Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “CONTRACEPTIVES”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 1,261 records · Page 70Linked to original sources
PubMed1997

Contraceptive practices before and after an intervention promoting condom use to prevent HIV infection and other sexually transmitted diseases among women--selected U.S. sites, 1993-1995.

Because heterosexual contact is the most common mode of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission among women, development of effective strategies to reduce sexually transmitted HIV infection is critical. In addition, because most women at risk for HIV infection are reproductive aged (14-44 years), effective use of contraceptives is important to prevent unintended pregnancies. Latex condoms used by males, when used consistently and correctly, are highly effective at reducing the risk for HIV infection and other sexually transmitted diseases (STDs); however, hormonal contraceptive methods or surgical sterilization are more effective for preventing pregnancy. One possible effect of encouraging women to use condoms for HIV/STD prevention with their male partners is that women may discontinue use of hormonal contraceptive methods. To assess whether encouraging women to use condoms for HIV/STD prevention affects their contraceptive practices, CDC analyzed longitudinal data on contraceptive methods and condom use for HIV/STD prevention that were collected as part of a randomized trial evaluating HIV-counseling methods during August 1993-June 1995. This report summarizes the findings of the analysis, which indicate that, among reproductive-aged women who were encouraged to use condoms for HIV/STD prevention, consistent condom use for HIV/STD prevention increased among women using each contraceptive method studied. In addition, most women using hormonal contraceptive methods continued to use them after the intervention, and the overall proportion of women protected against pregnancy increased.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Oral contraceptives and risk of breast cancer.

A national population-based case-control study was conducted in New Zealand to assess the effects of hormonal contraception on breast-cancer risk. A total of 891 women aged 25 to 54 with a first diagnosis of breast cancer, and 1864 control subjects, randomly selected from the electoral rolls, were interviewed. The relative risk of breast cancer for women who had ever used oral contraceptives was 1.0 (95% confidence interval 0.82-1.3). There was no increase in risk with duration of use, even among women who had continued to use oral contraceptives for 14 or more years (relative risk = 1.1, 95% confidence interval 0.78-1.7). The risk of breast cancer was not increased by use of oral contraceptives for long periods before the first pregnancy or by starting use at a young age. Parity, age at menarche, family history of breast cancer, or history of benign breast disease did not modify the effect of oral contraceptives on breast-cancer risk. Relative risk estimates were slightly, although not significantly, increased during the first few years after starting oral contraception and in women under 35 years of age at diagnosis.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1980

Contraception and the etiology of pelvic inflammatory disease: new perspectives.

The dramatic increase in use of contraception worldwide makes it imperative to understand the effects of contraceptives on the health of women using them. In this article, we review the literature on the relationships of modern nonsurgical contraception with pelvic inflammatory disease. Subsequently, we identify areas where further research is needed to better define the risks and benefits of these contraceptive methods in various settings. From our review, two new conclusions emerge. First, our reanalysis of published data on the risk of PID associated with intrauterine device (IUD) use compared with no contraceptive use shows, with one exception, less risk than the previous comparisons to all non-IUD use. Second, and probably most importantly, the studies, when taken together, strongly imply that oral contraceptives have a protective effect against PID. Only one study of 11 is equivocal on this point.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Effects of oral contraceptives on carbohydrate and lipid metabolisms in a healthy population: the Telecom study.

In a cross-sectional study that aimed to identify risk factors for diabetes, 1290 consecutive, healthy, nonpregnant women of child-bearing age were examined in a center for preventive medicine. An in-depth interview about menses, use of oral contraceptives, and menopause was performed. Plasma glucose at fasting and 2 hours after a 75 gm glucose load, glycated hemoglobin A1c, fasting plasma insulin, total plasma cholesterol, and triglycerides were measured. Compared with nonusers taking no progestogens, oral contraceptive users (n = 431; 33.4%) were younger (p less than 0.001) and leaner (p less than 0.001). After adjustment for age and body mass index, oral contraceptive users had higher 2-hour plasma glucose (p less than 0.001), higher fasting plasma insulin (p less than 0.01), and higher triglycerides levels (p less than 0.01). Fasting plasma glucose, glycated hemoglobin A1c, and total cholesterol did not significantly differ between the two groups. In relation to dosage and types of steroid components, few differences have been found between high-dose and low-dose oral contraceptives or according to the estrogen-progestogen balance of the preparations. Use of oral contraceptives appears to induce an increase of insulin-resistance markers, which have recently been cited as risk factors for ischemic vascular diseases. These markers should be carefully monitored in oral contraceptive users.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Effect of low-dose oral contraceptives on carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in women with recent gestational diabetes: results of a controlled, randomized, prospective study.

