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PubMed1975

Alcohol and dietary factors in cirrhosis. An epidemiological study of 304 alcoholic patients.

Alcohol intakes and dietary habits of 304 alcoholic, hospitalized patients were evaluated. There were 195 patients with hepatic cirrhosis, 40 precirrhotics, and 69 noncirrhotics. Alcohol contributed 50% to 58% of total calories. Two thirds of the patients drank excessively for more than 20 years. There were no statistically significant differences between the three groups in the duration or degree of alcohol excess. Dietary intakes were assessed for a period of at least two years before the presenting illness. Noncirrhotics had higher food caloric intakes and higher protein intakes than the cirrhotics (P less than .05). The findings suggest that dietary factors may be involved in the pathogenesis of the disease.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Feeding problems in children with congenital heart disease: the impact on energy intake and growth outcome.

Cross-sectional data on growth outcome, upper-arm measurements and energy intake have been analysed according to the presence or absence of early feeding problems and poor appetite in 40 children (0.9-13 years) with congenital heart disease (CHD). At the time of study, refusal to eat or poor appetite was reported as a significant problem in 19 children and subnormal height and/or weight were recorded in 11 children. The children ate considerably less calories than recommended for healthy children. The cross-sectional analyses showed that children with poor appetite had significantly (P less than 0.05 and P less than 0.01) lower outcome values of growth and upper-arm measurements than their disabled counterparts with no feeding problems and good appetite. Children with feeding problems also tended to eat less than children without feeding problems. For most parents (65%) feeding of infants and children with CHD involves difficulties, time and anxiety. This study has shown that the parents' experience about feeding problems may be a good predictor for low growth outcome and low voluntary food intake of the child. Whenever feeding problems are reported, nutritional intervention should be offered in order to increase the caloric intake of the child and to develop a sound feeding relationship in the family.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Nutritional concerns of the ultraendurance triathlete.

Proper nutrition during ultraendurance races is critical for the maintenance of energy balance and a state of euhydration. Nutritional concerns can be divided into two major areas: nutrition during training and nutrition in preparation and during competition. Energy intakes of ultraendurance triathletes during training may vary widely, depending upon duration, intensity, and type of exercise training. Inadequate caloric intake can lead to chronic fatigue, weight loss, and impaired physical performance. Additionally, carbohydrate content of the diet can greatly influence feelings of fatigue. It is not known whether inadequate carbohydrate following exercise limits subsequent training efforts on the same day for triathletes. Inadequate micronutrient intake of vitamins and minerals can also impair physical performance. Nutrition during the 4 h before competition can significantly affect performance, as can carbohydrate feedings during an ultraendurance race. Further research is needed to determine appropriate feeding schedules during ultraendurance events.

Bicycling↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Selective dietary restriction of protein and calorie intakes prevents spontaneous proteinuria in male MWF rats.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Previous observations indicate that protein and calorie restrictions can affect the course of renal disease progression. We compared the effects of selective protein and calorie restriction on glomerular hemodynamics and proteinuria in a model of spontaneous glomerular injury in the rat. METHODS: Three groups of male MWF rats were assigned to three different diets: standard diet (ST, 19% protein, 3.4 kcal/g), low protein (LP) and low calorie (LC). Proteinuria and systolic blood pressure were periodically measured. Glomerular hemodynamics and tuft volume were determined after 2 months of dietary treatment. RESULTS: The effective mean protein intake was 3.4 +/- 0.4, 1.6 +/- 0.2, and 3.2 +/- 0.2 g/day/rat, respectively, for the ST, LP, and LC diets, while caloric intake averaged 60 +/- 7, 59 +/- 9, and 30 +/- 2 kcal/day/rat. Both LP and LC diets significantly prevented proteinuria (104 +/- 32, 36 +/- 9, and 18 +/- 8 mg/day, respectively, in the three groups). The systolic blood pressure was unaffected by the diets. The LC diet induced lower body and kidney weights than the ST diet. The glomerular filtration rate was slightly but significantly increased by the LP diet, but not by the LC diet (0.64 +/- 0.14, 0.81 +/- 0.08, and 0.67 +/- 0.12 ml/min, respectively, for ST, LP and LC diets). The glomerular hydraulic pressures were not affected by the diets. No differences were also observed in glomerular volume. The incidences of glomerulosclerosis and tubulointerstitial changes were comparable in ST and LP diets and completely absent in the LC diet group. CONCLUSION: These results indicate that restriction of both protein and calorie intakes prevents spontaneous proteinuria in male MWF rats by preventing deterioration of glomerular perm-selective functions.

