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PubMedDate not supplied

[Communicative multiplication of secondary disorders in blood formula and immunity in groups of intact mice caused by volatile compounds excreted by irradiated animals].

It was shown that immunosupressive substances excreted by the irradiated mice are highly volatile. Even the excretion from one irradiated mouse could induce disorders in the immune system and blood formula of intact recipients exposed to the volatile substances. In turn, a dominate mouse from a group of the exposed recipients could cause the disorders in the next intact group. Samples of urine from irradiated or exposed to the volatile substances could cause the same effect. The experiments showed a mechanism of secondary post-radiation disorders in animal groups through volatile chemical signals.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

[A test model for cerebrally-active drugs as demonstrated by the example of the new substance aniracetam].

1-Anisoyl-2-pyrrolidinone (aniracetam, Ro 13-5057) belongs to the group of cyclic GABA-derivatives. The compound showed a protective effect on the central nervous system in animal experiments. This paper reports on a clinical investigation in 60 patients of a geriatric and nursing home. The resocializing and the revitalizing effect were the observed parameters. The criteria were recorded by the physician and the staff. The results show that the evaluations by physicians and nursing staff were in good accordance. Aniracetam was effective with respect to the indication: cerebrovascular insufficiency.

Aged↗
PubMed1998

Completed suicide among adolescents with no diagnosable psychiatric disorder.

The characteristics of male adolescent suicide victims with (n = 84) and without (n = 8) a diagnosable psychiatric disorder were compared. Using psychological autopsy methods--interviews with victims' family members and health care professionals, and review of records (e.g., medical, school, police)-data were collected on all adolescent suicides in Finland during a 12-month period. Compared with adolescents with a psychiatric disorder, those with no disorder tended to come from less disturbed families, had shown less antisocial behavior, and had less frequently utilized health care and social services. Adolescents with no disorder more often communicated suicidal thoughts for the first time just before the suicide, and difficulties with the law (discipline problems) were more common precipitants than among those with a disorder. It was concluded that the process leading to suicide seems to be relatively short among male adolescents with no diagnosable psychiatric disorder. Communication of suicidal intent and problems with discipline are among the few clinical warning signs.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

The relationship between communication attitude, anxiety, and depression in stutterers and nonstutterers.

People who stutter are frequently viewed as more anxious than nonstutterers and as being depressed. Further, a strong and pervasive stereotype is held by nonstutterers that people who stutter are guarded, nervous, and tense. This study examined self-perceptions of general state and trait anxiety, depression, and communication attitude in matched groups of stutterers and nonstutterers. Results refute the assertion that people who stutter are more anxious or depressed than those who do not. Anxiety and depression are not related to self-ratings of stuttering severity. Communication attitude is negative for this group of people who stutter and becomes increasingly negative as self-ratings of stuttering become more severe. People who stutter, grouped by severity rating, differed in the strength of the relation between measures of communication attitude, anxiety, and depression. Findings suggest that the anxiety of people who stutter is restricted to their attitude towards communication situations and that it is a rational response to negative communication experiences.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Social communication patterns of attention-deficit-disordered boys.

This study was designed to compare the social communication patterns of attention-deficit-disordered (ADD) and normal boys. This was accomplished by employing a "TV Talk Show" social role-playing procedure in which the task required different strategies for the roles of "host" and "guest." Groups of ADD and normal elementary-age boys were formed, and each boy was paired with a normal class-mate. Measures of communication competence were coded from videotapes made of subject and partner social interactions while performing both roles. Results indicated that the ADD boys, in contrast to the control group, failed to modulate their social communication behaviors as task demands shifted. Additionally, the behavior of the ADD boys resulted in their normal partners' altering their response patterns in order to maintain the equilibrium in the dyadic interaction. These results suggest that the social behavior of ADD children is relatively independent of environmental requirements and may contribute to the inappropriate responding of others.

Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity↗
PubMed2002

Conversational behaviour of children with Asperger syndrome and conduct disorder.

BACKGROUND: Social communication problems in individuals who have Asperger syndrome constitute one of the most significant problems in the syndrome. This study makes a systematic analysis of the difficulties demonstrated with the use of language (pragmatics) in adolescents who have Asperger syndrome. METHOD: Recent advances in discourse analysis were applied to conversational samples from a group of children with Asperger syndrome and a matched control group of children with severe conduct disorder. Two types of conversation were sampled from each group, differing in emotional content. RESULTS: The results showed that in these contexts children with Asperger syndrome were no more verbose as a group than controls, though they showed a tendency to talk more in more emotion-based conversations. Children with Asperger syndrome, as a group, performed similarly to control subjects in ability to respond to questions and comments. However, they were more likely to show responses which were problematic in both types of conversation. In addition, individuals with Asperger syndrome showed more problems in general conversation than during more emotionally and socially loaded topics. The group with Asperger syndrome was found to contain a small number of individuals with extreme verbosity but this was not a reliable characteristic of the group as a whole.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Randomized comparison of two communication interventions for preschoolers with autism spectrum disorders.

This randomized group experiment compared the efficacy of 2 communication interventions (Responsive Education and Prelinguistic Milieu Teaching [RPMT] and the Picture Exchange Communication System [PECS]) in 36 preschoolers with autism spectrum disorders. Each treatment was delivered 3 times per week, in 20-min sessions, for 6 months. The results revealed that the RPMT facilitated the frequency of generalized turn taking and generalized initiating joint attention more than did the PECS. The latter effect occurred only for children who began treatment with at least some initiating joint attention. In contrast, the PECS facilitated generalized requests more than the RPMT in children with very little initiating joint attention prior to treatment. These effect sizes were large.

Autistic Disorder↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Disorders in cognition and language vs. communication deviances in families of schizophrenics].

This paper shortly reviews the findings of studies about cognitive and language dysfunctions in schizophrenic patients and their parents. It also presents the main concepts about communication deficits in families of schizophrenics--double bind, communication deviance, egocentric communication, disconfirmatory feedback and some aspects of expressed emotion. The influences and relationships between cognition, language and communication are emphasised. There are also some suggestions about the treatment.

Cognition Disorders↗
PubMed2005

Fear of public speaking-the role of the SLP.

Although there are some individuals who have a true phobia of speaking in a public forum, public speaking is usually near the top of any list of activities that most individuals dislike, fear, or avoid. Such nonphobic speakers are the subjects of this article. They comprise individuals who, for various reasons, are (or fear they will be) inadequate speakers. This article is based on extensive clinical experience with such individuals. It describes some basic causes for these fears; considers evaluative and treatment procedures; and provides a rationale for the involvement of the speech-language pathologist in "wellness" management. For the purposes of this article, public speaking is defined as speaking before any group of individuals, regardless of the group's size.

Adult↗