Women with recent gestational diabetes mellitus were randomly assigned to one of two low-dose oral contraceptives to evaluate the effect of low-dose oral contraceptives on carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. A cohort of similar women requesting a non-oral-contraceptive method served as controls. The two oral contraceptives studied were ethinyl estradiol (0.035 mg)-norethindrone (0.40 mg) and ethinyl estradiol (0.030 to 0.040 mg)-levonorgestrel (0.050 to 0.125 mg). A 75 gm, 2-hour oral glucose tolerance test and a fasting lipid profile (total cholesterol, triglyceride, high- and low-density lipoprotein cholesterols) were performed at entry, after 3 months, and after 6 to 13 months of treatment. The prevalence of diabetes at 6 to 13 months (27/156 patients) was not significantly different between groups (non-oral-contraceptive group, 17%; ethinyl estradiol-norethindrone, 15%; ethinyl estradiol-levonorgestrel, 20%). When examined by prior gestational diabetes mellitus class, diabetes mellitus was present in 7% of prior class A1 and 29% of women with prior class A2 disease (p less than 0.001). Mean cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels were significantly improved in all three groups at 3 months and at 6 to 13 months, whereas triglycerides remained unchanged. There were no differences in cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, or triglycerides levels between the groups. After 6 to 13 months, there was a significant increase in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in the ethinyl estradiol-norethindrone group compared with the ethinyl estradiol-levonorgestrel and non-oral-contraceptive groups.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

Trends in the use of oral contraceptives among Dutch young women 1975-1981.

Prompted by a recent report of a decrease in the use of oral contraceptive in the U.S.A., we investigated the trends by age and time of oral contraceptives use among Dutch young women, born between 1955 and 1970. They participated in a follow-study of risk-indicators for cardiovascular disease. A random sample of 596 subjects, initially aged 5-19, and selected from an open population, was invited for annual exams since 1975; 462 youngsters (226 girls) underwent at least three annual exams. They were asked each year whether they used oral contraceptives. Analysis of the trend by age showed an increase of the proportion of oral contraceptives users from less than 5% at an age of 15 to about 50% at 23 years of age. In the 1959-1962 birth cohort, the proportion of users was twice as large as that of the 1955-1968 cohort. The 1963-1966 cohort followed the pattern of the 1959-1962 birth-cohort. These findings indicate that there has been a strong increase in the use of oral contraceptives among Dutch women born after 1958. We found no evidence for a recent decrease in the use of oral contraceptives in the Netherlands among young women.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

A longitudinal study of contraception and pregnancy outcome in a representative sample of young Swedish women.

The prevalence of contraception and pregnancy history in the same women, aged 19 and 24 years, was assessed in a longitudinal cohort study by means of a postal questionnaire. A one-in-four random sample of all the women born 1962, resident in the city of Göteborg in 1981, was obtained from the population register (n = 656). The response rate was 91%. Respondents from 1981 were re-assessed in 1986 (response rate: 83%). The respondents from 1986 (n = 488) represent 74% of the original sample from 1981. Contraceptive usage in the same women aged 19 and 24 years (in brackets) was as follows: Oral contraception (OC) 47% (51%); intrauterine device 3% (11%), p less than 0.01; barrier methods 11% (11%); depot gestagen 0 (0.2%); no contraception 39% (26%), p less than 0.05. OCs were being taken or had been taken by 89%. Reasons given for cessation of OC were as follows: Contraception not required 10% (15%); fear of OC 26% (29%); menstrual disorder 17% (14%); weight increase 18% (10%), p less than 0.05; mental side effects 15% (9%); desire to become pregnant 7% (17%), p less than 0.01. Pregnancies (n = 362) were reported by 194 (43%) of the women. 44% of the pregnancies terminated in legal abortion. The medical complication rate following legal abortion was 15%. Thus, despite the availability of effective contraception, the ratio of legal abortions to live births was high. Fear of side effects was the commonest reason for discontinuing OC.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Post-coital contraceptive activity of crude extracts of Sri Lankan marine red algae.