Albuminuria↗
PubMed1998

[Nutrition, aging, old age].

In humans there is evidence that the restriction of total caloric intake appears to be more important than the restriction of any particular macronutrient. Today the mechanism of the effect of caloric restriction is unknown. With advancing age and the occurrence of concomitant illness there is an increased risk of developing nutritional deficiencies. Altered nutritional status is associated with the pathogenesis of a number of common diseases of the elderly, thus it would appear that nutritional modulation and manipulation represents one possible approach to successful aging and a healthy longevity. The conceptual framework of the paper suggests the need of a newer light of the aging processes namely by a holistic human-gero-ecological model and a personality oriented geriatry. There are accentuated the role of the nutrients and vitamins, the food intake and drug-nutrients interactions and the meanings of the differences between the normal and pathological aging.

Aged↗
PubMed1991

Effect of caloric deficit and dietary manipulation on aerobic and anaerobic exercise.

Twelve competitive wrestlers restricted their caloric intake (92 kJ/kg FFW/day) for 7 days, using a high (HC) or normal (NC) carbohydrate diet to determine the acute effect of caloric deficiency on aerobic and anaerobic exercise performance as well as growth hormone (hGH) and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) levels. The subjects were tested while on a eucaloric diet and at the end of the dietary restriction. Neither the dietary restriction nor composition had an effect on the ability to complete an 8-minute run at 85% of maximal capacity, but both produced an increased fat utilization during the run. The responses to the Wingate Anaerobic Test indicated that the NC group had a significant reduction in total and mean power output (-7% & -6%, respectively; p less than 0.05), whereas the HC group maintained all power measures. The caloric restriction, regardless of dietary composition, increased the exercise hGH response more for the NC group than the HC group (p less than 0.05). IGF-1 levels were significantly lowered by the diet, but the diet composition had no effect. These results indicate that even during caloric restriction, a high carbohydrate diet better maintains anerobic exercise performance. Furthermore, the composition of the diet appears to have no effect on the resting hGH and IGF-1 responses to caloric deficits. However, carbohydrate composition may have an effect on the gGH response to exercise.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Medial hypothalamic serotonin: role in circadian patterns of feeding and macronutrient selection.

Hypothalamic serotonin (5-HT) is believed to have an inhibitory effect on food intake in a variety of species. To define more precisely the nature of this effect, this study investigated the effects of medial hypothalamic 5-HT injection on natural patterns of macronutrient intake in freely feeding rats. Serotonin (5-20 nmol) was injected directly into the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of brain-cannulated rats maintained ad libitum on pure macronutrient diets, protein, carbohydrate and fat, and measurements of nutrient intake were taken one hour later. To assess whether the action of 5-HT on macronutrient intake varies across the light-dark cycle, these tests were conducted at 3 different times in the nocturnal feeding period, during hours 1, 6 and 11 after lights out. The results demonstrate that the suppressive effect of PVN 5-HT on food intake is dose dependent, nutrient selective, as well as time dependent. Specifically, PVN injection of 5-HT, at all doses tested, was effective at only one time of the nocturnal cycle, namely, at the onset of the active, dark period. While no behavioral effect of 5-HT was detected in the middle and late phases of the dark, a strong, dose-dependent reduction of nutrient intake was revealed immediately after lights out. This suppressive effect was characterized by a highly selective decrease in carbohydrate intake, along with a significant enhancement in preference for protein, as well as for fat, and little change in total caloric intake.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Effects of enterally fed epidermal growth factor on the small and large intestine of the suckling rat.

