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PubMed1981

Effect of pH and ammonium ions on mutagenic activity in cooked beef.

Controversy surrounding the extraction procedure commonly used for isolating and concentrating mutagens from foods has resulted in a need for the re-examination of the reported mutagenicity in fried hamburgers. Using a procedure in which Na2SO4 and NaOH are substituted for (NH4)2SO4 and NH4OH respectively, mutagenic activity in extracts of hamburgers fried for 5 min appeared to be unchanged. However, when organic extractions are performed at pH conditions more moderate than those generally employed to isolate mutagens from foods, a 30-50% decrease in mutagenicity is observed.

Ammonia↗
PubMed1990

Inhibition of human brain aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase by cooked food-derived 3-amino-1-methyl-5H-pyrido[4,3-b]indole (Trp-P-2) and other heterocyclic amines.

A carcinogenic, food-derived heterocyclic amine, 3-amino-1-methyl-5H-pyrido[4,3-b]indole (Trp-P-2), was found to inhibit aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase isolated from human brainstem. Trp-P-2 inhibited the enzyme activity toward L-DOPA more markedly than that toward 5-hydroxytryptophan. The inhibition was competitive to a cofactor of the enzyme, pyridoxal-5-phosphate, and the Ki value of Trp-P-2 was 163 microM. The enzyme activity could be fully recovered after removal of Trp-P-2 by gel filtration, which indicates that the inhibition was reversible. Among a series of heterocyclic amines examined for their effects on the activity toward L-DOPA, Trp-P-2 was the most potent inhibitor, followed by 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine, then Trp-P-1. Another heterocyclic amine, 2-amino-3-methyl-9H-pyrido[2,3-b]indole also inhibited the enzyme. The inhibition of the decarboxylase activity by these heterocyclic amines may affect the catecholamine metabolism in human brain.

5-Hydroxytryptophan↗
PubMed2006

Sensitivity to allyl isothiocyanate, dimethyl trisulfide, sinigrin, and cooked cauliflower consumption.

The consumption of cauliflower consumers has been related to the olfactory and gustatory sensitivities to potentially objectionable flavor compounds in this vegetable. Based on the ascending concentration series method of limits, a first experiment was designed to develop rapid tests dedicated to estimate individuals' olfactory thresholds for allyl isothiocyanate (AITC) and dimethyl trisulfide (DMTS) and gustatory thresholds for sinigrin (SIN). The best compromise between rapidity and reliability was obtained with two replications of a four-alternative forced choice (AFC) at six ascending concentrations (6x2x4-AFC) for both AITC and DMTS, and with a 6x1x4-AFC for SIN. In a second experiment, sensitivity to SIN, AITC and DMTS was determined on 267 participants divided into three cauliflower consumer target groups: non-, medium- or high consumers. The non-consumers were significantly more sensitive to SIN and AITC than were the medium and high consumers. No effect of consumer's sensitivity to DMTS was observed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Assessing child time-activity patterns in relation to indoor cooking fires in developing countries: a methodological comparison.

Indoor air pollution, caused by the indoor burning of biomass fuels, has been associated with an increased risk of child acute respiratory infections in developing countries. The amount of time that children spend in proximity to fires is a crucial determinant of the health impact of indoor air pollution. Researchers are reliant on social scientific methods to assess exposure based on child location patterns in relation to indoor fires. The inappropriate use of methods could lead to misclassification of exposure. The aim of this paper is to compare two methods (observations and questionnaire interview) with video analysis (which is thought to offer a more accurate assessment of exposure) in rural South African villages. Compared to video analysis, results show that observations may underestimate the amount of time that children spend very close (within 1.5 m) to fires. This is possibly due to reactivity caused by the presence of an observer. The questionnaire interview offers a more accurate assessment of the amounts of time that children spend within 1.5 m of fires at the expense of a detailed behavioural analysis. By drawing on the strengths and weaknesses of each, this paper discusses the appropriateness of methods to different research contexts.

Air Pollution, Indoor↗
PubMed2004

Determination of heterocyclic aromatic amines in beef extract, cooked meat and rat urine by liquid chromatography with coulometric electrode array detection.

This paper describes a method for the determination of heterocyclic aromatic amines (HAs; DMIP, IQ, MeIQ, MeIQx, 4,8-DiMeIQx, 7,8-DiMeIQx, AalphaC, PhIP) by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with coulometric electrode array detection. The compounds are separated on reversed phase columns (LiChroCart Superspher 60 RP-select B, 250 mm x 2 mm, 4 microm and LiChrospher 60 RP-select B, 250 mm x 4 mm, 5 microm) using mobile phases consisting of acetonitrile/buffer/distilled water and detected at eight working electrodes at potentials between +190 and +680 mV against modified palladium electrodes. In the context of an EU-interlaboratory exercise, the method was applied to analyse a standardised test solution and--after isolation of the analytes by several clean-up steps--for the analysis of standardised beef extract and grilled meat. Further, the method could be applied for the analysis of HAs in suspensions of bacteria and rat urine without any sample preparation step beyond sample dilution. The data obtained show that HPLC with coulometric electrode array detection gives accurate results.

Amines↗
PubMed2006

Detection of 4-oxo-2-hexenal, a novel mutagenic product of lipid peroxidation, in human diet and cooking vapor.

Since the diet plays an important role in the development of human cancer, it is important to identify mutagens in foods. We have detected a novel mutagenic product, 4-oxo-2-hexenal (4-OHE), in a model lipid peroxidation reaction mixture [H. Kasai, M. Maekawa, K. Kawai, K. Hachisuka, Y. Takahashi, H. Nakamura, R. Sawa, S. Matsui, T. Matsuda, 4-Oxo-2-hexenal, a mutagen formed by omega-3 fat peroxidation, causes DNA adduct formation in mouse organs, Ind. Health 43 (2005) 699-701]. In the present study, the contents of 4-OHE in various food samples were determined by a GC/MS method. Commercial perilla oil (derived from the seed of Perilla frutescens var. frutescens), which is rich in linolenic acid triglyceride (TG), the edible part of broiled fish, and various fried foods contained 4-OHE in the range of 1-70 microg/g. Furthermore, from the ethyl acetate trap (extracts) of the smoke released during the broiling of fish, 4-OHE was also detected by GC/MS. These results provide a warning to humans, who may be exposed to this mutagen. The 4-OHE may be produced from omega-3 polyunsaturated fats, such as alpha-linolenic acid-, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)- and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)-TG, which are more easily oxidized than omega-6 fats, such as linoleic acid-TG.

Aldehydes↗
PubMed1998

Guess who's cooking? The role of men in meal planning, shopping, and preparation in US families.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the role of men in meal-related tasks in households with both a male and female head, and to identify households in which the man is more likely to be involved in these tasks. DESIGN: Data collected as part of the US Department of Agriculture's 1994 Continuing Survey of Food Intakes of Individuals were analyzed. SUBJECTS/SETTING: All analyses were restricted to sampled persons who were identified as a male head of household residing in a household that also had a female head (N = 1,204). STATISTICAL ANALYSES: Frequency distributions were calculated and logistic regression analyses were conducted. RESULTS: Approximately 23%, 36%, and 27% of men reportedly were involved in meal planning, shopping, and preparation, respectively. Men in lower income and smaller households were more likely to be involved in each of the meal activities. Younger men and men in households in which the female head of household worked full-time were more likely to be involved in meal planning and preparation. IMPLICATIONS: Current education efforts to improve family nutrition tend to target the female rather than the male head of household. Our findings confirm that this focus is appropriate for most dual-headed households.

Adult↗