This study investigates the potential of marine red algae as a source for post-coital contraceptive agents using three varieties: Gracilaria corticata, Gelidiella acerosa and Jania sp. Methanol: methylene chloride (1:1) extracts of these red algae were made and were orally administered (500 or 1000 mg/kg/day) to female rats from day 1 to day 7 of pregnancy. The higher dose of Gracilaria corticata and both doses of Gelidiella acerosa extracts produced significant post-coital contraceptive activities without any marked side effects. Furthermore, the post-coital contraceptive activity of the latter extract was dose-dependent. On the other hand, extract made from Jania sp. had no significant post-coital contraceptive action. The post-coital contraceptive activity of Gracilaria corticata was due to enhanced pre-implantation loss and of Gelidiella acerosa was due to elevated post-implantation loss. These findings indicate that marine red algae is a useful source to be harvested for potential post-coital contraceptive drugs.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Contraceptive use projections: 1990 to 2010.

Factors that will affect both contraceptive use and choice of method during the next 20 years are reviewed. Two factors are predictable: the changing age distribution of women and the revised upper-age limits for oral contraceptive use, with the effect of the latter as yet unknown. Less predictable factors include the number of women in each age group at risk for pregnancy, the effects of delayed childbearing and sterilization, and the impact of new contraceptive methods. Unpredictable factors include adverse publicity about oral contraceptives and breast cancer, concern about sexually transmitted diseases and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, and changes in the availability of legal abortion. Numbers of women using oral contraception, other reversible methods, sterilization, and no method are projected from 1990 to 2010 under the assumption that use patterns in each age group resemble those observed in 1988. We conclude that discrepancies between projections of contraceptive use and fact are likely to occur because of the unpredictable nature of these few important variables.

Abortion, Legal↗
PubMed1980

Return of ovulation after abortion and after discontinuation of oral contraceptives.

The return of ovulation after abortion and discontinuation of oral contraceptives was determined by plasma progesterone measurements. Plasma samples were obtained from 67 women at 3 to 6 weeks after abortion and in two groups of postabortion women at 3 to 6 weeks after cessation of oral contraceptives. In the first of these latter two groups, 50 women started taking the pills (containing 30 microgram of ethinylestradiol and 150 microgram of levonorgestrel) immediately after abortion, and the second group of 29 women started taking the pills from the first postabortion menses. Ovulation had recurred in 34% of the women 3 weeks after abortion and in 78% of the women at 6 weeks. The return of ovulation had occured in approximately 55% at 3 weeks after cessation of oral contraceptives in both groups. At 6 weeks after cessation, approximately 85% of women had ovulated in both groups. Luteal function in these two groups was found to be equal and was significantly better in both groups than during the first postabortion cycle (P < 0.005). It is concluded that the early return of ovulation after abortion makes it necessary to commence effective contraception immediately after abortion. The immediate administration of oral contraceptives after abortion does not affect the return of ovulation after discontinuation of oral contraceptives.

Abortion, Legal↗
PubMed1996

Male contraception.

With the powerful tools of molecular investigation, the last decade has witnessed the most remarkable scientific advance in our history, yet no new leads for male contraception have been forthcoming. All the likely methods of male contraception discussed above were derived from relatively 'old' physiological principles or serendipitous observations. The increasing gap between fundamental research (in the control of mammalian spermatogenesis) and the lack of clinical application are a testament to the low public funding priority afforded to male reproduction and the unwillingness of the pharmaceutical industry to invest in male reproductive research and development. Yet amidst such an unfavourable setting and with very limited support, it is heartening to note that the prospects of introducing a new systemic method for male contraception into the market by the end of this millenium has been greatly enhanced. Thus the results of recent studies have confirmed the contraceptive efficacy of sex steroid-induced oligozoospermia and unexpectedly revealed an ethnically distinct pattern of susceptibility to the hormonal suppression of spermatogenesis. Thus, Asian men are more responsive than are caucasian, and long-acting testosterone esters now being tested in that most densely populated part of the world may well hasten the large-scale application of this method. This is probably the most effective way to correct the misconceptions that men are unwilling or disinterested in sharing in family planning options with their partners. Together with the increased acceptance of novel non-surgical and reversible methods of vas deferens occlusion and the availability of improved non-latex condoms, the currently unfulfilled contraceptive needs of millions of men can be increasingly met in future years. The consequent increase in overall contraceptive prevalence could well make the telling difference between demographic catastrophe and maintaining good quality existence. Politicians, scientists and industrialists need to wake up to their responsibilities and the opportunities offered by this untapped resource and market potential.

