds found were phenol, quaternary ammonium, formaldehyde, ethanol and chlorine, some of them in association. The microorganisms used were Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 15442 and Salmonella choleraesuis ATCC 10708. The values of the phenolic coefficient ranged from 58.3 to 0.1. The hospital disinfectants showed values greater than those of the disinfectants for household use, though these differences do not necessarily indicate the quality of the respective products. Conversely the microbiological method adopted showed that some products for household use had low or inexistent antibacterial activity because the phenolic coefficient could not be determined for the dilutions used for this evaluation.

Disinfectants↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The in vitro efficacy of a quaternary ammonia disinfectant and/or ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid-tris against commercial broiler hatchery isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Studies have indicated variations in the degree of efficacy of certain commercial disinfectants used in poultry production facilities. We used an adequate method of in vitro testing to compare the efficacy of disinfectants while testing them in conditions similar to those of the poultry facilities. BioSentry 904, ethylenediaminetetracetic acid (EDTA)-Tris, and a combination of the two were tested by this method against five field isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa at 10(3), 10(6), and 10(9) colony-forming units (CFU)/ml. At the 10(9) CFU/ml concentration, most compounds failed to achieve a total kill with a contact time of 15 min. When tested at bacterial concentrations of 10(3) CFU/ml, the combination of EDTA-Tris mixed at a 1:1 ratio with BioSentry 904 killed the bacteria upon initial contact (< or = 0.05 min). This disinfectant mixture exhibited antagonistic, indifferent, or synergetic effects when exposed to different bacterial isolates at a concentration of 10(6) CFU/ml.

Animals↗