Epidermal growth factor (EGF) has been shown to be present in the milk of several species, including the rat, and to have gastrointestinal effects when given parenterally or orally in pharmacologic doses. We investigated the effect of enteral EGF in physiologic doses on the small intestine and colon of suckling rats. Serum thyroxine (T4) levels were also measured. Rats were gavage-fed by hand with an artificial formula with or without added EGF every 3 h from 11 to 14 days of age. Intake was adjusted to deliver 30 kcal/100 g b.wt./day of formula and 16 micrograms/kg/day of EGF approximating the daily caloric intake, and about twice the estimated daily EGF intake for suckling rats. Weight gain did not differ between groups (fed EGF: 3.8 + 0.2 g; not fed EGF: 3.7 + 0.1 g). The protein content of the whole colon of rats fed an EGF-containing formula was significantly lower and the DNA content significantly higher, than in rats fed formula without added EGF. The protein/DNA ratio was therefore markedly higher in the animals fed formula without added EGF; these effects were most evident in the distal colon. In contrast, there was no effect of EGF on small intestinal protein and DNA content; lactase, sucrase, and maltase activities were likewise unaffected, as was serum T4. These data suggest a physiologic role for breast milk EGF in the development of the suckling rat colon.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Correlates of beverage intake in adolescent girls: the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Growth and Health Study.

OBJECTIVES: To examine longitudinal changes in consumption of 6 types of beverages (milk, diet and regular soda, fruit juice, fruit-flavored drinks, and coffee/tea) in girls and determine the relationship between beverage intake, body mass index (BMI), and nutrient intake. STUDY DESIGN: Three-day food diaries were included from black (1210) and white (1161) girls who participated in the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Growth and Health Study. Diaries were recorded during annual visits beginning at ages 9 or 10 years until age 19 years. Mixed models estimated the association of (1) visit and race with average daily consumption of beverages and (2) beverage intake with BMI and average daily intake of total calories, sucrose, fructose, total sugars, and calcium. RESULTS: For girls of both races, milk consumption decreased and soda consumption increased with time. Changes in beverage intake with time varied by race for all beverages except fruit juice. For all beverage categories, consumption was associated with caloric intake. Of all beverages, increasing soda consumption predicted the greatest increase of BMI and the lowest increase in calcium intake. CONCLUSIONS: Public health efforts are needed to help adolescents gain access to and choose healthful beverages and decrease intake of beverages of minimal nutritional value.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1975

Type-IV hyperlipidaemia and weight-gain after maturity.

Twenty men with mild to moderate type-IV hypertriglyceridaemia were compared with normal men of the same age in the Busselton population survey. The type-IV men were not heavier but they were 3-2 cm. shorter and relatively hyperuricaemic. When gives a reducing diet, mean weight declined from 76-8 kg. to 68-7 kg. over 4-4 months and was kept steady over the next 10 months at 67-6 kg. Before, immediately after, and in the 10 months after weight reduction serum-triglycerides were 273, 112, and 126 mg. per 100 ml. and serum-cholesterol was 245, 227, and 226 mg. per 100 ml., respectively. On entry the mean daily calorie intake was 3165 and the contribution of the various nutrients were characteristic of the Australian diet. At lower weight, daily caloric intake was 2335. Protein intake was unchanged, but intake of fat and especially carbohydrate declined significantly. The findings support the view that type-IV hyperlipidaemia is the expression of a metabolic defect brought to light by weight-gain after maturity. In susceptible subjects "normal" weight-gain may be sufficient to induce hyperlipidaemia. Since type-IV and type-IIb hypertriglyceridaemias appear to increase the risk of coronary heart-disease, it is concluded that ideally no weight should be gained after reaching maturity. Avoidance of weight-gain should materially reduce the incidence of coronary disease in affluent western communities. Reduction to truly ideal weight gives much more impressive therapeutic results than drug therapy.

Body Weight↗
PubMed1998

Folate intake, alcohol consumption, cigarette smoking, and risk of colorectal adenomas.