Contraception↗
PubMed2000

Is low income a constraint to contraceptive use among the Pakistani poor?

This paper examines whether low income is a barrier to contraceptive use in Pakistan, a country in which economic conditions are deteriorating at a time when the private sector is becoming a more important supplier of contraception. Multivariate regression analysis performed using the Pakistan Contraceptive Demand Survey suggests that low income is a deterrent to modern contraceptive use in Pakistan. This is particularly the case for contraceptive methods supplied through the private sector. It is concluded that, if the aim of family planning programmes is to reach low-income people, the prices of contraceptives supplied through the private sector should be kept as low as possible.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Patterns of contraceptive use among urban women in Taiwan.

Patterns of contraceptive use among married urban women in Taiwan were investigated. A convenience sample of 150 women attending health clinics for reasons other than contraceptive care were interviewed about their contraceptive use. The most prevalent contraceptive method used by these women was the intrauterine device, followed by the condom and birth-control pills. Participants had used only one or two contraceptive methods throughout their contraceptive careers, and many stated they were satisfied with their current method. Many participants were able to name the methods of birth control promoted by the Taiwan family-planning promotion program. Knowledge of alternative methods did not significantly relate to current method in use or to desire to change methods.

Adult↗
PubMed1975

Relationship between levels of blood lipids, vitamins C, A, and E, serum copper compounds, and urinary excretions of tryptophan metabolites in women taking oral contraceptive therapy.

To evaluate which women using oral contraceptive agents might be at risk, biochemical indices known to be affected by the estrogens and progestogens were studied in women who take oral contraceptive agents, in women who do not use oral contraceptive agents, in women in third trimester of pregnancy and 6 weeks after parturition, and in men with normal and high blood lipid levels. The most consistent changes due to oral contraceptive agents were in serum levels of copper, triglycerides, and vitamin A and in the urinary excretion of xanthurenic acid and niacin derivatives before and after a tryptophan load test. There was only a slight suggestion, with no statistical significance, that serum vitamin C levels decreased when the serum levels of ceruloplasmin were high. The highest blood pressures and serum triglycerides and vitamin A levels were obtained in those women who ingested the highest level of estrogens. Pregnant women had the lowest levels of serum vitamin A. The oral contraceptive agents users had the lowest average levels of carotenoids corresponding to the highest average levels of vitamin A in the serum. Thus, estrogens not only increase the rate of change of tryptophan to niacin but may also increase the rate of conversion of carotene to vitamin A. Relative reactivity to oral contraceptive agents and possible risk to a patient might be evaluated by a profile of blood pressure and serum triglycerides, copper, and vitamin A.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Contraceptive and reproductive risks for cervical dysplasia in southwestern Hispanic and non-Hispanic white women.

BACKGROUND: Various contraceptive practices and reproductive factors have been associated with cervical neoplasia in case-control studies worldwide. METHODS: To investigate contraceptive and reproductive risk factors associated with high-grade cervical dysplasia in southwestern Hispanic and non-Hispanic white women, we carried out a clinic-based case-control study among university-affiliated clinic attendees. RESULTS: Oral contraceptive use ever (odds ratio [OR] = 0.4, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.2-0.9) and past diaphragm use (OR = 0.3, 95% CI: 0.1-0.8) were protective for dysplasia in analyses adjusted for age, ethnicity, sexual behaviour, and for cervical papillomavirus (HPV) infection. After further adjustment for Pap smear screening interval, oral contraceptive use ever remained protective for dysplasia. Vaginal deliveries were strongly associated with dysplasia with > 2 vaginal deliveries associated with a 3.9-fold increase in risk after adjustment for age, ethnicity, sexual behaviour, and HPV infection. Using logistic regression models to simultaneously control for effects of multiple factors as potentially related to cervical dysplasia, we found low educational attainment, cervical HPV infection, cigarette smoking, history of any sexually transmitted disease, and having one or more vaginal deliveries to be associated with dysplasia; oral contraceptive use and past diaphragm use also remained protective for high-grade cervical dysplasia in these regression analyses. CONCLUSIONS: The data suggest that use of oral contraceptives (ever) and past diaphragm use are protective for high-grade cervical dysplasia among Hispanic and non-Hispanic white women in New Mexico. The clinic-based perspective of this research (versus population-based studies) may help explain some of these findings.

Case-Control Studies↗
PubMed2005

Role of progestins in contraception.

Progestins have been used for contraception for more than 30 years. The main goal was to develop a contraceptive method devoid of the metabolic or clinical side-effects associated with the use of estrogens. The development of new contraceptive methods and formulations is time-consuming and requires devotion, belief, and also strong economical basis. As a result of this endeavor new methods have been developed: oral progestins, implants, injectables, intrauterine hormonal systems, and vaginal rings. Progestin-only contraceptives may be preferable in some situations, which have absolute or relative contraindications to estrogen, side-effects to estrogen containing hormonal contraception, lactation, and comfort and feasibility of formulations for long-term use. At present, emergency contraception is also performed with progestin.

Cervix Mucus↗
PubMed1998

The influence of oral contraceptives on the risk of multiple sclerosis.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the risk of multiple sclerosis in users of combined oral contraceptives. DESIGN: Cohort study conducted between 1968 and 1996 using diagnostic data supplied by general practitioners SETTING: General practices throughout the United Kingdom. POPULATION: Royal College of General Practitioners' Oral Contraception Study cohort of initially 46,000 women recruited during the late 1960s. METHODS: Directly standardised incidence rates of multiple sclerosis were calculated for current, former and never-users of oral contraceptives using first ever cases of multiple sclerosis reported by the general practitioners. The standardisation variables were age, parity, social class and smoking history. Five-year survival rates in the different contraceptive groups were calculated using standard life table techniques. RESULTS: One hundred and fourteen first ever cases of multiple sclerosis had been reported by November 1996 during 564,000 woman-years of observation. The incidence rate in both current and former users was not materially different to that in never-users. Although based on limited evidence there was no suggestion that the five-year survival was affected by a woman's use of combined oral contraceptives. CONCLUSIONS: These findings do not suggest a greatly elevated risk of multiple sclerosis during, or after, use of combined oral contraceptives.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Oral contraceptives and myocardial infarction: results of the MICA case-control study.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the association between myocardial infarction and use of different types of oral contraception in young women. DESIGN: Community based case-control study. Data from interviews and general practice records. SETTING: England, Scotland, and Wales. PARTICIPANTS: Cases (n=448) were recruited from women aged between 16 and 44 who had suffered an incident myocardial infarction between 1 October 1993 and 16 October 1995. Controls (n=1728) were women without a diagnosis of myocardial infarction matched for age and general practice. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Odds ratios for myocardial infarction in current users of all combined oral contraceptives stratified by their progestagen content compared with non-users; current users of third generation versus second generation oral contraceptives. RESULTS: The adjusted odds ratio for myocardial infarction was 1.40 (95% confidence interval 0.78 to 2. 52) for all combined oral contraceptive users, 1.10 (0.52 to 2.30) for second generation users, and 1.96 (0.87 to 4.39) for third generation users. Subgroup analysis by progestagen content did not show any significant difference from 1, and there was no effect of duration of use. The adjusted odds ratio for third generation users versus second generation users was 1.78 (0.66 to 4.83). 87% of cases were not exposed to an oral contraceptive, and 88% had clinical cardiovascular risk factors or were smokers, or both. Smoking was strongly associated with myocardial infarction: adjusted odds ratio 12.5 (7.29 to 21.5) for smoking 20 or more cigarettes a day. CONCLUSIONS: There was no significant association between the use of oral contraceptives and myocardial infarction. The modest and non-significant point estimates for this association have wide confidence intervals. There was no significant difference between second and third generation products.

Adolescent↗