BACKGROUND: Recent evidence suggests that folic acid (and derivatives) could contribute to the protective effect of fruits and vegetables against the risk of large-bowel cancer. Other evidence indicates that alcohol drinking and cigarette smoking may impair the biologic actions of folate. We used data from an adenoma prevention trial to investigate the occurrence of colorectal adenomas (possible precursors of colorectal cancer) in association with folate intake, alcohol consumption, and cigarette smoking. METHODS: Patients with at least one recent large-bowel adenoma were followed with colonoscopy 1 year and 4 years after their qualifying colon examinations. Adenomas detected after the year 1 examination were used as end points. A food-frequency questionnaire was administered at study entry and at study completion; nutrient intake at study entry was used in this analysis. All statistical tests were two-sided. RESULTS: After adjustment for caloric intake, dietary folate had a significant protective association with the risk of recurrence of large-bowel adenoma (P for trend = .04). However, this inverse association was attenuated by further adjustment for intake of dietary fiber and fat. Use of folate supplements was not associated with a reduction in risk. Alcohol intake (seven or more drinks/week) was associated with increased risk (odds ratio = 2.04; 95% confidence interval = 1.28-3.26). Cigarette smoking, even smoking for long duration, was not related to adenoma recurrence. CONCLUSIONS: These data provide only modest support for previous findings suggesting beneficial effects of folate on colorectal adenoma risk. We find no evidence that cigarette smoking increases risk. These findings do suggest a substantial increase in risk with alcohol consumption.

Adenoma↗
PubMed1985

Reproducibility and validity of a semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the reproducibility and validity of a 61-item semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire used in a large prospective study among women. This form was administered twice to 173 participants at an interval of approximately one year (1980-1981), and four one-week diet records for each subject were collected during that period. Intraclass correlation coefficients for nutrient intakes estimated by the one-week diet records (range = 0.41 for total vitamin A without supplements to 0.79 for vitamin B6 with supplements) were similar to those computed from the questionnaire (range = 0.49 for total vitamin A without supplements to 0.71 for sucrose), indicating that these methods were generally comparable with respect to reproducibility. With the exception of sucrose and total carbohydrate, nutrient intakes from the diet records tended to correlate more strongly with those computed from the questionnaire after adjustment for total caloric intake. Correlation coefficients between the mean calorie-adjusted intakes from the four one-week diet records and those from the questionnaire completed after the diet records ranged from 0.36 for vitamin A without supplements to 0.75 for vitamin C with supplements. Overall, 48% of subjects in the lowest quintile of calorie-adjusted intake computed from the diet records were also in the lowest questionnaire quintile, and 74% were in the lowest one of two questionnaire quintiles. Similarly, 49% of those in the highest diet record quintile were also in the highest questionnaire quintile, and 77% were in the highest one or two questionnaire quintiles. These data indicate that a simple self-administered dietary questionnaire can provide useful information about individual nutrient intakes over a one-year period.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

The effects of chronic alcohol consumption and exercise on the skeleton of adult male rats.

BACKGROUND: Lifestyle factors are known to affect skeletal development and integrity. Specifically, running has been reported to increase risk of fatigue fractures, whereas chronic alcohol consumption has been shown to reduce bone formation and bone mass. The combined effect of exercise and alcohol on the skeleton has yet to be explored, although alcohol consumption is common among certain physically active populations (e.g., military recruits, college athletes). It was hypothesized that chronic alcohol consumption would accentuate the inherent risk associated with endurance running exercise. METHODS: Six-month-old male Sprague Dawley rats were assigned to one of five groups: baseline, exercise-alcohol diet, exercise-normal diet, sham-alcohol diet, and sham-normal diet. Alcohol-fed rats (35% caloric intake) received a liquid diet ad libitum. Normal animals were pair-fed the identical diet with a maltose dextrin caloric substitute. Exercise was conducted on a motorized treadmill 5 days/wk for 16 weeks. Sham rats were placed on a stationary treadmill for matching time periods. Fluorochrome labels were administered 3 days before baseline and at 10 and 2 days before animals were killed. Heart, soleus, and rectus femoris muscles were wet weighed to assess the effects of training. Tibiae were collected for static and dynamic histomorphometric measurements on cancellous and cortical bone. RESULTS: Muscle weights were larger in the exercised rats versus the sham rats. Alcohol had no significant effect on skeletal muscle weight but did result in larger heart weights in both alcohol-treated groups. Cancellous and periosteal bone formation rates were significantly decreased in the alcohol-fed rats versus rats on the normal diet and were associated with a significant reduction in trabecular thickness in the tibial metaphysis. Cortical and cross-sectional areas were also significantly lower in the alcohol-fed groups compared with the non-alcohol-fed groups. Exercise had no significant effect on cancellous or cortical bone measurements. CONCLUSIONS: Chronic alcohol consumption significantly reduced bone formation. Exercise had no effect on the bone and did not attenuate any of the negative effects of alcohol. The results suggest that alcohol consumption weakens the skeleton and increases the incidence of endurance-exercise-related bone injuries. Thus, individuals who are participating in endurance exercise and consuming alcohol may be at greater risk for exercise-related skeletal injuries. Further investigation of the potential for alcohol to induce detrimental effects on the hearts of individuals participating in endurance exercise is indicated.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMed2002

Diet and tobacco use: analysis of data from the diabetic control and complications trial, a randomized study.

CONTEXT: The Diabetic Control and Complications Trial (DCCT) researchers kept careful records of the food consumption and tobacco using habits of type 1 diabetic subjects. However, they did not report the relationship of tobacco using habits with dietary intake. OBJECTIVE: Analyze the relationship between tobacco smoking and intake of macro and micronutrients. DESIGN: Randomized controlled trial. SETTING: Referral clinics in 27 academic centers. PATIENTS: Type 1 diabetics. INTERVENTION: Using the data sets of the DCCT, this study analyzed the strengths of the associations between smoking and macronutrient consumption, hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), body mass index (BMI), and serum lipid levels at the study baseline, 2 years, and 4 years. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Statistically significant correlations between smoking and nutrient intake, HbA1c, and serum lipid levels. RESULTS: Cigarette, cigar, or pipe use at each time interval correlated with significantly increased caloric intake in males but not in females. In both males and females, tobacco users consumed more fat, cholesterol, and alcohol. Female smokers had higher serum low-density lipoprotein (LDL)/high-density lipoprotein (HDL) ratios and triglycerides. Serum cholesterols, LDL/HDL ratios, LDL cholesterols, and triglyceride determinations in male tobacco users significantly exceeded those in nonsmoking males. HDL cholesterols were lower in both female and male tobacco users. Nutrient intake of former tobacco users resembled that of nonusers rather than current users. CONCLUSIONS: A significant association exists between smoking and a diet with higher risks of atherosclerosis, cancer, and other degenerative diseases. The strong association of tobacco with heart disease, stroke, vasculopathies, and various malignancies may be in part due to its association with a higher fat diet. The higher fat diet of tobacco users probably accounts in part for their higher risk of developing type 2 diabetes and hyperlipidemia. Tobacco users should be informed about the diet and tobacco use association.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Effect of serotonin re-uptake inhibition by fluoxetine on body weight and spontaneous food choice in obesity.

The effect of fluoxetine on body weight and spontaneous food choice was studied in twenty-three healthy, non-depressed, obese females on an outpatient basis. After a one week placebo run-in period, subjects were randomized to receive either fluoxetine (FXT) 60 mg daily (n = 11) or placebo (P) (n = 12) for 6 weeks in a double blind study design. BMI (35.2 +/- 0.8 vs 36.4 +/- 1.3 kg/m2, mean +/- s.e.m.) and age (38.1 +/- 239 vs 37.3 +/- 2.7 years) were not different in either group. No specific diet was prescribed. On four separate days per 14 days food records were collected. Data were analysed with the use of food composition tables. Statistical analysis was performed using Student's t test for independent samples for data on body weight and calorie intake. Macro-nutrient composition of the diet was analysed using multivariate analysis of variance and post hoc Student's t test for independent samples. All subjects lost weight during fluoxetine treatment. Mean (+/- s.e.m.) weight loss in the fluoxetine treated group was 3.6 +/- 0.5 kg, compared to a mean weight gain of 0.3 +/- 0.5 kg in the placebo treated group (P less than 0.001). In all patients food intake was reduced during fluoxetine treatment and this reduction could fully account for the observed weight loss. The mean total caloric intake per day was significantly lower during fluoxetine treatment compared with placebo (FXT 1123 +/- 118 kcal vs P 1845 +/- 87 kcal, P less than 0.001).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗
PubMed1990

The effects of variations in carbohydrate, protein, and fat content of the diet upon weight loss, blood values, and nutrient intake of adult obese women.

The effects on weight reduction of three different 1,200-kcal diets followed for a 10-week period were examined in adult, sedentary, overweight women. Diet patterns contained 25%, 45%, or 75% carbohydrate, with variations in fat and protein. Parameters evaluated and compared for each diet were body composition, cholesterol, triglycerides, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), uric acid, percent body fat, and nutrient intake. Each diet group contained at least 11 women. Behavioral approaches were used to ensure that subjects complied with the caloric intake and the dietary pattern. No significant differences were found in the parameters except for BUN, which was significantly greater in the 25% carbohydrate group. Each 1,200-kcal diet contributed to weight loss. Selection of a weight reduction diet can be designed around preferred food patterns and nutrition needs of individuals rather than a proportion of the energy provided by carbohydrate in healthy adult women. Practitioners may use this research to demonstrate to clients that body weight can be lost while following a variety of nutritious diets.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

Secular trends in human growth, maturation, and development.

Rates of growth during childhood have increased considerably during the past 50-100 years. Because they are associated with increased rates of maturation, these size increases are maximal at ages when recently measured groups are pubescent but those measured in the past had not reached pubescence. Large secular increases in rates of growth and maturation have occurred in all developed countries but not in many other countries. There have been secular increases in recumbent length at birth in Italy and France but little change in the United States. The secular increase in childhood stature is much more obvious, being about 1.5 cm/decade for 12-year-old children, although for young adults the secular increase in stature has been about 0.4 cm/decade in most developed countries. In the United States these trends have been similar for blacks and whites during childhood but greater for black men than white men. Similarly, secular trends in birth weights have been small, but there have been large trends for children (about 1.5 kg/decade for 12-year-olds). These secular changes in size have been associated with an acceleration of maturation that is most evident in the 0.3 years/decade advancement in age at menarche. This advancement has now ceased in Norway and England. The changes in body proportions during recent decades are less marked than those in body size. Leg length, particularly the length of the thigh, seems to have increased more than stature in men but not women; chest circumference has increased more rapidly than stature in each sex. The relationships between stature and weight have changed in different ways in various national groups. Similarly, the relative changes in head length and head breadth vary with the groups studied. Few sets of data allow conclusions about possible secular trends in body composition, but subcutaneous fat thicknesses have increased, especially at the upper percentiles. Also strength, which reflects muscle mass, has increased absolutely, although it has decreased relative to stature. Undoubtedly the secular trend is due to various factors; the identification of causes is necessarily speculative. Changes in nutrition alone could not account for the trends which exceed the original socioeconomic differentials. In the United States, there have been per capita increases in the intake of protein and fat from animal sources, decreases in carbohydrates and fat from vegetable sources, and little change in caloric intake. It is not clear that these changes constitute better nutrition. The secular trends could reflect environmental improvements, specifically changes in health practices and living conditions leading to improvements in mortality rates and life expectancy. These factors are interrelated with those concerning family size. Also genetic factors, especially heterosis, may have played a small role in causing the secular trends...

Body Composition↗
PubMed1992

Long-term potentiation is lost in aged rats but preserved by calorie restriction.

Recordings of synaptic population responses, post-tetanic potentiation (PTP) and long-term potentiation (LTP) were made from area CA1 in hippocampal slices from ad libitum-fed rats at about 2 and 24 months of age, and also in animals at about 24 months of age that had been restricted to 60% of the caloric intake of control animals since weaning. Both PTP and LTP were greatly reduced in the old ad-lib animals. Calorically-restricted rats at about 24 months of age showed hippocampal responses with initial peak amplitudes more like those of 2-month controls than the ad-lib animals at 24 months. These observations suggest that calorie restriction preserves nervous-system functions, including indicators of plasticity such as LTP, which are otherwise lost in aging.

Aging↗